Standard 7-3:
The students will demonstrate an understanding of independence
movements that occurred throughout the world from 1770 through
1900.
Enduring Understanding
The global spread of democratic ideals and nationalist movements occurred during the
nineteenth century. To understand the effects of nationalism, industrialism, and
imperialism, the student will utilize the knowledge and skills set forth in the following
indicators:
7-3.1
Explain the causes, key events, and outcomes of the French Revolution,
including the storming of the Bastille, the Reign of Terror, and Napoleon’s rise
to power.
What inspired the French Revolution?
The American Revolution and ideas of the Enlightenment
What were the causes of the French Revolution?
Absolute monarchy – King Louis XVI was a weak, extravagant leader. France
was in debt because of the American Revolution and his lifestyle.
Unfair Social Divisions – first estate-clergy; second estate-nobility; third estatebourgeoisie (middle class) and peasants
Unequal Tax Burdens – third estate expected to bear the tax burden
Financial Crisis – population increases; prices and cost of living rose
What was the meeting of the Estates-General?
King Louis XVI needed more money so he called a meeting of the three estates.
What was the National Assembly?
A group from Third Estate who vowed to have a new constitution for France
(Tennis Court Oath)
What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
Written by the Marquis de Lafayette, this abolished the estate system and gave
equal rights of liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
What was the Fall of the Bastille?
A mob freed the prisoners and took weapons and tore the Bastille apart. This
event started the revolution.
Why did the peasants begin raiding the homes of nobles?
They felt the nobles had stores of food.
What happened in 1791?
A constitutional monarchy was created that gave people power in the Legislative
Assembly and reduced the power of the king.
What was the Reign of Terror?
In less than a year, the National Convention took over and Robespierre killed
many, including the king and queen.
What was The Directory?
This was a short-lived republic. After a few years Napoleon Bonaparte seized
power.
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
Napoleon led a coup d’etat to seize France; he established a code of laws; he got
rid of the class system; he tried to rule all of Europe.
7-3.2
Analyze the effects of the Napoleonic Wars on the development and spread of
nationalism in Europe, including the Congress of Vienna and the revolutionary
movements of 1830 and 1848 and the unification of Germany and Italy.
What were the Napoleonic Wars?
Other European countries attacked France, fearing the spread of revolutions
against the monarchs of their own countries. Napoleon was successful in
defeating most of these countries, except Britain and Russia.
What were Napoleon’s three mistakes?
1) blockade of Britain (Continental System); 2) the Peninsular War; and 3) the
invasion of Russia.
How was Napoleon Defeated?
He surrendered and was exiled to Elba. He escaped and planned to take power.
He was defeated at Waterloo and exiled to St. Helena.
What were the effects of the Napoleonic Wars?
The spread of nationalism and the spread of Enlightenment ideas
What is nationalism?
The belief that one’s greatest loyalty is to a shared culture rather than to a leader
or border.
What was the Congress of Vienna?
This meeting put the original monarchs back in power in countries that had been
defeated by Napoleon. It also tried to reestablish the balance of power.
What led to the unification of people with a common culture or a separation of groups
from their governments?
Nationalist Movements
What happened in Greece?
Greece became independent from the Ottoman Empire.
What happened in France?
France is unstable until Louis-Napoleon takes control as Emperor Napoleon III
and during his reign, France is stabilized and industrialized.
What happened in Germany?
Germany was unified under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck who provoked
war with France and won.
What happened in Italy?
Italy was unified under the leadership of Count Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe
Garibaldi.
7-3.3
Explain how the Haitian, Mexican, and South American revolutions were
influenced by Enlightenment ideas as well as the spread of nationalism and the
revolutionary movements in the United States and Europe.
What inspired the Latin American revolutions?
1) Enlightenment ideas
2) American Revolution
3) Spread of nationalism
4) Revolutions in Europe
What was the social class system in most of Latin America?
Peninsulares – Wealthy Spanish-born citizens who had all the power
Creoles – American-born Spanish who could not hold office but could be
army officers
Mestizos – Mixed European and Native American ancestry
Mulattos – Mixed European and African ancestry
slave class – All others including Native Americans and Africans
What happened in Haiti?
Toussaint L’Ouverture, former slave led a slave rebellion to gain independence
from France. This was the only successful slave revolt in history.
Why were the Creoles important to the independence movements in Latin America?
Creoles were educated in Europe and exposed to ideas of the Enlightenment and
nationalism. They led many rebellions.
What happened in Mexico?
Independence was led by Father Miguel Hidalgo, a mestizo. Later, creoles gained
independence and Agustín de Iturbide became their emperor.
What happened in the nations of Central America?
The countries of Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Costa Rica
declared their independence from Mexico.
What happened in Spanish South America?
Simón Bolívar, a creole freed Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. José de San
Martín freed Chile and Argentina. Both Bolívar and Martín combined forces to
free Peru.
7-3.4
Explain how the Industrial Revolution caused economic, cultural, and political
changes around the world.
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain?
There was an Agricultural Revolution which included the enclosure movement,
crop rotation, and advanced farming technology that forced small farms to close
and workers to find other means of support.
Great Britain had natural resources, including iron and coal deposits and fast
flowing rivers and streams; entrepreneurs; a labor force; and economic prosperity.
Where did industrialization spread?
Soon the United States, Belgium, and Germany became industrialized. Later
Japan industrialized.
What economic changes occurred because of the Industrial Revolution?
Production increased through improved industrial technology and James Watt
invented the steam engine that revolutionized industry and transportation
methods.
What is mass production?
The use of an assembly line, interchangeable parts, and the division of labor
What social changes occurred because of the Industrial Revolution?
Workers faced poor housing conditions, pollution from factories, Increased crime,
and inadequate police protection
There were growing class divisions between the middle class and the working
class.
What political changes occurred as a result of the Industrial Revoltuion?
Ideas of capitalism and socialism were introduced.
What is capitalism?
In capitalism, all factors of production are privately owned and there is no
government interference. This allows for a great disparity in wealth.
What is socialism?
In socialism, the government owns all means of production and can plan the
economy to distribute wealth according to need.
How did workers finally get better working conditions?
Labor unions and reform laws helped the workers get better working conditions.
7-3.5
Analyze the ways that industrialization contributed to imperialism in India,
Japan, China, and African regions, including the need for new markets and raw
materials, the Open Door Policy, and the Berlin Conference of 1884.
What wealth gap was created by industrialization?
Industrialized nations became wealthy and powerful while non-industrialized
nations were much weaker.
What countries were key imperial powers?
The nations of Europe, the United States, and Japan
What areas were the most sought-after to colonize?
Countries in Asia and Africa
What political and social forces supported the economic drive for imperialism?
Competition among European powers, nationalism, and the belief in Western
superiority.
How was India exploited by Great Britain?
Britain used India as a source for raw materials and set up markets there to sell
British goods which hurt Indian industries.
What happened in Japan as a result of signing a treaty with the United States?
Japan was used as a market for goods and then Japan began to quickly
industrialize during the Meiji Restoration. Thus, Japan became an imperial
power.
What happened in China when it was forced to trade?
After losing the Opium Wars to Britain, Britain and other nations began carving
up “spheres of influence” but later the U.S. initiated the Open Door Policy so all
nations could trade with China.
How was most of Africa claimed by Europeans?
After Belgium claimed the Congo, other European countries scrambled for a part
of Africa. At the Berlin Conference, European leaders divided most of Africa
among the imperial powers.
Why was Africa so easily dominated by European powers?
European’s advanced technology and African disunity
What African nations remained free of European rule?
Ethiopia and Liberia
7-3.6
Explain reactions to imperialism that resulted from growing nationalism,
including the Zulu wars, the Sepoy Rebellion, the Opium Wars, the Boxer
Rebellion, and the Meiji Restoration.
What three groups were in competition for the land of South Africa?
the Dutch, the British, and the Zulu Kingdom in South Africa
Who were the Boers?
Dutch settlers known as Afrikaners
What was the Zulu War?
a war between the Zulus and the British This war was won by the British.
What group ultimately got control of South Africa?
the British
Who were the sepoys?
These were Indian soldiers hired to protect the trading interests of the British
East India Company.
How did the Sepoy Rebellion start?
The sepoys thought the new gun cartridges were greased in beef and pork fat.
These cartridges had to be bitten off and the eating of pork or beef is forbidden
by their religious beliefs. The sepoys revolted.
What was the outcome of the Sepoy Rebellion?
The sepoys lost after a year of battle. Then Great Britain took India under direct
control.
How did Great Britain get China to end its policy of isolationism?
Great Britain introduced China to the addicting drug, opium.
What were the Opium Wars?
This was China’s attempt to stop the Opium trade.
What was the Open Door Policy?
This U.S. policy allowed all countries to be able to trade with China.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
A Chinese group, the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, tried to rid China of all
foreigners. They were called “Boxers” by the Europeans and they killed many
Chinese Christians and foreigners. Ultimately, they were defeated but it gave the
Chinese a sense of nationalism.
What was the Meiji Restoration in Japan?
This was Japan’s push to industrialize and westernize their nation.
What was the Sino-Japanese War?
Japan went to war with China in order to gain control of trade with Korea. Japan
was able to defeat China and get control of Korean trade.
What was the Russo-Japanese War?
Russia wanted to take the Korean trade away from Japan but they were
unsuccessful.
What was the outcome of the Meiji Restoration?
Japan became an industrial and imperial power.
7-3.7
Explain the causes and effects of the Spanish-American War as a reflection of
American imperialist interests, including acquisitions, military occupations, and
status as an emerging world power.
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
This was an American policy stating that European nations could not colonize any
region of the Americas. If they did, the United States would act.
Why did the U.S. enter the Spanish-American War?
The U.S. helped Cuba in their quest for independence; USS Maine was blown up;
newspapers reported Cubans were being abused by the Spanish.
What were the effects of the Spanish-American War?
The U.S. gained territory and became an imperial nation; Cuba became a
protectorate of the United States; the U.S. became a world power