Imperialism
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Imperialism
 Stronger
nations take over weaker nations
 The US will expand its borders=Manifest
Destiny
 New markets for trade
 Raw materials
 Need for military bases
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Desire for Military Strength
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Admiral Alfred
Mahan
The Influence of Sea
Power Upon History
Build up a strong
navy to compete
with strong countries
The Great White
Fleet
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Taking New Lands
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William Seward,
Secretary of State
Purchased Alaska
from Russia in 1867
Called “Seward’s
Icebox”
Alaska provided oil,
timber
Becomes a state in
1959
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US takes Hawaii
 Hawaii
was a stopping point for American
shippers heading to China for trade
 Hawaii had sugar plantations, and sold
mostly to the US-many owned by
Americans
 1875- the US agreed to import Hawaiian
sugar tax free
 Hawaiian sugar production increased
drastically
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US Takes Hawaii part 3
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In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani rises to power
She changes Hawaiian constitution to allow
all citizens to vote (not just land owners-who
where mostly American)
This angered the Americans on the island and
they organized a revolution against the
Queen
The queen was overthrown and the people of
Hawaii requested the assistance of the US
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US takes Hawaii continued
 McKinley
Tariff of 1890 raised tariffs on
Hawaiian sugar
 Hawaiian sugar planters now faced real
competition
 In the mean time, the US pressured the
Hawaiian government to allow us a
military base at Pearl Harbor
 Due to financial instability, the people of
Hawaii begged for American assistance
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US takes Hawaii part 4
 Sanford
Dole established a government in
Hawaii (similar to that in the US)
 Hawaii becomes an American territory in
1898
 Hawaii becomes a state in 1959
Section 2
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Cubans Rebel Against Spain
 Spain
controlled the Philippines, Guam,
Cuba, Puerto Rico
 The US was interested in purchasing Cuba,
but the Spanish refused to sell
 A Cuban rebel named Jose Marti was
tired of Spanish rule and led a revolution
 Americans began to support this rebellion
in hopes of gaining territory
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Spain sent Valeriano
Weyler to Cuba in
hopes of ending the
rebellion
He imprisioned Cubans
into concentration
camps to keep them
from fighting
American journalists
heard about this and
published articles in
support of the Cubans
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Yellow Journalism and the
rebellion
 Yellow
Journalism was created
(exaggerated news to enrage readers)
 William Randolph Hearst and Joseph
Pulitzer competed for stories in their
papers
 These stories encouraged Americans to
join in the Cuban rebel cause
 “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the
war” Hearst
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The De Lome Letter
 Enrique
De Lome, Spanish minister to the
US, wrote a letter that was published in
the NY Journal
 It insulted President McKinley for not
taking military action to aid Cuba
 Americans were insulted by the Spanish
for this man’s behavior
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The USS Maine sinks
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McKinley ordered for the
USS Maine to go to
Cuba and bring home
any American citizens
who were there
On February 15, 1898,
the Maine exploded in
the Havana harbor
260 men killed
As a result of this,
Americans will urge
Congress to declare war
“Remember the Maine”
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The Spanish-American War
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McKinley asked Congress to declare war on
Spain (April 1898)
George Dewey leads Americans to victory in
the Philippines (Manila Bay)
Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo will fight with
American forces to overthrow Spanish rule
William Sampson will lead Americans to
victory in the Caribbean
Both regions prove US Naval strength
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The War in Cuba
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Troops not well prepared and were not
properly dressed (wore wool uniforms)
Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt led a
volunteer Calvary unit called the Rough
Riders
Defeated Spanish at Santiago (near Kettle
Hill) and moved on to San Juan Hill
These victories allowed the US to lead infantry
attacks, leading to Spanish surrender
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Treaty of Paris
 Signed
by the US and Spain
 Spain freed Cuba
 Guam and Puerto Rico given to the US
 Spain sold the Philippines to the US for $20
million
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Section 3
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US Rule in Puerto Rico
 Puerto
Rico was under military rule during
the Spanish-American War
 Congress then passed the Foraker Act to
end military rule and established a civil
government
 Puerto Ricans were later granted
citizenship and elect their own legislature
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Cuba and the US
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The US recognized the independence of
Cuba, yet American troops occupied Cuba
after the war
Cuba writes a constitution declaring their
independence but doesn’t recognize a
relationship with the US
The US urged them to accept the Platt
Amendment
US wouldn’t withdraw troops until Platt
Amendment was accepted
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Platt Amendment
 US
can intervene in Cuban affairs
 Cuba cannot make treaties that would
allow another nation to control them
 Cuba cannot go into debt that it cannot
pay
 US can buy/lease land in Cuba for military
bases (Guantanamo Bay)
 Cuba becomes an American
protectorate
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Filipinos Rebel
 Emilio
Aguinaldo, Philippine rebel, wanted
independence from US
 American troops had imprisoned Filipinos
into unsanitary camps (starvation and
disease killed many)
 Aguinaldo leads a revolt against
American troops
 US forces will put down rebellion after 3
years of fighting
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 US
sets up government similar to the one
in Puerto Rico
 William Taft was appointed as Governor,
he worked to rebuild the region and
advance it with education and religion
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Foreign Influence in China
 China
would provide the US with new
markets
 Secretary of State John Hay wrote the
Open Door Policy requesting that all
countries should share trade rights with
the US
 This allowed the US to trade freely with
China
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The Boxer Rebellion
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While China was an independent country,
many Europeans filled the large cities
Many Chinese wanted to rid the country of
“foreign devils”
A secret group called the Boxers led a
rebellion against foreigners, missionaries, and
Chinese who converted to Christianity
Troops from several countries (including US)
joined together to put an end to this rebellion
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Opposition to Expansion
 While
the US is expanding its territories, not
everyone approves
 The Anti-Imperialist League formed stating
it was wrong for the US to claim and rule
lands without the people’s consent
 Jane Addams, Andrew Carnegie, Mark
Twain, Pres. Cleveland
Section 4
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Teddy Roosevelt and the
World
 Peacemaker:
TR will negotiate the end of
the Russo-Japanese War. He wins a Nobel
Peace Prize
 Panama Canal: we needed a canal
across Central American to better trade.
TR purchased the canal for $10 million plus
annual rent of $250,000
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Latin American nations borrowed millions from
European banks
TR worried that if they didn’t repay loans, that
war could break out in the Western
Hemisphere
TR reminded Europe about the Monroe
Doctrine (Europe must stay out of Latin
American affairs)
He added that the US would be the police
force of Latin America
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Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy
 The
US had the moral obligation to deny
recognition to any Latin American
government that we viewed oppressive,
undemocratic, or hostile
 Wilson will pressure countries to establish
democracies
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Mexican Revolution
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Mexico had been under military rule, yet they
were friendly with the US
The dictator, Diaz, was overthrown by
Francisco Madero (who led peasants and
workers). Sadly, Madero was murdered by
General Victoriano Huerta who established
an unfair government in Mexico
The US will intervene with troops and
eventually Huerta will fall
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 Victor
Carranza rises to power and
established a government that would be
recognized by the US
 However, rebels under the command of
Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata will try
and defeat Carranza and his government
 The US would not aid the rebels, the rebels
attacked a US city
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 American
forces led by John J. Pershing
will search for Villa and his men
 Carranza demanded the US troops to
withdraw, Wilson refused
 Both sides will come to a cease-fire a year
later
 Wilson must prepare for war in Europe
while Carranza will rule oppressively for 3
more years