CHAPTER SIX
GRAMMAR MOSAIC 2
PART ONE
Clauses and Related Structures of Contrast:
Concession
We will discuss
Clauses, phrases and transitions that are used
to express ideas or information that is
different from our expectations.
Adverb Clause
In a sentence with an adverb clause or
phrase, the focus is on the main clause.
Reminder: Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a group of words that
function as an adverb. The clause can
modify verbs, adverbs and adjectives by
telling when, where, why, how, how much
and under what condition. They begin
with a subordinating conjunction (such as
after, if, because and although) and they
contain a subject and a predicate.
Transition
If a transition is used and there are two
main clauses, each clause has equal focus.
Comma
,

A comma normally follows introductory
clauses and phrases.

Transitions are normally followed by
commas.

Commas are also used occasionally with
although, even though, though, in spite of the
fact that and despite the fact that when they
appear in the middle of a sentence.
6.1
Connecting Words
Explanations
Examples
With Clauses
Although
Even though
Though
In spite of the fact
(that)
Despite the fact (that)
A comma normally
follows introductory
clauses and phrases.
Even though the child
hadn’t seen the truck, he
managed to avoid it.
Commas are also used
occasionally with although,
even though, though, in spite
of the fact that and despite
the fact that when they
appear in the middle of a
sentence
The child managed to
avoid the truck although
he hadn’t seen it.
The child managed to
avoid the truck in spite
of the fact that he
hadn’t seen it.
6.1
With Phrases
Connecting Words
Explanations
Examples
Despite
A comma normally
follows introductory
clauses and phrases.
Despite living next to a
freeway, she was always
able to sleep.
In spite of
Regardless of
She was able to sleep in
spite of the noise.
She always sleeps well
regardless of the noise.
6.1
Transitions
Connecting Words
Explanations
Examples
All the same
Transitions are normally
followed by commas.
His doctor had warned
him not to take more
than two. Nevertheless,
he took four.
Even so
However
Nevertheless
Still
Steve took four pills
altogether, even so, he
didn’t sleep well.
Practice 3 page 255
Use in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that,
in spite of, or despite
1.
…………..years of study, no one knows for
certain why humans and animals sleep.
2.
………….scientists have been studying
sleep for years, no one knows for certain
why humans and animals sleep.
Practice 3 page 255
3. …………..most adults like to sleep
approximately eight hours a day, some
people can survive comfortably on half
that much.
…………..the desire that most adults have
for about eight hours a sleep a day, some
people can survive comfortably on half
that much.
Practice 3 page 255
4. Some insomniacs lead happy, productive
lives………………they sleep only one or
two hours a night.
Some insomniacs lead happy, productive
lives…………………..sleeping only one
or two hours a night.
Practice 4 page 256
Provide an appropriate connecting word of
contrast in each of the blanks that follow.
1.
Memories come from the sights and
sounds of the world……………the eye
may see an image for less than one
second this image can be stored for a
lifetime.
Practice 4 page 256
2. Scientists realized years ago that
memories were saved through the use of
electrical impulse.
. ………….today they know that chemicals
also play an important role.
Practice 4 page 256
3. How exactly does memory work? ………
the question cannot be answered this much
is known: The memory image moves from
the eye to the brain in electrical form.
………..this provides for only short-term
memory and the image may be forgotten
within moments.
Part Two
Clauses and Related Structures of Contrast:
Opposition
We will discuss
The clauses, phrases, and transitions used
to express opposite views about
something.
Comma ,
Note that a comma normally follows an
introductory phrase or clause or a
transition.
Commas may also be used with while, where,
and whereas when they appear in the
middle of a sentence.
6.2
With Clauses
Connecting Words
Explanations
Where
Whereas, where, and while Whereas the right
are often used to contrast hemisphere of the brain is
direct opposites.
much older in terms of
human evolution, the left
Whereas is used in formal hemisphere is more highly
English.
developed.
Whereas
While
Examples
With Phrases
Connecting Words
Explanations
Examples
Different from
Different from, unlike, and
instead of contrast opposites.
Similar to and like compare
related ideas. Noun or
gerund phrases normally
follow these expressions.
The right side of the brain
seems quite different from
the left side. The right side is
apparently not very similar
to the left.
Similar to
Unlike the left hemisphere,
which is responsible for
language, the right
hemisphere specializes in
body image and recognition
of faces.
Like
Unlike
Instead of
Instead of can be followed by
a variety of forms; adjectives,
adverbs, noun phrases, or
gerunds.
The right hemisphere tends
to process a variety of
information simultaneously
instead of sequentially.
Transitions
Connecting Words
Explanations
Examples
In contrast
In contrast and on the other
hand relate different points
that are not necessarily
directly opposite.
The left hemisphere seems
to process information in
sequential order; in
contrast the right
hemisphere handles different
types of data simultaneously.
On the other hand
On the contrary
On the contrary is used
differently from other
transitions of contrast. It
indicates that the opposite of
some idea is true. It often
reinforces the negative idea
in the preceding sentence or
can be used to answer a
question.
The right side of the brain is
not primarily analytical; on
the contrary, it is
responsible for the artistic
aspects of the mind.
Practice 2 page 263
Rewrite the following sentences, using the
connecting words in parenthesis to
replace the connecting word already
there.
Practice 2 page 263
1.
2.
3.
An adult brain is more specialized, on the
other hand, a child’s brain has large areas
that are uncommitted. (while)
While children can learn many things easily,
adults often have a much hard time. (in
contrast)
Few adults can learn to use a new language
without mistakes or accent; on the other
hand, children frequently become
completely fluent in new languages.
(whereas)
Practice 2 page 263
4.
Whereas most children do not favor either hand
until they are about five years old, most adults are
either right-handed or left-handed. (in contrast)
5.
Some functions, such as smell, are located in
specific areas in the brain; while others are handled
throughout the brain. (on the other hand)
6.
Considerable research is being done on the
“geography” of the brain; however, only a few areas
have actually been “mapped”. (while)
Part Three
Clauses and Phrases of Purpose
We will discuss
Clauses with so that and in order and phrases
with in order to show the intention or
purpose of something.
Few simple rules

Clauses with so that and in order that do
not begin sentences.

Commas are not normally used with
either.

Commas are used with in order to when it
begins a sentence.
6.3
With Clauses
Structures
Explanations
Examples
In order that
So (that) and in order that
are usually used between
two clauses. A modal
auxiliary (can, will:
present/future; could,
would: past) is normally
used in the dependant
clause.
Scientists are studying
the brain so (that) they
can understand more
about learning.
So (that)
6.3
With Phrases
Structures
Explanations
Examples
In order to
In written English, in
order to is used more
frequently than so that. In
order to + verb and to +
verb are considered
better stylistically.
Scientists are studying the
brain in order to
understand more about
learning.
Practice 3 page 271
Answer the following questions
Include so that, in order that OR in order to in
your answers
Come up with at least 3 answers for each
questions!
Example
Question: Why did you take a sleeping pill
last night?
Answer: I took a sleeping pill so that I could
get a good nights rest.
Practice 3 page 271
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Why do you have a physical checkup every
year?
Why did you shave your head?
Why do you study so much?
Why didn’t you go to the party last weekend?
Why don’t you eat meat?
Why do you sing in the shower?
Why didn’t you go to the movies with me last
weekend?
Why are you studying English?