Biology Study Guide for 1st Semester 2013
Characteristics of Life:
Biology-definition
Levels of Organization
Biosphere:
Ecosystem
8 Characteristics of Life
1. Cellular Organization
2. Uses Energy
3.
4.
5.
6.
Nutrition
Transport
Respiration
Excretion
Synthesis
Regulation/Homeostasis
Reproduction
Require Water
Uses Energy
Respond to Their
Environment
7. DNA as genetic
material
8. Development
Systems
Questioning/Problem
Statement
Hypothesis
Variables
Groups
Data Collection
Analysis
Conclusion
Structure and Function
Microscope
Scientific Process
Metabolism
Steps for setting up and
using
Making Wet-Mounts
Size of Field of View
Light vs. Electron
Microscope
Definition
Boundaries
Inputs vs Outputs
Manipulated
Responding
Controlled
Experimental
Control
Graphing Expectations
Supported vs Unsupported
Eyepiece/Ocular
Objective Lenses
Revolving Nose Piece
Base
Stage
Diaphragm
Light Source
Brightness
Course Focus Adjustment
Fine Focus Adjustment
Arm
Stage Clips
Magnification
Total
low, medium, high powers
History
Jansen
Hooke
VanLeewenhoek
Schleiden
Schwann
Virchow
Cell Theory
Cells
Unicellular vs Multicellular
Structure and Function
Prokaryote vs Eukaryotic
Differences
Eukaryotes-Organelles
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Nucleus/Nucleolus/Nuclear
Envelope/Nuclear Pores
DNA: Chromatin/Chromosome
Cytoplasm/Cytosol/Cytoskeleton
Mitochondria
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough vs
Smooth)
Ribosomes
Vacuole
Lysosomes
Plant vs Animal Cell
Organic vs. Inorganic
Most Abundant Elements
Biochemistry
Bonding
Main Branches of Organic
Chemistry
Lipids. Cell Membranes and Transport
Basic components
-DNA (Circular vs Linear)
-Nucleus (Doesn’t Have vs Has)
-Organelles (Ribosomes vs Ribosomes and MembraneEnclosed Organelles)
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Central Water Vacuole
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
and Sulfur
-Hydrogen
-Ionic
-Covalent
-Dehydration Synthesis/
Condensation vs Hydrolysis
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids (DNA)
Triglyceride
-Glycerol
- Fatty Acids/Hydrocarbon
Chains
Saturated
Unsaturated
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Polar vs Non-Polar
Phospholipid
-Phosphate
-Glycerol
- Fatty Acids/Hydrocarbon
Chains
Dehydration
Synthesis/Condensation
Hydrolysis
Selectively (Semi-)
Permeable
Structure and Function
Dialysis Tubing
Fluid Mosaic Model
Phospholipid Bilayer
Proteins
Passive Transport- Diffusion
Osmosis
Active Transport
Facilitated Diffusion
Pumps
Endocytosis
Structure and Function
Exocytosis
3-D model
Nucleotide
Purines: Guanine & Adenine
Double Helix, Twisted Ladder, Spiral Staircase…
Definition
3 Parts
Section of DNA
Sequence of Nucleotides on DNA
Double Ringed
Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine
Single Ringed
Complementary
Base Pairing Rules
-A to T, C to G
-Percentages
-Hydrogen Bonding.
-Deoxyribose Sugar &
Phosphate.
-Phosphate has negative
charge.
Helicase-Role
DNA Polymerase-Role
Semi-Conservative Model
Nucleus
New Strand
2 Identical DNA Molecules
Gene
Nucleic Acid-DNA
Nitrogenous Bases
Backbone of DNA
DNA Replication
Cell Reproduction
ProkaryotesBinary Fission
EukaryotesCell Cycle
Marker
Channel
Receptor
Solution, Solvent, Solute
Hypertonic vs Hypotonic vs Isotonic
Plasmolysis vs Cytolysis
Turgor Pressure
Channel protein
Sodium/Potassium
Proton
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Enzymes:
Steps
Location
Sequence
Product
Steps
Product
Product
2 Identical Daughter Cells
2 Identical Cells
Define
3 Stages
Interphase
Subphases
Mitosis
Form of DNA
Structures
Definition
Recognize Phases
Correct Order
Prophase
G1
S, Replication occurs
G2
Chromatin
Nucleus/Nucleolus/Centriole(s)
Metaphase
Nucleus/Nucleolus
Chromosome
double- stranded
Chromatids
Centromeres
Centriole/Aster
Spindle Fibers
Chromosomes
Metaphase Plate
Poles
Chromosomes and Karyotypes
Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization/
Differentiation
Chromosomes-single stranded
Telophase
Chromosomes
Nucleus/Nucleolus
Cleavage Furrow/
Cell Plate
Cytokinesis
Know Differences in Plants and
Animals
Somatic Cells
Gametes
Diploid (2N)
Homologue (Homologous pairs)
Haploid (N)
Autosome
Sex Chromosome
Karyotype
Pairs 1-22
Pair 23
Purposes
Method
Rules
How to organize:
Nondisjunction:
Results in Aneuploidy
Compare Mitosis and
Meiosis
Meiosis I
Cancer
Anaphase
Meiosis II
Occurs in Meiosis
Monosomy (2n-1)
Trisomy (2n+1)
Sources of genetic variation:
Differences between Mitosis and
Meiosis?
Distinguish the different stages
Same process as Mitosis except:
End Products
Order of development:
What is differentiation?
Zygote, Embryo, Fetus, Baby
When does it occur?
Tumors-Benign vs Malignant
Causes
Metastasis
Rate of Cell Division
Carcinogens/Mutagens
Body Cells (Non-sex Cells)
Sperm and Egg (Sex Cells)
Male vs Female
To determine chromosomes in cell, gender and
aneuploidies
Amniocentesis
Blood Draw
-From largest to smallest
-Match up homologues by
size, centromere position, and banding patterns.
Anaphase I or Anaphase II
Turner’s Syndrome (#23: XO)
Downs Syndrome (#21)
Klinefelters (#23: XXY)
Crossing Over
Independent Assortment
Tetrads
End products
Gametes (1n) Haploid
Spermatogenisis: 4 functional sperm cells produced from 1
diploid cell.
Oogenisis: 1 functional egg cell produced from 1 diploid cell.
3 polar bodies.
Things I need to focus on!