Name____________________________________________ Date_________________ Period________
Honors Living Environment
8th Grade Honors
Living Environment
Unit 4b (Respiration) Study Outline
This handout will serve as a resource to help guide you in studying for the Unit 4 Quest
(Respiration). We encourage that you find a study method that works best for you. Use this
page as a reference as you review class notes, handouts, quizzes, Castle Learning assignments,
etc. In addition, there are excellent resources on the internet that you can use for supplemental
review and reinforcement. Visit our teacher webpages for some suggestions on internet sources.
As always, come to extra help and to our review sessions if you have any questions. Best of luck!
I.
II.
Nutrition
a. Autotroph
i. Make own food through process of photosynthesis
1. Takes place in the leaves of plants
a. takes place in the chloroplasts (organelle)
ii. Need water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight
iii. Make glucose (food) and oxygen (waste product)
b. Heterotroph
i. Get food from environment
ii. Ingestiondigestionegestion
Photosynthesis
a. Equation
i. Chemical equation
1. Sunlight + 6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
ii. Word equation
1. Sunlight + carbon dioxide + water  glucose + oxygen
b. Chloroplast
c. 2 main stages of photosynthesis
i. Light Dependent reactions
1. AKA- light reactions
2. Location-Thylakoid membrane
3. Inputs- sunlight and water
4. Outputs- NADPH & ATP (used in light-independent reactions), O2 (waste
product)
a. The purpose of the light reaction is to make the usable energy
necessary to run the light-independent reaction.
ii. Light-Independent Reactions
1. AKA- dark reactions, Calvin cycle, carbon fixation
2. Location- stroma
3. Inputs- NADPH & ATP (from light reactions), CO2
4. Outputs- glucose
Name____________________________________________ Date_________________ Period________
Honors Living Environment
III.
Respiration
a. Equation
i. Chemical Equation
1. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6 CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP
ii. Word Equation
1. Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
b. Mitochondria
i. Outer Membrane
ii. Intermembrane Space
iii. Cristae Membrane- where ETC occurs
iv. Matrix – where Kreb’s Cycle occurs
c. Aerobic Respiration
i. Requires O2
ii. Glycolysis
1. Glucose (6C)  2 Pyruvic Acid (3C) + 2 NADH + 2 ATP (net)
iii. Acetyl-CoA Formation
1. 2 Pyruvic Acid + Coenzyme A  2 Acetyl-CoA + 2 CO2
iv. Kreb’s Cycle
1. Acetyl CoA  Citric Acid (energy extracting reactions)  2 ATP+2 FADH2+ 6
NADH+ 4 CO2
v. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
1. Proton Gradient
a. As high-energy electrons move along the ETC, H+ ions build up in the
intermembrane space causing a Proton Gradient
b. Oxygen: Final electron acceptor; Oxygen combines with low-energy
electrons and hydrogen ions to make H2O
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation/Chemiosmosis
a. H+ ions move from the intermembrane space into the matrix through
ATP synthase channel
b. As H+ moves through ATP synthase, ADP + Pi  32 ATP
3. Total Output:
a. Glycolysis = 2ATP
b. Kreb’s Cycle = 2ATP +CO2
c. ETC = 34 ATP + H2O
i. Net Total = 38 ATP
d. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)
i. Does not require O2
ii. Alcoholic Fermentation1. Glycolysis
a. Glucose (6C)  2 Pyruvic Acid (3C) + 2 NADH + 2 ATP (net)
2. Fermentation
a.
Pyruvic Acid + NADH  ethyl alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
3. Industry Use: bread, wine, beer, cheese, etc.
iii. Lactic Acid Fermentation
1. Glycolysis
a. Glucose (6C)  2 Pyruvic Acid (3C) + 2 NADH + 2 ATP (net)
2. Fermentation
a. Pyruvic Acid + NADH  lactic acid + NAD+
3. Muscle Fatigue- during strenuous exercise, the body is not able to take in
enough O2. Muscles carry out lactic acid fermentation, Lactic acid builds up
in cells and causes pain and burning in muscles (fatigue).
Name____________________________________________ Date_________________ Period________
Honors Living Environment
Comparison of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Occurs all the time
Occurs only in the light
Are oxidation reactions
Are reduction reactions
Occurs in mitochondria
Occurs in chloroplast
Relies on ETC to produce a proton gradient
Relies on ETC to produce a proton gradient
Requires O2 and releases CO2
Requires CO2 and releases O2
NAD is the proton carrier
NADP is the proton carrier
ATP is produce by ATP synthase
ATP is produced by ATP synthase
Contains a cycle process: Kreb’s Cycle
Contains a cyclical process: Calvin Cycles