Henry VIII
Reign of the Tudor’s in England
War of the Roses
Takes place on & off during 100 Years War
• Civil War between the Barons and the King
– House of Lancaster vs. House of York
The Red Rose of the House of Lancaster The White Rose of the House of York
Red Rose vs. White Rose
• Although the roses were occasionally used as symbols during the
wars, most of the participants wore badges associated with their
immediate feudal lords or protectors. For example, Henry's forces at
Bosworth fought under the banner of a red dragon, while the Yorkist
army used Richard III's personal symbol of a White Boar.
Evidence of the importance of the rose symbols at the time, however,
includes the fact that King Henry VII chose at the end of the wars to
combine the red and white roses into a single red and white Tudor
Rose.
wikipedia.org “War of the Roses”
Henry VII
• The 2nd Earl of Richmond wins the Civil War &
becomes King Henry VII. (Battle of Bosworth Field)
(last
king to win the throne through battle)
• Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York uniting the two
warring factions through marriage
• They have 4 children who live to adulthood: (3 died young:
Elizabeth, Edmund, & Katherine)
– Arthur, Prince of Wales, first husband of Catherine of Aragon
– Margaret, Wife of King James IV of Scotland and great
grandmother of James I of England (James VI of Scotland – son of Mary
Queen of Scots). *married a 2nd time after King James IV died
– Henry, his successor becomes Henry VIII.
– Mary, Becomes Queen of France *Marries a 2nd time after King Louis XII
of France dies that leads to her being the grandmother of Lady Jane Gray
Margaret, Queen of
Scotland
Arthur, Prince of Wales
Henry VIII
Mary, Queen of France
Reign of Henry VII
1485-1509
• Eliminated nobility from keeping their private
armies (*livery & maintenance)
• Court of Star Chamber – did not use juries but
could use torture to get confessions
• He did NOT overburden the people w/ taxes
• Increased Wool Exports
• Henry was “thrifty” & left England Stable.
Reign of Henry VIII
R. 1509-1547
• When his older brother Arthur died Henry was forced to pick
up the extra duties & responsibilities Arthur bore as Prince of
Wales
• Henry VII died unexpectedly and Henry became King at the
age of 17.
• Henry was “forced” to marry his older brother’s widow – Catherine of Aragon, the
daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella – a Papal Bull was issued to allow this marriage
b/c Catherine was Henry's sister-in-law.
• as told in the book of Leviticus,
"If a brother is to marry the wife of a brother
they will remain childless".
Henry VIII
Reign continues
• Henry considered a true Renaissance man
– who excelled in traditional learning—literature,
languages, the arts, science, and mathematics—as well
as physical activities—jousting, swordplay, running, and
dancing.
• Named “Defender of the Faith” by the
Pope
– Henry, with Sir Thomas More, wrote a rebuttal to
Martin Luther’s 95 Theses & Henry was
considered a champion of Catholicism in Europe.
• Two most important advisors were:
– Thomas Wosley (Cardinal) & Thomas Cromwell
• From 1514 to 1529, Thomas Wolsey (1473–1530), a Catholic cardinal,
served as lord chancellor and practically controlled domestic and foreign
policy for the young king.
– He negotiated the truce with France that was signaled by the dramatic
display of amity on the Field of the Cloth of Gold (1520).
• He switched England back and forth as an ally of France and the
Holy Roman Empire.
• Wolsey centralized the national government and extended the
jurisdiction of the conciliar courts, particularly the Star Chamber.
• His use of forced loans to pay for foreign wars angered the rich,
who were annoyed as well by his enormous wealth and
ostentatious living.
• Wolsey disappointed the king when he failed to secure a quick
divorce from Queen Catherine.
• After 16 years at the top he lost power in 1529 and in 1530 was
arrested on false charges of treason and died in custody. Wolsey's
fall was a warning to the Pope and to the clergy of England of what
might be expected for failure to comply with the king's wishes.
• Sir Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex was an English
statesman who served as KING HENRY VIII’s chief minister
from 1532 to 1540.
• w/ Cromwell as Chief Minister:
sources of papal revenue were cut off and clerical legislative power was
transferred to the King as Supreme Head. In the next year's session came the
Act in Restrain of Appeals of 1533 which forbade appeals to Rome (thus
allowing for a divorce in England without the need for the Pope's permission).
This was drafted by Cromwell and its famous preamble declared:
– In Cromwell’s preamble to the Pope he declared England an Empire free from
"the authority of any foreign potentates." This meant that England was now an
independent sovereign nation-state no longer under the jurisdiction of the Pope.
– Cromwell was the most prominent of those who suggested to Henry VIII that the
king make himself head of the English Church, and saw the Act of Supremacy
of 1534 through Parliament.
–
• In 1535 Henry VIII delegated powers he had gained under the Supremacy Act to Cromwell,
appointing him to the newly created office of "Vicegerent in Spirituals."
– In this role, Cromwell presided over the Dissolution of Monasteries
– His vicegerency evolved into another new position, vicar general, which gave him the power
as supreme judge in ecclesiastical cases and provided a single unifying institution over the
two provinces of the English Church (Canterbury & York)
•
•
Cromwell worked to modernize English government.
– He founded the Court of Wards and Court of Surveyors to make the taxation
system more efficient, and he contributed to the professionalization of the
bureaucracy.
– He was also the architect of the Law of Wales Acts 1535-1542, which united
England and Wales, and he also helped to strengthen English government in
Ireland.
– Cromwell also became patron to a group of English intellectual humanists whom Cromwell
used to promote the English Reformation through the medium of print.
– Though viewed as a new man, Cromwell rose to aristocratic rank. He was created Baron
Cromwell on 9 July 1536, 300th Knight of the Garter in 1537 and Earl of Essex on 18 April
1540.
Cromwell’s Downfall
– was caused by the haste with which he encouraged the king to marry Anne of Cleves.
Henry told Cromwell to get him out of the marriage by legal means, but the king was
obliged to go ahead with it or risk the vital German alliance.
– Whilst at a Council meeting on 10 June 1540, Cromwell was arrested and imprisoned in the
Tower of London. Cromwell was kept alive by Henry VIII until his marriage to Anne of
Cleves could be annulled.
– He was executed at the Tower on 28 July 1540, the same day that the king went on to
marry Catherine Howard. Henry spent the rest of his life lamenting the fact that Cromwell
had been executed.
http://www.worldhistory.abc-clio.com “Henry VIII” ,“Thomas Cromwell” & “Thomas Wolsey”
Henry VIII & his Wives
“Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived!”
1. Catherine of Aragon
–
They had one child that lived to adulthood – Mary she
becomes Queen Mary I aka “Bloody Mary”
2. Anne Boleyn
–
–
–
Henry created the Church of England with himself as
“Head of the Church” b/c he was desperate to marry Anne
and divorce Catherine (who refused to go peacefully to a
convent)
They had one child that lived to adulthood – Elizabeth she
becomes Queen Elizabeth I (the Golden Age of England
or the Elizabethan Age)
Henry accused Anne of Adultery – falsely – and had her
beheaded.
The 6 wives of Henry VIII
#1 – Catherine of Aragon
#2
Anne
Boleyn
3. Jane Seymour
•
She gave Henry his long awaited son EDWARD –
becomes King Edward VI – dies young left crown to his
young Protestant cousin Lady Jane Gray. (another
story)
4. Anne of Cleaves
5. Catherine Howard
•
•
She was the cousin of Ann Boleyn. Catherine DID
commit Adultery & was beheaded. (she was 18 to
Henry's 48)
By this time Henry was 300 pounds, had an ulcer on his
leg that had to be drained daily (it smelled really bad) &
she was “grossed out” about having sexual relations w/
him.
#3
Jane
Seymour
#4
Anne of
Cleaves
#5
Catherine Howard
6. Catherine Parr
•
•
•
•
She was married twice before – widowed both times – and was
considered a match for Henry as a good English protestant.
As Queen, Catherine was partially responsible for reconciling Henry
with his daughters from his first two marriages (Mary & Elizabeth).
She also developed a good relationship with Henry's son Edward,
Prince of Wales, later King Edward VI.
Was made regent of the realm while Henry was fighting with
France. She handled provision, finances and musters for Henry's
French campaign, signed five Royal proclamations dealing w/
Scotland.
Outlived Henry & married a 4th time to Sir Thomas Seymour
(younger brother of Henry’s 3rd wife, Jane & Uncle to the new king
Edward VI) Together they raised the Princess Elizabeth until 1548.
Catherine died in Childbirth – her only child, Mary Seymour is
reported to have died as a young child but some reports said she
lived to adulthood.
#6
Catherine
Parr