Cells & Organelles
Cells
Definition
•Cell: the basic unit of structure and function in living
organisms
•There are different types of cells… Examples:
Eukaryotic
Animal cells
Plant cells
Prokaryotic
Bacterial cells
Cell Theory
•
The Cell Theory has 3 main points:
KNOW THESE!!! Characteristics of Cells:
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things
3. All cells are produced from other existing
cells
Organelles
Definition:
•
Organelle: a tiny structure in a cell that
carries out a specific function within a cell
Organelles
Characteristics:
•
The organelles work together to create a
properly functioning system (the cell)…
•
•
just like all the parts of a factory work
together to make a properly functioning
factory!
If one organelle is removed or missing, the
cell will not function properly!
The 5 Functions of Cells
KNOW THESE!!! (STIPE)
• Structure
• Transport
• Information storage & commands
• Production system (making materials)
• Energy
Organelles
• Some organelles are part of a system to
provide structure & support to cells
Organelles:
Plasma / Cell Membrane
• Function:
• “Baggie” that
holds the cell
together and
provides a
barrier to the
outside
environment
Organelles:
Plasma / Cell Membrane
• Feature 1: found
around outside of cell
• Feature 2: Selectively
permeable: only
allows certain
substances in and
out of cell
• Feature 3: made of a
phospholipid bilayer
Organelles:
Plasma / Cell Membrane
•
The phospholipid bilayer
Organelles: Cytoskeleton
• Function: Gives support &
shape to the cell and
provides movement for
objects inside cell
Organelles: Cytoskeleton
• Features:
• Made of protein fibers
in the cell
• Can be dis- and
reassembled to
change shape of cell
• Acts like a monorail
system for transport
using “motor proteins”
Organelles: Cytoplasm
•
•
Functions:
•
Site of chemical
reactions; holds
organelles in
place (like pieces
of fruit in jello)
Features:
•
•
Jelly-like fluid
that fills the cell
70-90% water
Organelles: Cytoplasm
Organelles
• Some organelles provide information
storage and instructions for cells
Organelles: Nucleus
• Functions:
• Controls the normal
activities of the cell
• Feature:
• Contains DNA (the
instruction manual
for the entire cell /
organism)
Organelles, cont.
• Some organelles are part of a system to
make proteins (protein synthesis), carbs
and lipids
• Assembly
• Transport
• Storage
Organelles: Nucleolus
• Function: makes
ribosomes (which
make proteins)
• Feature: inside the
nucleus
Organelles: Ribosome
•
•
Function: Makes proteins for the cell to use
Feature:
•
some attached to the endoplasmic reticulum & some
floating free in the cytoplasm
Organelles:
Rough ER
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (RER)
• Function: Location where
proteins are made and
transported from
• Features:
• Attached to nucleus &
made of membrane
• Has ribosomes attached
Organelles:
Golgi Complex
(aka the Golgi Apparatus or
Golgi Body)
•
•
•
Functions:
•
Processes, packages,
and delivers products
made at ER (proteins,
carbs & fats)
Makes membranes, creates
some products for secretion
Feature: Has many layers of
membranes (looks like
stacks of pancakes)
Organelles: Vesicles
•
Function: Carry
finished products
to other parts of
the cell or leave
the cell to deliver
products to other
cells
•
•
“UPS trucks”
Feature: made of
membranes
formed from
Golgi
Organelles:
Smooth ER
• Function: Location
where fats &
carbohydrates are made
• Features: No ribosomes
attached (hence being
smooth), has tubes and
canals of membranes
Organelles:
Lysosome
•
•
•
Functions:
Cleans and breaks down
unused or unwanted
materials in the cell
Breaks down / destroys:
worn out parts of the cell,
bacteria, foreign particles,
toxic wastes
Organelles:
Lysosome
•
Features:
• Baggies of enzymes
• About 40 types
• Mostly found in
animals, but can exist
in plants
Organelles
• Some organelles provide energy for cells
Organelles: Mitochondria
•
Functions:
• Site of cell respiration:
Converts glucose from
food into usable energy
(ATP) which is used by
cells to do work
• The “powerhouse” of the
cell
• Feature:
• Has own DNA
Organelles: Mitochondria
Organelles:
Chloroplast
•
•
Functions:
• Site of photosynthesis:
Converts light energy into
food (carbs, such as
glucose) and oxygen gas
(O2)
Features:
• 1: contain pigments (like
chlorophyll) that help
capture light energy
•
• 2: Have own DNA
Plants only!
Organelles
• Back to organelles that provide
structure & support to cells… These are
for plants!!!
Organelles: Vacuole
• Functions:
• Stores, digests and
releases nutrients
and wastes
• Prevents plant
from wilting (think
of water balloons)
Organelles: Vacuole
• Features:
• 1: Takes up a large
portion of plant cells
• 2: Can “deflate” when
a plant isn’t watered
enough → wilting
plant! Or give
fruits/veggies its
crispiness if full
• Large in plants,
sometimes present
but small in animals
Organelles: Cell Wall
•
Function:
•
•
Features:
•
•
•
Provides rigid support
and structure to plant
cells
1: Found outside the
cell membrane.
2: Made mostly of
cellulose
Plants & bacteria only!
Similarities between plant
cells and animal cells
• Shape:
• Size:
• Chloroplasts? Mitochondria??
• 4 characteristics that are unique to
animals
Similarities between plant
cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane
surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
Both eukaryotic cells
What else??
Differences between plant cells
and animal cells
Plant Cells
Size
Shape
Nucleus location
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Vacuole
Food storage
Animal Cells
Plant vs. Animal Cells
Plant vs. Animal Cells
Create a chart indicating which organelles are found
mostly in plant cells, mostly in animal cells and which
organelles they have in common:
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Golgi complex
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome
RER
SER
Vacuole
Vesicle
Differences between plant cells
and animal cells
Plant Cells
Animal Cells
Size
Relatively larger
Relatively smaller
Shape
Regular / geometric
Irregular
Nucleus location
Near edge of cell
Near center of cell
Cell wall?
Yes
No
Cell membrane?
Yes
Yes
Chloroplast?
Yes
No
Mitochondria?
Yes
Yes
Lysosomes?
Rarely
Yes
Vacuole?
Large
Small or absent
Food storage
Starch
Glycogen
Plant or animal or what??
• What organelles are found in plant cells only?
• Which organelles are only in animal cells?
• What organelles are found in both plant and
animal cells?
•
•
CC Plant Cells:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UvlqAVCo
qY&index=6&list=PL3EED4C1D684D3ADF
Labeling a cell:
http://www.welchclass.com/Biology/animalcell
.swf
Characteristics of Life
• What are the 6 characteristics of living
things?
Characteristics of Life
1.Reproduce
2.Grow & develop
3.Respond to their environment
4.Convert energy
5.Made of chemicals
6.Made of cells
The Cell as a
Coordinated Unit
• Cell ≠ Organelle
• Why is a cell classified as the basic
unit of structure & function in living
things, but organelles are not?
The Cell as a
Coordinated Unit
Coordinated Unit
• Each organelle has a specific function
• All organelles are dependent on each
other to produce a properly-working cell
• The sum is greater than its parts
The Cell as a
Coordinated Unit
• Each organelle can carry out 1+
characteristic of living things, but not all
of them
• The organelles work together to create
a properly functioning system (the cell)
that fulfills all 6 characteristics of life
• If one organelle is removed or missing,
the cell will not function properly!
Energy…
• What are the 6 characteristics of living
things?
• What do organisms use energy for?
• What types of organisms require usable
energy?
More fit???
• Compare the organelles found in plants
vs. animals. Which type of cells would
be more fit to survive without any
outside source? WHY?
• Provide an answer IN TERMS OF
ENERGY.
Compare & Contrast
Compare & Contrast
The 5 Functions of a Cell
• The organelles within cells carry out at
least one of 5 functions…
• Allowing the cell, as a whole, to fulfill the
6 characteristics of living things and be
classified as “the smallest unit of
structure and function in living things”
The 5 Functions of a Cell
KNOW THESE!!! (STIPE)
• Structure
• Transport
• Information storage & commands
•
Must contain DNA or RNA
• Production system (making materials)
• Energy conversions
Back to the 5 functions
of a cell…
• What function does each organelle fit
under best?
• Place at least 3 organelles in each of
the 5 essential cell function categories
Plant vs. Animal Cells
Create a chart indicating which organelles are found
mostly in plant cells, mostly in animal cells and which
organelles they have in common:
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Golgi complex
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome
RER
SER
Vacuole
Vesicle
Chemical Reactions
•
•
•
Many chemical reactions occur in the cell.
A chemical reaction is the rearrangement of atoms to form
new substances.
The following organelles undergo reactions that we will
discuss in the following slides:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mitochondria
Rough ER
Ribosomes
Smooth ER
Golgi Complex
Cytoplasm
Chemical Reaction: Mitochondria
• What do mitochondria
do??
• Chemical Reaction:
Break covalent bonds
in sugar (CHO) and
oxygen to create
usable energy
Chemical Reaction: Ribosomes
• Make proteins… which are made of a
hundreds of amino acids
• Chemical Reaction: Creates covalent
bonds between amino acids
Chemical
Reaction:
Rough ER
• Chemical Reaction:
Creates covalent
bonds between amino
acids
Chemical
Reaction:
Smooth ER
• Chemical Reaction:
Creates covalent
bonds between
carbohydrates and
fats
Chemical
Reaction:
Golgi Complex
• Chemical Reaction:
Modifies covalent
bonds between
amino acids to
adjust (fix) proteins
Chemical Reaction: Cytoplasm
• Chemical
Reaction:
• Form or break
covalent bonds
with enzymes
Are Viruses Living?
• We need to look at what makes
something living…
• What are the 6 characteristics of living
things?
Viruses
•
Evidence to Explore…
•
Characteristics of life
1.Made of cells
2.Made of chemicals
3.Use/obtain energy
4.Grow & develop
5.Reproduce
6.Respond to environment
Viruses
• Evidence for Life/Cells
• Made of Chemicals
• Viruses ARE made from CHO, etc.
• Respond to Environment
• Viruses ARE able to respond to their
environment
•They look alive so far…
•
Viruses
Evidence Against Life/Cells
•
•
•
•
Reproduce
•
•
Kind of…
They require the machinery of other organisms to
reproduce, NOT on their own!
Use/obtain energy
•
Do not metabolize
Grow & develop
•
Not on their own
Made of cells
•
•VIRUSES have SOME
characteristics of
living things, but not
all… so they are NOT
considered LIVING
organisms
No! because of all of the reasons mentioned above
Various Viruses
• How big is it?
http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
• How viruses invade…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0e
mEGShQ