GWSS/PSYCH 357
EXAM 2 REVIEW
Puberty
PMS
Sex Drive/
Behavior
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
50
Releasing
Hormones
Monthly
Cycle
10
Topic 1 – 10 Points
QUESTION:
•What are releasing hormones and what do they do?
ANSWER:
•Releasing hormones are hormones produced in the
hypothalamus which travel through the hypothalamohypophysial portal system to the anterior pituitary and
stimulate and inhibit the production and release of the tropic
hormones.
Topic 1 – 20 Points
QUESTION:
•What are the seven releasing hormones (RH)?
ANSWER:
•a)
•b)
•c)
•d)
•e)
•f)
•g)
Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH)
Thyrotropic hormone releasing hormone (TRH)
Somatostatin
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH)
Dopamine
Prolactin stimulating hormone (PSH)
Topic 1 – 30 Points
QUESTION:
•What does CRH, TRH, Somatostatin, GHRH, GnRH,
Inhibin, Dopamine and PSH do?
ANSWER:
•CRH - stimulates the production and release of ACTH
•TRH - stimulates the production and release of TSH
•Somatostatin - inhibits the production and release of GH
•GHRH - stimulates the production and release of GH
•GnRH - stimulates the production and release of both FSH and LH
•Inhibin - acts at the anterior pituitary to inhibit the production and release of FSH
•Dopamine - inhibits the production and release of prolactin
•PSH - stimulates the production and release of prolactin
Topic 1 – 40 Points
QUESTION:
•In the adult female, how does very low estrogen, moderate
estrogen and very high estrogen affect GnRH?
ANSWER:
•Very low estrogen - stimulates the production of GnRH
•Moderate estrogen - Inhibits GnRH
•Very high estrogen - stimulates GnRH
Topic 1 – 50 Points
QUESTION:
•When is the one time of the month when estrogen overrides
the “negative feedback” system and makes it go to a “positive
feedback” loop and why?
ANSWER:
•Estrogen overrides the system 24 hours before ovulation when the Graafian
follicle that is pushing against the ovary sends a signal that the ovum is ready for
ovulation by dumping all of its remaining estrogen into the bloodstream. This
very high level of estrogen stimulates GnRH release, which then stimulates
production of both FSH and LH which is needed in order to trigger ovulation. The
GnRH level in this case is so high that it overwhelms the effect of inhibin. So,
massive release of E = massive release of GnR = massive release of LH and FSH
= ovulation
Topic 2 – 10 Points
QUESTION:
•What are the three actions of androgen?
ANSWER:
•Controls sex drive
•Controls acne
•Stimulates the growth of pubic and underarm hair
Topic 2 – 20 Points
QUESTION:
•How does androstenedione have a testosterone effect in
women without having the overall masculinizing effect of
testosterone?
ANSWER:
•Once androstenedione enters into its target tissue it is
converted to testosterone. This way, the testosterone acts only
on the specific tissue it is meant for and does not masculinize
the rest of the body on its way to the specific target tissue.
Topic 2 – 30 Points
QUESTION:
•What are the three classes of hormones that the adrenal
cortex releases and what are their functions?
ANSWER:
•Glucocorticoids - controls glucose metabolism and food
intake
•Mineralocorticoids - regulate levels of minerals and
electrolytes such as sodium or potassium
•Sex steroids (androgen, estrogen and progesterone)- various
actions on the body
Topic 2 – 40 Points
QUESTION:
•List the Estrogen and Progesterone levels across the monthly
cycle:
ANSWER:
Estrogen
a) Levels increase on Day 1 and gradually
increase throughout the preovulatory phase
(because the follicles are growing)
b) Surge 24 hours prior to ovulation.
c) Levels decrease after surge (through
ovulation).
d)Levels rise during the postovulatory
phase as the corpus luteum develops.
Drop off just before menses when the
corpus luteum dies.
Progesterone
a) Levels low on Day 1
b)Stay very low throughout the
preovulatory phase
c) Increase during the postovulatory phase
with the development of the corpus
luteum
d) Drop off just before menses with the
death of the corpus luteum
Topic 2 – 50 Points
QUESTION:
•List the FSH and LH levels across the monthly cycle:
ANSWER:
FSH
a) Begin to rise at the end of the
postovulatory phase.
b) Decrease in late preovulatory phase.
c) Surge at the exact time of ovulation
because of massive surge of estrogen by
GnRH.
d) Decrease after ovulation and stays low
throughout most of the postovulatory
phase
LH
a) Begin to increase on Day 1 to stimulate
estrogen
b) Rise to moderate level and stay
relatively steady for the rest of the
preovulatory phase
c) Surge at ovulation.
d) Declines right after ovulation to make
CL
e) Increases toward the end of the luteal
phase and then declines again
Topic 3 – 10 Points
QUESTION:
•What is the difference between puberty and adolescence?
ANSWER:
•Puberty refers to the biological maturation of an individual
from being unable to reproduce to being able to reproduce
while adolescence refers to the social transition in which an
individual moves from a dependent, child like role to an
independent, adult role.
Topic 3 – 20 Points
QUESTION:
•What are Tanner’s five stages of pubertal development?
ANSWER:
•a)
•b)
•c)
•d)
•e)
Start of the adolescent growth spurt
Thelarche
Simultaneous adrenarche and peak of the growth spurt
Underarm hair formation
Menarche
Topic 3 – 30 Points
QUESTION:
•What hormone(s) are involved in the adolescent growth
spurt, thelarche, adrenarche, and underarm hair formation?
ANSWER:
•Adolescent growth spurt: Estrogen, androgen and growth
hormone
•Thelarche: Estrogen and prolactin
•Adrenarche: First sign is pubic hair formation - an
androgen effect
•Underarm hair formation: Androgen only
Topic 3 – 40 Points
QUESTION:
•What are factors have been found to correlate with early
menarche?
ANSWER:
•a)
•b)
•c)
•d)
•e)
•f)
•g)
•h)
•i)
increased menstrual distress
more worry about menstruation
poorer preparation for menses
increased risk of depression
more negative body image and disordered eating
increased risk of substance abuse
higher risk for poor school performance
increased social popularity
earlier onset of dating and sexual behavior
Topic 3 – 50 Points
QUESTION:
A. What is exercise-induced amenorrhea and what happens hormonally in this stage?
B. Is exercise-induced amenorrhea reversible? How?
C. What are three causes of exercise-induce amenorrhea?
ANSWER:
A. Failure to menstruate as a result of intense athletic or dance training. GnRH, LH
and FSH and estrogen levels are suppressed so ovulation does not occur
B. Yes, ending strict athletic/ dance training can cause a return of cyclicity and
menstruation
1. Low body fat
2. Change in the muscle: fat ratio (muscle > fat) as a result of an increase in muscle
or decrease in fat
3. Nutritional deficit state: energy output > energy input (can be caused as a result of
increasing exercise without eating extra to compensate for the energy loss)
Topic 4 – 10 Points
QUESTION:
● Between recall and concurrent studies, which is a more
accurate measure of mood and behaviors during the menstrual
cycle? Why?
ANSWER:
● Concurrent studies because by having women keep daily
diaries of their moods, behaviors and cycle phases the
responses are less tainted by stereotypes of moods/ behaviors
Topic 4 – 20 Points
QUESTION:
1. In recall studies, what symptoms do women report to be associated with
the menstrual cycle?
2. In concurrent studies, what relationships between mood and behavior and
the monthly cycle do women report?
ANSWER:
1. a) An increase in negative moods and behaviors premenstrually
b) And sometimes an increase in positive moods during the follicular phase or
midcycle
1. a) More positive moods and behaviors during the follicular phase or at midcycle.
b) They report no correlation between negative moods and behaviors and the
premenstrual phase of the cycle
Topic 4 – 30 Points
QUESTION:
● Name three non-pharmacological and pharmacological
interventions for PMDD
ANSWER:
Pharmacological:
Non-pharmacological:
1. Selective Serotonin Reuptake
1. Awareness
Inhibitors
2. Improved social support
2. Anxiolytics
3. Cognitive behavioral therapy
3. Hormonal contraceptives and
4. Increased aerobic exercise
GnRH agonists that stop the
5. Changed diet: high carbs/ low
cycle
protein, decreased caffeine
and sodium, increased calcium
intake
Topic 4 – 40 Points
QUESTION:
1. PMDD can only be diagnosed as such if the person has at least one of four
behavioral symptoms. What are they? List all.
2. What are the other requirements for diagnosis with PMDD?
ANSWER:
1. At least one of the
following:
● Marked affective lability
● Marked irritability or
anger
● Depressed mood or
hopelessness
● Marked anxiety, tension
2. Other requirements:
● Symptoms must occur during most cycles for
at least one year
● Symptoms must interfere with work, social
activities and/or relationships
● Symptoms must be restricted to the
perimenstrual time period (7 days before to 3
days after the onset of menses)
● Symptoms must be confirmed by daily diary
for at least two cycles
● Symptoms not due to drug use or general
medical condition
Topic 4 – 50 Points
QUESTION:
1. What is menstrual synchrony and what is the cause?
2. Do all cohabitating women become synchronous?
3. Stern and McClintock (1998) found that women exposed to underarm secretions
from women in their late follicular phase (post menses to the day before LH surge)
resulted in what? from women who had just ovulated resulted in what?
ANSWER:
1. Menstrual synchrony is the
tendency for cycles of women who
live together to become more
synchronous (existing or occurring at
the same time). It is apparently a
response to pheromonal secretions
(like those found in underarm
perspiration).
2. No, factors leading
to menstrual
synchrony are not
fully clear, but a
greater number of
shared activities may
result in greater
likelihood of
synchrony
3.Late follicular phase:
-Early LH surge
(ovulation) and
shortening of the cycle
Just ovulated:
-Delayed LH surge and
lengthened cycle
Topic 5 – 10 Points
QUESTION:
•At what time in the cycle did Harvey find an increase in
female autosexual behaviors?
ANSWER:
•A clear peak at ovulation
Topic 5 – 20 Points
QUESTION:
•What effect of the cycle did Harvey find on male partners of
women?
ANSWER:
•Partner initiated behavior follows the pattern of female
autosexual behavior. They are more likely to initiate sex at
ovulation, perhaps in response to chemical or behavioral
signals from the woman.
Topic 5 – 30 Points
QUESTION:
•What effect of the cycle did Matteo & Risman find on
female partners of women?
ANSWER:
•The pattern of partner initiated behavior did not follow that
of female autosexual behavior.
Topic 5 – 40 Points
QUESTION:
ANSWER:
Topic 5 – 50 Points
QUESTION:
ANSWER: