Is the information
you are taught in
science class
true? Why or why
not?
Almost all aspects of
life are engineered at
the molecular level, and
without understanding
molecules we can only
have a very sketchy
understanding of life
itself. – Francis Crick
DNA – the
molecule of life!
The human genome is
estimated to contain
20,000 to 25,000 genes.
BUT only a few of
those genes make us
different from one
another
99% of a
Humans
and
Chimps
DNA is
the same!
Where do we find
this DNA?
Journal Question:
1. D
2. I
3. B
4. C
5. H
6. E
7. A
8. G
9. F
10. K
11. J
12. M
13. L
Briefly and simply
explain the
experiment you
were assigned
JQ: What is a gene,
and what is its
function?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid: DNA
1. Structure: DNAmonomers are called
nucleotides
2. Monomers pair up and form
double helix (twisted
ladder shape)
1. Function: DNA is
responsible for your traits,
from personality to
physical appearance
Essential Concept:
How does DNA produce your traits?
Genes are
recipes
for
proteins
DNA
contains
segments
called
Genes
Proteins do all
of the cell’s
work:
-building cells
-repairing
cells
-movement
-defense
DNA makes proteins, and proteins do all the
work in your cells
One cell contains about 6
feet of DNA.
JQ: Describe these
features below using the
diagram with the person
next to you.
1. Nucleotide
2. Phosphate
3. Deoxyribose sugar
4. Hydrogen Bonding
5. Purine
6. Pyrimidine
7. 3’ end / 5’ end
8. Antiparallel
HOW DO WE KNOW DNA
IS LIFE’s BLUE PRINT???
Up until the mid-1900’s, many scientists
believed that protein was the heritable material
( chemical instruction manual for living things)
DNA
PROTEIN
VS.
Frederick Griffith’s Transformation
Experiment
1928 - Griffith worked with two strains of a pneumonia bacterium
A. an “S” strain - covered by capsule (“smooth strain”) - deadly
B. “R” strain (“Rough strain”) - no capsule - not deadly
Injected mice with S and R strains under 4 conditions: PREDICTIONS??
Living S cells
(control)
S-strain
Living R cells
(control)
R-strain
Heat-killed
S cells (control)
Heat-killed S
Mixture of heat-killed
S cells and living R cells
Heat-killed S
mixed with R
RESULTS
Mouse dies
Mouse healthy
Mouse healthy
Mouse dies
Living S cells
are found in
blood sample
Frederick Griffith’s Conclusions??????
Something in the dead S-strain (deadly) “transformed” the Rstrain (not deadly), and the R-strain now killed the mouse
DOES THIS PROVE THAT DNA IS THE HERITABLE
MATERIAL?
• NO, but supports idea that molecules from
“S” genetically transformed “R”
Living S cells
(control)
Living R cells
(control)
Heat-killed
S cells (control)
Mixture of heat-killed
S cells and living R cells
RESULTS
Mouse dies
Mouse healthy
Mouse healthy
Mouse dies
Living S cells
are found in
blood sample
Avery’s Experiment
► RNase destroys RNA, DNase destroys DNA, Lipase destroys
Lipids, Protease destroys Proteins, and Carbo-ase destroys carbs
► Avery took Griffith’s experiment one-step further. CAN YOU
EXPLAIN WHAT HE DID? What can we assume is happening in “3”
3
1
2
4
Avery’s Transformation Experiment
► HYPOTHESIS: DNA causes transformation…it is the heritable material
► Avery took five test tubes with S strain (deadly strain), each had DNA,
RNA, carbs, lipids, proteins in them
► Added enzyme to destroy one type of each macromolecule to each test
tube
► Add enzyme-treated S-strain to R-strain beakers ----WHY?
► Based on hypothesis, which beakers are predicted to transform?
1
3
4
2
Check Yourself Before you
Wreck Yourself:
Up until the mid-1900’s, many scientists
believed that protein was the heritable material
1. What
is a for
gene?
( chemical instruction
manual
living things)
2. What does DNA code for?
3. What is the monomer unit of Nucleic
Acids?
4. Describe the results and conclusion for
Griffith’s experiment.
5. Describe the results and conclusion for
Avery’s experiment
Up until the mid-1900’s, many scientists
believed that protein was the heritable material
( chemical instruction manual for living things)
Life Cycle Of T2 Phage Virus
What does the virus inject into the E. Coli Cell?
What stays on the outside?
Centrifuge
•Centrifuge?
•Uses centrifugal force to
separate substances by
density
•Inside rotates so fast that
it causes thousands of times
the force of gravity on
earth
Outside of cells
cells
Hershey-Chase Experiment
► In 1952, Hershey and Chase used radioactive elements to label DNA and
Proteins in Phage Viruses
► Batch 1: Used radioactive Sulfur: Colored Protein
► Batch 2: Used Radioactive Phosphorus: Colored DNA?
► In each batch, they infected E. Coli bacteria with Phage T2 virus,
► WHERE SHOULD THEY OBSERVE THE RADIOACTIVE Sulfur? Phosphorus?
Inside or outside the bacterial cell?
► Why did they centrifuge the E. coli/virus mixture? What’s on the bottom of the
centrifuged tube? On top (in supernatant)?
Phage
Radioactive
protein
Empty
protein shell
Radioactivity
(phage protein)
in liquid
Bacterial cell
Batch 1:
Sulfur (35S)
DNA
Phage
DNA
Centrifuge
Pellet (bacterial
cells and contents)
Radioactive
DNA
Batch 2:
Phosphorus (32P)
Centrifuge
Pellet
Radioactivity
(phage DNA)
in pellet
Hershey-Chase Experiment
► Batch 1: Radioactive protein shell found in supernatant (liquid)
► Interpret Results?
► Protein never entered the E. Coli (not involved in replication)
► Batch 2: Radioactive DNA found in pellet?
► Interpret Results?
► DNA entered the E. Coli (Used to make more E. Coli)
► Conclusion: DNA is heritable material
Phage
Radioactive
protein
Empty
protein shell
Radioactivity
(phage protein)
in liquid
Bacterial cell
Batch 1:
Sulfur (35S)
DNA
Phage
DNA
Centrifuge
Pellet (bacterial
cells and contents)
Radioactive
DNA
Batch 2:
Phosphorus (32P)
Centrifuge
Pellet
Radioactivity
(phage DNA)
in pellet
Additional Evidence That DNA Is the
Genetic Material
1947 - Chargaff proposed that,
within an organism:
# Adenine = # Thymine
# Cytosine = # Guanine
 (A=30.9% and T=29.4%; G=19.9%
and C=19.8% in humans)
 Interpretation of Chargaff’s
rule?
Additional Evidence That DNA Is
the Genetic Material
• Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography images
allowed scientists to figure out DNA was double
helix
James D. Watson & Francis
H. Crick
•
Watson and Crick used
information from
Chargaff and Franklin to
solve the structure of
DNA
1962: Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine
Watson, J.D. and F.H. Crick, “Molecular
Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure
for Deoxynucleic Acids”. Nature 171 (1953),
p. 738.
James D.
Watson
What about?
Rosalind Franklin
Up until the mid-1900’s, many scientists
believed that protein was the heritable material
( chemical instruction manual for living things)
JQ: Describe these
features below using the
diagram with the person
next to you.
1. Nucleotide
2. Phosphate
3. Deoxyribose sugar
4. Hydrogen Bonding
5. Purine
6. Pyrimidine
7. 3’ end / 5’ end
8. Antiparallel
Up until the mid-1900’s, many scientists
believed that protein was the heritable material
( chemical instruction manual for living things)
Human Microbiome
Article
JQ: Use the following terms in a
short paragraph:
Nucleotide,
gene, DNA,
trait, protein,
nitrogenous
bases,
monomers,
polymer.
Journal Question: Using your
smart phone or text book, look
up a specific name of an enzyme,
then answer the questions below.
What is it called?
What is its job?
What is an enzyme?
Specialized proteins that speed up the rate
of a chemical reactions in organisms
For Example:
1. Sucrase turns sucrose into glucose and fructose
2. Amylase turns starch into glucose
3. Lysozyme destroys the cell wall of bacteria,
preventing infection.
Structure of an Enzyme
• Active Site – for
attaching onto
reactants aka
substrates
• The chemical(s) that
enzyme attaches to is
called the substrate.
• Highly specific with
what they bind onto.
• Lock and Key analogy
Analogies for Enzymes
link
• Mentos and Diet coke
Active site? _______
Substrate? _______
• Stapler analogy
Active site? _______
Substrate? _______
Essential Concept: Enzymes are
involved in almost every cellular
process, including DNA
replication
Read pages 300 - 303 in your
text book, and answer questions
1, 2, 5 on pages 303
Each type of enzyme requires specific
conditions in order to work properly.
Factors like pH, temperature, and
amount of positive or negative charges
affect enzyme function
Denature – when a protein (like an
enzyme) changes shape, and stops
working properly, due to change
conditions around the enzyme.
pH Scale: Acids and Bases
Acids: When placed in water,
an acid releases H+
(hydrogen) ions
Bases: When placed in water,
a base will release OH(hydroxide) ions
The pH scale compares
substances to one another
based upon how acidic or
basic they are .
Journal Question: Answer the following three ?’s
A. At what pH does salivary amylase function best?
B. In what organ do you think pepsin is found?
C. At what pH do Salivary Amylase and Arginase have
the same rate of activity?
Why is it so important
for you to sweat?
What would happen if
you couldn’t? Use the
terms Homeostasis,
Proteins, Enzymes, and
Denature in your
answer.
If you have the
knowledge and ability to
heal people you should do
it! Agree or Disagree?
With something so small
how is it possible to pull it
out and look at it?
Extraction
JQ: What are three
things that you are
thankful for?
Explain.
One cell contains about 3
meters of DNA.
If you were to unravel all of your
DNA it would stretch from here to
the moon thousands of times over.
How does it all fit into the
nucleus of a cell?
Can you calculate how many times
your DNA can go to the sun and
back?
Givens:
We have 70,000,000,000,000 cells
Each has 6 feet of DNA
The sun is 92 million miles away
Each mile has 5,280 feet
Annnnnddddd…….go.
The Derivation
= 864 trips to the sun, which means
432 trips to the sun and back!
70,000,000,000,000 cells
6 ft. DNA
1 cell
1 mile
5,280 feet
1 trip to sun
92,000,000 miles
JQ: Use the following terms in a
short paragraph:
Nucleotide,
gene, DNA,
trait, protein,
nitrogenous
bases,
monomers,
polymer.
Building Models of DNA
1. Working in groups of 4
read through the
introduction to learn
about the structure &
function of DNA.
2. Answer pre-lab
questions.
3. Once finished obtain a
K’nex set and build
your DNA models.
4. Clean up and return to
seats.
DNA Model
1. Monomer – 3 parts
2. Sides vs. Center
3. Complimentary Bases
4. Hydrogen Bonding
5. # of DNA strands
6. Antiparallel
7. Helix
8. Function
9. Genes
JQ: See Below
JQ: By this point, you may
know that you are
composed of trillions of
cells, all doing slightly
different jobs, all under
the direction of 23,000 or
so genes, right? Are you
one organism, or more of a
colony of many smaller
organisms? (opinion)
Explain.
JQ: Should humans
be allowed to tinker
with the DNA code in
any organism?
Explain.
NO Journal Questions
Today! Pull out your
DNA K’Nex Packets.
Building Models of DNA
1. Working in groups of 4
complete the
construction of your DNA
model (if not already
complete)
2. Answer post lab
questions.
3. Study model and be able
to describe to the
teacher how it is
constructed
4. Break down model and put
pieces back in box.
5. Return to seats.
JQ: What is a gene,
and what is its
function?
DNA Model
1. Nucleotide
2. Phosphate
3. Deoxyribose sugar
4. Hydrogen Bonding
5. Purine
6. Pyrimidine
7. 3’ end
8. 5’ end
9. Antiparallel
DNA Code
Exon 1
Intron
Exon 2
Intron
The combination of
nitrogen bases
(A,T,C,G) is the code
that is found in a gene.
That sequence
determines the type of
protein made.
Looking at the DNA strand below, write out its
compliment:
ATGCTTACGACTACACGGGATACAT
T ACGAATGCTGATGTGCCCTATGTAY
Gene - Exon
Gene - Exon
What do the
proteins in the
cells create?
Transgenic Zebra Fish
Reading
1. Actively read through the
article: Glowing Fish –
First Genetically
Modified Organism
Available as a Pet
2. Answer Reading
Questions
3. Class Discussion
JQ: If you were to
create a fluorescent
transgenic human,
what would you want
to trigger the glowing
sensation? Explain.
Transgenic Zebra Fish
Reading
1. Zebra Fish vs. GloFish?
2. Transgenic?
3. Promotor?
4. Creating Transgenic?
5. Estrogen vs. Stress
Induced Promotors?
6. Ethical Issues?
7. Avatar?
How Did Scientists Engineer the Transgenic
Glowfish?
Glo Gene: ATCCTAGTATA
Transgenic
Glofish!
Normal
Zebrafish
DNA:
DNA code for
glowing protein
TTCAGCGTATCT AGTTATGACCTCA
Using Glofish to study water pollution
Promoter: TATAGCTAGCC ATCCTAGTATA
DNA code before gene
turns gene on or off
Glofish doesn’t glow
TTCAGCGTATCT ATCCTAGTATA AGTTATGACCTCA
Normal Zebrafish
:
GlofishDNA
Glows!
TTCAGCGTATCT ATCCTAGTATA AGTTATGACCTCA
Up until the mid-1900’s, many scientists
believed that protein was the heritable material
( chemical instruction manual for living things)
If you could take the best
of you and your mate to
make a child, would you do
it?
What if everyone in the
world was doing the same
thing?
1. Watch the movie and
answer movie questions.
2. Enjoy and imagine the
possibilities.
JQ: If you had the choice,
would you create a
designer baby? Explain.
GATTACA Movie Questions
1. What is an invalid?
2. How does the world view
invalids? Why?
3. Why does Jerome help
Vincent?
4. What ultimately happens with
Anton’s life?
5. Why does Lamar help Vincent
at the end of the movie?
6. What is the problem with the
world of GATTACA?
Bringing It All Together Challenge
Pair & Share Activity
Using the following terms see if you
can link them all together to tell a
story about how to build an
organism. Write your answer in
paragraph form.
Terms to use in paragraph:
Multicellular organism, tissue,
organelle, cell, stem cells,
differentiate, organ, atom, water,
biomolecules, organ systems, DNA,
dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis.
Multicellular organisms are complex organisms made from
many different layers. The smallest layers is made out of
atoms. Atoms are then used to make biomolecules. While
making and using these biomolecules water is necessary to do
so. Through dehydration synthesis you can build biomolecules
and through hydrolysis you can break them down.
Biomolecules are used to build organelles, which are tiny
organs that are used to build a cell. How the cell is built, is
entirely dependent on the DNA sequence found within the
Nucleus. Once a cell is built it normally starts off as a stem
cell, which means it doesn’t have a job yet. Eventually the cell
will differentiate into a specific type of cell. Once there is a
bunch of cells of the same type they will form into a tissue.
There are four types of tissues. Those tissues will then be
used to make a specific organ. When a bunch of similar organs
are made and group together, they will form an organ system.
Those organ systems will then be used to construct the
multicellular organism.
Constructing an Avatar
Mid-Term Project
1. Read through project
description.
2. Discuss expectations as
a class.
3. Gather into groups and
begin brainstorming.
Think about our pair and
share today and being
working at the smaller
level.
Review Topics for Quiz – Please
Copy Down
1.
Properties of water: polarity,
adhesion, cohesion and capillary
action.
2. DNA: structure and function
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Nucleotides (phosphate,
deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen
bases)
Sides vs. Center
Hydrogen Bonding
Complimentary Bases
Antiparrallel
Genes
Introns & Exons
3. Function of DNA
JQ: Who has bigger
cells, an Avatar or a
human? Explain.
What is DNA
replication?
Replication is the
process where DNA
makes an exact
copy of itself.
Why does DNA
replicate?
Original
DNA
Building
Blocks for
new DNA
(Nucleotides)
DNA Helicase
(Protein)
DNA Polymerase
(Protein)
2 identical pieces of
DNA
DNA Replication Steps
1. DNA Helicase (enzyme) splits open double
strand right through hydrogen bonds in
the middle.
2. DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches free
floating nucleotides to the open strands,
making sure to proofread along the way.
3. Single-Stranded Binding Protein holds
two strands apart, so they don’t reattach
to one another.
4. End product is two identical strands of
DNA.
DNA Polymerase
(Protein)
DNA Helicase
(Protein)
DNA Replication Steps (more)
1. DNA Polymerase can only read the open
DNA strand in one direction.
2. DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches free
floating nucleotides to the open strands,
making sure to proofread along the way.
3. Single-Stranded Binding Protein holds
two strands apart, so they don’t reattach
to one another.
4. End product is two identical strands of
DNA.
DNA Replication in REAL Time
Exploring the use of Protein
Worker Molecules
1. Read through lab
procedures.
2. Find a partner, gather
materials and begin lab.
3. Answer post lab
questions.
4. Clean up and return to
seats.
NO Journal Question Today!
Take some time to review for
your test! You will need a pencil.
Toothpickase Post Lab
Discussion
1. What is the purpose of
an enzyme?
2. What happens when you
alter the environment
of an enzyme?
3. What happens when you
alter the active site of
an enzyme?
What is an enzyme?
Specialized proteins that speed
up the rate of a chemical
reaction by lower its activation
energy.
H2O + CO2
Reactants
H2CO3
Product
What are Chemical
Reactions?
The making and
breaking of
bonds between
different
chemicals.
2H2 + O2
Reactants
2H2O
Products
The # of hydrogen and oxygen remain the
same. They are just grouped differently.
•All chemicals contain energy
•Amount of energy depends on
the structure of the molecules
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
H2 + O2
H2O
Reactants
Products
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Synthesis
Potential Energy
•Energy at rest. Stored Energy.
Energy-Releasing Reaction
H2 O
H 2 + O2
Reactants
Products
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Activation
energy
Reactants
Products
Decomposition
Kinetic Energy
•Energy in motion.
Releasing energy.
Reaction
pathway w/o
enzyme
AE w/o Enzyme
Reactants
Reaction
pathway with
enzyme
AE
w/ Enzyme
Products
Structure of an
Enzyme
• Active Site – for
binding onto
reactants aka
substrates
• Highly specific with
what they bind onto.
• Lock and Key
Mechanism
Uses in the Cell
• Regulating chemical
pathways
• Making materials
that cells need
• Releasing energy
• Transferring
information
JQ: Why does
your body sweat &
shiver?
Okay I know what you
will say, “to regulate
body temperature.”
That is true, but
why must you do
that?
Cell Cycle!
Making new
cells.
Why do cells
divide instead
of continually
growing?
1. DNA Overload
Large cells
require to many
proteins to be
made at the
same time.
DNA cannot
keep up.
2. Supply and
Demand Issues
Big cells demand more
nutrients and produce
more waste, but do
not have enough
roadways to get the
nutrients in and
waste out efficiently.
Let’s take a look
at the life cycle
of a somatic
cell!
What is a
somatic cell?
1.All body cells
except sperm
or egg cells
2. Somatic cells
are Diploid Cell
What is a diploid cell?
# of sets # of DNA pieces
in each set
What would a human somatic
cell look like?
N = 23; 23 pieces from MOM
& 23 from DAD
What is unique about mom and dads
chromosomes?
Dad’s & Mom’s Chromosomes are
homologous – meaning they match up.
Blue Eyes
Eye Color
Gene
Brown
Eyes
Dad’s Chromo. Mom’s Chromo
How is this– karyotype
different
Karyotype
shows an organism’s
from
the first? in order
homologous
chromosomes
How does the cell cycle
work?
1. With your descriptions &
pictures match them up
and then put them in the
correct order.
2. Get teachers approval.
3. Create a title page on
notecards.
4. Glue pictures &
descriptions in booklets.
5. Staple booklets.
Watch the following
video and then answer
the following journal
question.
JQ: Would you quit or
would you persevere?
Explain.
What does a typical
day look like for a
cell?
When does a cell
divide, and is it the
same for ever cell?
How long do certain cells live
within your body?
Cell Type
Life Span
Cell Division
Red Blood Cell
Less than 120
days
NO
Skeletal Muscle
Long-lived
NO
Lining of Esophagus
2-3 days
Yes
Stomach Cell
2 days
Yes
Nerve Cell
Long Lived??
Most Do Not
Sperm Cell
2-4 days after
ejaculation
Yes
How does a cell know
when to divide?
Ever cell contains
proteins called cyclin
which monitors
external and internal
activity, and
communicate to cells
when it is time to
make a new.
What does the cell cycle look like?
M-phase
2 Parts:
Interphase &
M-phase
Cell Cycle Visual
Non-Audio Version
Part 1: Interphase – Cell
Growth & Preparation
•Cell expands, proteins &
organelles are made
(G1 phase)
•DNA replicates
(s-phase)
•Equipment (centrioles)
needed for DNA
separation is made
(G2 phase)
Part 2: M-phase –
Division of Nucleus &
Cytoplasm
Mitosis is the division of
the nucleus (DNA).
Cytokinesis is the
division of the cytoplasm
(cell).
How does Mitosis
work?
4 Steps
1.Prophase
2.Metaphase
3.Anaphase
4.Telophase
Prophase
•Replicated DNA
pieces & attach
together to form a
chromosome (humans
46)
•Nucleus disappears
•Centrioles move to
opposite sides of the
cell and form spindle
fibers.
Metaphase
•Centrioles throw out
spindle fibers from both
ends of the cell which
attach to the centers of
all chromosomes.
•Tension is applied to
spindles & chromosomes
are lined up across the
middle of the cell.
•Humans 46 lined up.
Anaphase
•Centrioles pull
spindle fibers toward
themselves,
separating
chromosomes into
individual pieces of
DNA.
•Humans 46 on each
side of the cell.
Telophase
•DNA loosens
up.
•Nucleus
reforms around
both sets of
DNA.
•Spindle fibers
disappear.
How does cytokinesis work?
•Animal cell – cell
membrane pinches in
forming a cleavage
furrow = 2 new cells
•Plant cell – cell
plate (membrane &
wall) forms between
two cells = 2 new
cells
How long does it take to make a
new cell?
Watch the following video and
enjoy!
Review for Project
1. DNA microinjection
2. Determining if cells
are reproducing
properly.
3. Stem cell
differentiation?
4. Organ Development
5. Real World
Applications
6. Mind Control Article
Monkey Controlling Robot
with Mind Article
1. Actively read through
article.
2. Answer post reading
questions.
3. Discuss as a class.
Homework is to
play and
complete the
Cyclin Challenge
Game
P53
JQ: Do children
really need parents?
Explain.
Cyclin & CDK
the protein
supervisors of
the cell cycle!
P53
Retinal
Cancer
Frightening or a
Great Fashion
Statement?
What is cancer?
Cancer is the
uncontrolled cell
growth of
abnormal cells in
the body.
How do cells become
abnormal?
•1st DNA becomes
mutated due to:
•DNA miscopying
•Food, UV Rays,
Tobacco products,
viruses, non-stick pans,
hand sanitizers,
chemical carcinogens
Cyclin is Sleeping
2nd mutation
causes cell to
lose its ability
to start and
stop cell
replication.
3rd continual
cell growth will
lead to a mass
of cells called a
tumor.
What types of tumors exist?
Malignant Tumors
Fast growing and
are likely to spread
to other parts of
the body and cause
problems
(metastasize)
Benign Tumors
Slow growing
and do not
metastasize.
ISOLATED
Upcoming Quest Topics
DNA Replication, Enzymes
and Cell Cycle
Work on your review
sheet to begin preparing
for your quest.
JQ: Take a few
minutes to organize
yourselves for your
presentation! Good
Luck!
Order of Lab Tables:
2
6
5
3
1
4