Biology Study Guide for 1st Semester 2013 Characteristics of Life: Biology-definition Levels of Organization Biosphere: Ecosystem 8 Characteristics of Life 1. Cellular Organization 2. Uses Energy 3. 4. 5. 6. Nutrition Transport Respiration Excretion Synthesis Regulation/Homeostasis Reproduction Require Water Uses Energy Respond to Their Environment 7. DNA as genetic material 8. Development Systems Questioning/Problem Statement Hypothesis Variables Groups Data Collection Analysis Conclusion Structure and Function Microscope Scientific Process Metabolism Steps for setting up and using Making Wet-Mounts Size of Field of View Light vs. Electron Microscope Definition Boundaries Inputs vs Outputs Manipulated Responding Controlled Experimental Control Graphing Expectations Supported vs Unsupported Eyepiece/Ocular Objective Lenses Revolving Nose Piece Base Stage Diaphragm Light Source Brightness Course Focus Adjustment Fine Focus Adjustment Arm Stage Clips Magnification Total low, medium, high powers History Jansen Hooke VanLeewenhoek Schleiden Schwann Virchow Cell Theory Cells Unicellular vs Multicellular Structure and Function Prokaryote vs Eukaryotic Differences Eukaryotes-Organelles Cell/Plasma Membrane Nucleus/Nucleolus/Nuclear Envelope/Nuclear Pores DNA: Chromatin/Chromosome Cytoplasm/Cytosol/Cytoskeleton Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough vs Smooth) Ribosomes Vacuole Lysosomes Plant vs Animal Cell Organic vs. Inorganic Most Abundant Elements Biochemistry Bonding Main Branches of Organic Chemistry Lipids. Cell Membranes and Transport Basic components -DNA (Circular vs Linear) -Nucleus (Doesn’t Have vs Has) -Organelles (Ribosomes vs Ribosomes and MembraneEnclosed Organelles) Cell Wall Chloroplast Central Water Vacuole Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulfur -Hydrogen -Ionic -Covalent -Dehydration Synthesis/ Condensation vs Hydrolysis Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids (DNA) Triglyceride -Glycerol - Fatty Acids/Hydrocarbon Chains Saturated Unsaturated Hydrophobic and hydrophilic Polar vs Non-Polar Phospholipid -Phosphate -Glycerol - Fatty Acids/Hydrocarbon Chains Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation Hydrolysis Selectively (Semi-) Permeable Structure and Function Dialysis Tubing Fluid Mosaic Model Phospholipid Bilayer Proteins Passive Transport- Diffusion Osmosis Active Transport Facilitated Diffusion Pumps Endocytosis Structure and Function Exocytosis 3-D model Nucleotide Purines: Guanine & Adenine Double Helix, Twisted Ladder, Spiral Staircase… Definition 3 Parts Section of DNA Sequence of Nucleotides on DNA Double Ringed Pyrimidines: Cytosine and Thymine Single Ringed Complementary Base Pairing Rules -A to T, C to G -Percentages -Hydrogen Bonding. -Deoxyribose Sugar & Phosphate. -Phosphate has negative charge. Helicase-Role DNA Polymerase-Role Semi-Conservative Model Nucleus New Strand 2 Identical DNA Molecules Gene Nucleic Acid-DNA Nitrogenous Bases Backbone of DNA DNA Replication Cell Reproduction ProkaryotesBinary Fission EukaryotesCell Cycle Marker Channel Receptor Solution, Solvent, Solute Hypertonic vs Hypotonic vs Isotonic Plasmolysis vs Cytolysis Turgor Pressure Channel protein Sodium/Potassium Proton Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Enzymes: Steps Location Sequence Product Steps Product Product 2 Identical Daughter Cells 2 Identical Cells Define 3 Stages Interphase Subphases Mitosis Form of DNA Structures Definition Recognize Phases Correct Order Prophase G1 S, Replication occurs G2 Chromatin Nucleus/Nucleolus/Centriole(s) Metaphase Nucleus/Nucleolus Chromosome double- stranded Chromatids Centromeres Centriole/Aster Spindle Fibers Chromosomes Metaphase Plate Poles Chromosomes and Karyotypes Sexual Reproduction Fertilization/ Differentiation Chromosomes-single stranded Telophase Chromosomes Nucleus/Nucleolus Cleavage Furrow/ Cell Plate Cytokinesis Know Differences in Plants and Animals Somatic Cells Gametes Diploid (2N) Homologue (Homologous pairs) Haploid (N) Autosome Sex Chromosome Karyotype Pairs 1-22 Pair 23 Purposes Method Rules How to organize: Nondisjunction: Results in Aneuploidy Compare Mitosis and Meiosis Meiosis I Cancer Anaphase Meiosis II Occurs in Meiosis Monosomy (2n-1) Trisomy (2n+1) Sources of genetic variation: Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis? Distinguish the different stages Same process as Mitosis except: End Products Order of development: What is differentiation? Zygote, Embryo, Fetus, Baby When does it occur? Tumors-Benign vs Malignant Causes Metastasis Rate of Cell Division Carcinogens/Mutagens Body Cells (Non-sex Cells) Sperm and Egg (Sex Cells) Male vs Female To determine chromosomes in cell, gender and aneuploidies Amniocentesis Blood Draw -From largest to smallest -Match up homologues by size, centromere position, and banding patterns. Anaphase I or Anaphase II Turner’s Syndrome (#23: XO) Downs Syndrome (#21) Klinefelters (#23: XXY) Crossing Over Independent Assortment Tetrads End products Gametes (1n) Haploid Spermatogenisis: 4 functional sperm cells produced from 1 diploid cell. Oogenisis: 1 functional egg cell produced from 1 diploid cell. 3 polar bodies. Things I need to focus on!