New Monarchies Consolidation of power First ‘modern’ nation-state Toward end of Middle Ages, governments broke down (Black Death and Warfare) Violence within and without dominated Characteristics of New Monarchy Uses 15th century chaos to centralize Determine state religion Arouse sentiments of national loyalty Establish hereditary monarchy as legitimate rule 5. Enlisted aid of towns 6. Monarch uses army to subdue nobles 7. Breakdown of common law: establish civil law 1. 2. 3. 4. General Policies 1. 2. 3. 4. Taxation: use to gain revenue Taming Aristocracy Codifying laws & creating courts Controlling warfare (Medieval armies were private armies; New Monarchies made armies the sole preserve of the state) 5. Use of bureaucracy & officials – including representative bodies 6. Religious control France and England 100 Year’s War: France vs England Cause: 1. English king vassal to French king over duchy of Aquitaine • French king wanted to assert control over duchy and English king resisted 2. English king (Edward III) had claim to French throne through mommy, a princess of France 3. French nobles sought opportunities to gain power at expense of French king 4. England exported wool to Flanders, which was coming under the control of the French king 5. Kings and nobles shared Chivalry, which portrayed war as glorious and noble Course of the War • Most fighting was on French soil • Scots, encouraged by the French did invade England once… • Few major battles • English won at first, but war became one of attrition and the French wore down the English Stuff… • English longbows became widely used • Plate mail armor used, but became very expensive • Joan of Arc: illiterate peasant girl that rallied the French to many victories – She was captured by French Burgundians and turned over to the English – She was burned at the stake as a heretic Results: 1. England lost all continental possessions except Calais 2. French land devastated 3. England and France in debt 4. Populations declined 5. Internal disruptions due to officials and nobles dying 6. Trade disrupted 7. Heavy taxation on peasants to cover debts and trade slump 8. England: Parliaments summoned by king to get help raising money • Gave nobility more power • Taxes could not be levied without parliamentary approval • Representative government gained a tradition 10.England: fights among nobility led to War of the Roses* 11.France: King refused to recognize noble assemblies • Duchy of Burgundy virtually independent • Monarch had right to levy most taxes • Royal standing army help reduce reliance on nobility 12.Growth of Nationalism • Kings used propaganda to garner support • Hatred of the enemy united people • Military victories led to national pride • Literature reflected the new nationalism (Chaucer’s Cantebury Tales) War of the Roses: England • Nobles fought for control –Lancaster (Red Rose) versus York (White Rose) –Henry IV (Lancaster king) usurped by Edward IV (son of Duke of York) –Edward’s brother, Richard III, took over after Edward IV • Henry Tudor of Lancaster line usurped power after Richard III • Henry VII (Tudor) married daughter of Edward IV of York to solidify his claim and unite the Lancaster and York houses, thus ending the war English Rule Tudors Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Grey Mary I Elizabeth I Tudor Dynasty: Henry VII 1489-1509 1. Passed laws against “Livery and Maintenance” • Private army not allowed to wear lords livery (insignia) 2. Laws passed to centralize government 1. Royal Council (new court to keep the peace) 2. Star Chamber represented authority of king and council (nobles tried w/o jury – torture often used) Tudor Dynasty: Henry VIII 1509-1547 1. Will break from Roman Church 2. Led Protestantism in England 3. More later… French Rule Valois Charles VII Louis XI Charles VIII Louis XII Francis I Henry II Francis II Charles IX Henry III Valois Dynasty: Charles VII 1422-1461 Passed the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 1438 Placed restrictions of Papal Power in France Valois Dynasty: Louis XI: Spider King 1461-1483 1. 2. 3. 4. Created Royal Army Suppressed Brigands Subdue Rebels Estates-General met and asked Louis to rule without them Valois Dynasty: Charles VIII 1483-1498 Involved France in Italian wars Valois Dynasty: Francis I 1. Signed Concordat of Bologna in 1516 (reversed Prag. Sanc. Of Bourges) 2. Passed tax: taille (1st & 2nd Estates Exempt: most hated tax of the ancien régime) Signed Concordat of Bologna with Pope Leo X • Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction (1438) that placed French Catholic Church (Gallican Church) in control apart from Rome • Pope get $ from French Clergy • King choose Bishops and Abbots Holy Roman Empire (HRE) Hapsburgs Frederick III Maximilion I Charles V Ferdinand I Maximilian II Rudolf II Matthias Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Leopold I Joseph I Charles VI Hapsburg Dynasty • 1356 Golden Bull gave 7 electors right to name Emperor (Pope had no say) • Most dominate royal family were the Hapsburgs, which will come to rule the HRE for centuries to come… • Constant threat from Ottoman Turks in the East… see map on next slide Hapsburgs: Maximilian I 1. Focused on increasing Austrian and Hungarian territories 2. Marriage to Mary of Burgundy increased holdings Hapsburgs: Charles V 1. Most powerful ruler in Europe at the time 2. Ruled Spain and Austria 3. Sacked Rome in 1527 4. Tried to stop Protestantism in German States Spain Ferdinand and Isabella Regents Hapsburgs Charles I (Carlos I) Philip II Philip III Philip IV Charles II (Carlos II) Creation: Ferdinand and Isabella 1. Ferdinand (Aragon) and Isabella (Castille) marry 2. Marriage unified Spain (1492) 3. Reconquista eliminated Moors and expelled Jews 4. Hermandades was an alliance of cities to oppose nobles 5. Spanish Inquisition helped to enforce centralization Spanish Hapsburgs: Charles I 1. Lack of clear heir after series of regent rulers 2. Charles V of the HRE was chosen as ruler of Spain (Charles I of Spain) 3. Spain now Hapsburg territory Spanish Hapsburgs: Philip II 1. One of Charles I sons 2. Ruled with religious fervor 3. Engaged in religious wars*