Introduction
Background and
Definition
 Presidential (1863-67)


› Lincoln
› Radicals and Others
 Southern Resistance
› Impeachment

Radical/Congressional
Reconstruction (1868-77)
› Reconstruction Act
› Amendments 13, 14, 15
› 1876 Election

Conclusion




Profiles different
leaders
Goals and
accomplishments of
different leaders
The end of
Reconstruction
Was it a success or
failure?
Introduction
Background and
Definition
 Presidential (1863-67)


› Lincoln
› Radicals and Others
 Southern Resistance
› Impeachment

Radical/Congressional
Reconstruction (1868-77)
› Reconstruction Act
› Amendments 13, 14, 15
› 1876 Election

Conclusion
With the Southern economy destroyed,
and 3 million former slaves now searching
for work and homes, what do you think
the U.S. government should do to aid in
the reconstruction of the south?



Over 600,000 dead
The South’s
economy was
destroyed
Unresolved status for
the 3.5 million former
slaves

The process of
putting the nation
back together
following the Civil
War

Lincoln's plan for
reconstruction was
stated in the
document titled The
Proclamation of
Amnesty and
Reconstruction

Read the document
with your team and
answers the
following questions.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Read the document with your team and answers the following questions.
Who is can take the oath to receive a pardon according to the
proclamation?
Who is not allowed to take the oath to receive a pardoned? What
is the purpose of denying many Southerners a pardon?
How does President Lincoln insure that the newly constructed loyal
states will abolish slavery?
Other than their freedom, what does the President provide for the
freed slaves? What else could he or should he provide in your
opinion?
Do you think that a state should be considered loyal when 10% of its
population takes the loyalty oath? Why or why not?
Who has the ultimate responsibility for seating the representatives of
the newly reconstructed states in Congress? Could they be elected
in their states but refused seats in Congress? Why or why not?
In what ways do you feel this is a good working plan for
Reconstruction? In what ways do you think it needs revision?
Introduction
Background and
Definition
 Presidential (1863-67)


› Lincoln
› Radicals and Others
 Southern Resistance
› Impeachment

Radical/Congressional
Reconstruction (1868-77)
› Reconstruction Act
› Amendments 13, 14, 15
› 1876 Election

Conclusion

December 8, 1863
Proclamation of Amnesty
and Reconstruction
› 10% of voters in
Confederate states must
sign loyalty oath
› Accept emancipation
› High ranking
Confederates officials
could not take oath for
pardon

Once these conditions
were met, a state could
return to the Union.
› Senate and House would
allow for membership in
Congress
Introduction
Background and
Definition
 Presidential (1863-67)


› Lincoln
› Radicals and Others
 Southern Resistance
› Impeachment

Radical/Congressional
Reconstruction (1868-77)
› Reconstruction Act
› Amendments 13, 14, 15
› 1876 Election

Conclusion



Andrew Johnson
Thaddeus Stevens
Charles Sumner
Radical Republicans



Former Senator from
Tennessee; Lincoln's
Vice President during
2nd term
Political Party:
Democrat
Only southern
senator to stay loyal
to the Union

Reconstruction Plan
› Amnesty for those who took oath
› High Ranking Confederate officials could
apply for pardon
 Issued 13,000 pardons
› Unconcerned with rights of former slaves
“Andrew Johnson’s
Reconstruction and
How it Works…” by
Thomas Nast Sep. 1,
1866
Following Lincoln’s assassination the 1863 Proclamation of
Amnesty and Reconstruction was simply a guideline for
moving forward. Congress and the president had varied points
of view about how Reconstruction should proceed.
› President Johnson: Wished to move forward swiftly and
reunify the country with little punishment for the south and
follow Lincoln’s plan.
› Radical Republicans (Congressional Republicans): Called
for more harsh punishment for Confederate leaders, and
greater protections for the civil liberties of African
Americans.
 Given these two opposing viewpoints, make changes to the
1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction to better
reflect your groups opinion of how Reconstruction should
proceed. Examine the chart on page 357 for further details on
Reconstruction plans.
 Plans should be in bullet format and contain between 5-10
points.

Introduction
Background and
Definition
 Presidential (1863-67)


› Lincoln
› Radicals and Others
 Southern Resistance
› Impeachment

Radical/Congressional
Reconstruction (1868-77)
› Reconstruction Act
› Amendments 13, 14, 15
› 1876 Election

Conclusion

Black Codes emerged (Johnson did
nothing)
› Laws establishing conditions very similar to
slavery for African Am.
 No Civil or Pol. rights
 Af. Am. men required to sign 1 year contracts
 Restriction on racial intermarriage and jury
service

Goal of Radical Republicans
› Punish the South for causing the Civil War
› Citizenship/Political rights for former slaves
› Economic opportunity for former slavers





Oversaw relief
activities designed to
aid former slaves
Established schools for
children
Helped to re-unite
families separated
under slavery
Negotiated jobs on
plantation
Provided food to the
needy
“I never before saw children so eager to learn... The
older ones, during the summer, work in the fields from
early morning until eleven or twelve o’clock, and then
come to school, after their hard toil in the hot sun, as
bright and as anxious to learn as ever.
. . . Many of the grown people are desirous of learning
to read. It is wonderful how a people who have been so
long crushed to the earth . . . can have so great a desire
for knowledge, and such a capacity for attaining it.”

Charlotte Forten, African American teacher in the
South Carolina Sea Islands, March 1864.






Oversaw relief activities
designed to aid former
slaves
Established schools for
children
Helped to re-unite
families separated under
slavery
Negotiated jobs on
plantation
Provided food to the
needy
Johnson vetoed renewal
of program in 1866.
Introduction
Background and
Definition
 Presidential (1863-67)


› Lincoln
› Radicals and Others
 Southern Resistance
› Impeachment

Radical/Congressional
Reconstruction (1868-77)
› Reconstruction Act
› Amendments 13, 14, 15
› 1876 Election

Conclusion
Impeachment: To bring official charges
against the president (majority vote in
House of Representatives)
 Trial/Removal: The individual stands trial
(Senate acts as jury; 2/3 majority vote it
needed for removal)




Johnson fired the
Secretary of War
which violated a
federal law
The House of
Representatives
Impeached Johnson
Impeachment failed
in the Senate

Should impeachment be used as a
political tool during times of
disagreement between the President
and the Congress?
Introduction
Background and
Definition
 Presidential (1863-67)


› Lincoln
› Radicals and Others
 Southern Resistance
› Impeachment

Radical/Congressional
Reconstruction (1868-77)
› Reconstruction Act
› Amendments 13, 14, 15
› 1876 Election

Conclusion

Civil Rights Act 1866
› Est. Birth Right
Citizenship
› Equal rights before
the law

Civil Rights Act 1866
› Est. Birth Right
Citizenship
› Equal rights before the
law

Reconstruction Acts
(1867-68)
› Militarily occupied of
former Confederate St.
› draft a new state
constitution, approved
by Congress.
› Grant voting rights to
black men
Introduction
Background and
Definition
 Presidential (1863-67)


› Lincoln
› Radicals and Others
 Southern Resistance
› Impeachment

Radical/Congressional
Reconstruction (1868-77)
› Reconstruction Act
› Amendments 13, 14, 15
› 1876 Election

Conclusion

Prohibited Slavery
…(T)he laws…shall give to all men equal
protection; that each and every man may
appeal to the law for his equal rights without
regard to the color of his skin; and we believe
this can only be done by extending to us the
elective franchise... We claim the right of
suffrage . . .

Source: Proceedings of the Convention of
the Colored People of Virginia, August 1865.
“If we are called on to do military duty
against the rebel armies in the field, why
should we be denied the privilege of
voting against rebel citizens at the ballotbox?...”
 Petition from American citizens of African
descent to the Union convention of
Tennessee assembled in the capitol at
Nashville, January 9, 1865.
All persons born in the U.S. are citizens of
the U.S.
 All citizens are guaranteed equal
treatment under the law
 Punished states that denied adult males
the right to vote


Guaranteed the
right of all Af. Am.
Men to vote
› 2000 + Af. Am. Men
Serve in gov.
› 14 H.R. and 2 Sen.
Introduction
Background and
Definition
 Presidential (1863-67)


› Lincoln
› Radicals and Others
 Southern Resistance
› Impeachment

Radical/Congressional
Reconstruction (1868-77)
› Reconstruction Act
› Amendments 13, 14, 15
› 1876 Election

Conclusion



Samuel Tilden (D): A
political reformer from
N.Y.
Rutherford B. Hayes
(R): former Ohio
Governor
Problem:
› Contested Votes: FL,
LA, SC
› A commission was
established to
determine the winner
Hayes became President
 Military occupation of the South ended




Introduction
Background and Definition
Presidential (1863-67)
› Lincoln
› Radicals and Others
 Southern Resistance
› Impeachment

Radical/Congressional
Reconstruction (1868-77)
› Reconstruction Act
› Amendments 13, 14, 15
› 1876 Election


Reconstruction Falters
Conclusion

What goals would have to be meet for
you to consider Reconstruction to be a
success?

The Civil War Amendments did not
redistribute land.
› No "40 acres and a mule"

South white farmers owned most farm
land

The Civil War Amendments did not
redistribute land.
› No "40 acres and a mule"
South white farmers owned most farm
land
 Most Af. Am. lived as sharecroppers and
faced little economic opportunity.


The Civil War Amendments did not
redistribute land.
› No "40 acres and a mule"
South white farmers owned most farm
land
 Most Af. Am. lived as sharecroppers and
faced little economic opportunity.
 End of funding to most Af. Am. Schools


The Civil War Amendments did not
redistribute land.
› No "40 acres and a mule"
South white farmers owned most farm land
 Most Af. Am. lived as sharecroppers and
faced little economic opportunity.
 End of funding to most Af. Am. Schools
 Terrorism (Ku Klux Klan/ White League)

› 1890-1960 4,000 lynchings

The Civil War Amendments did not redistribute land.
› No "40 acres and a mule"





South white farmers owned most farm land
Most Af. Am. lived as sharecroppers and faced little
economic opportunity.
Ku Klux Klan
Terrorism (Ku Klux Klan/ White League)
Limit Af. Am. participation in government
›
›
›
›
Jim Crow Laws
Poll Tax
Literacy Tests
No Af. Am. Rep. in congress from 1887-1929.

The Civil War Amendments did not redistribute land.
›
No "40 acres and a mule"
›
›
›
›
Jim Crow Laws
Poll Tax
Literacy Tests
No Af. Am. Rep. in congress from 1887-1829.
›
Upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in
public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."
South white farmers owned most farm land
Most Af. Am. lived as sharecroppers and faced little economic
opportunity.
 Ku Klux Klan
 Terrorism (Ku Klux Klan/ White League)
 Limit Ar. Am. participation in government



Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

The Civil War Amendments did not redistribute land.
› No "40 acres and a mule"
South white farmers owned most farm land
Most Af. Am. lived as sharecroppers and faced little
economic opportunity.
 Ku Klux Klan
 Limit Ar. Am. participation in government


› Jim Crow Laws
› Poll Tax
› Literacy Tests

Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
› Upheld the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial
segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate
but equal.“

Southern Redemption
1866
Rep.
H.R.
Dem.
H.R.
136
38
Rep.
H.R.
Dem.
H.R.
1866
136
38
1870
171
67
Rep.
H.R.
Dem.
H.R.
1866
136
38
1870
171
67
1874
103
182
Some argue it was a success because
slavery was abolished and African
Americans were guaranteed equal
treatment
 Others say it was a failure because after
1877 those rights were only in place on
paper, not in reality
 Was it a success or a failure?


Essay Drill Prompt
Evaluate the success of Reconstruction in
achieving social, economic, and political
equality for African Americans in the South.





Radical Republicans
Background for
Reconstruction and
Black Codes
Andrew Johnson's
Impeachment
Freedman’s Bureau
Compromise of 1877

http://college.ceng
age.com/history/lect
urepoints/index.html