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INPUT DEVICES

Input Devices: devices
that input information
into the computer such as
a keyboard, mouse,
scanner, and digital
camera.
OUTPUT DEVICES

Output: devices that
output information from
the computer such as a
printer and monitor.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
CPU (Central Processing Unit) also called the
Microprocessor or “The Brain” of the Computer.
 Processor speed: The speed at which a microprocessor
executes instructions. This is usually measured in
megahertz (MHz).
 Brands of Processors include:

Pentium
 Celeron
 MAC
 AMD
 Cyrix

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
Computer chip: also called the
microprocessor may contain an
entire processing unit.
 Computer chips contain millions of
transistors. They are small pieces of
semi-conducting material (silicon).
 An integrated circuit is embedded in
the silicon. Computers are made of
many chips on a circuit board.

DATA STORAGE DEVICES

The hard-drive is a mechanical
storage device typically located
internally.
Fast recording and recovery of
data
 Large storage capacity
 Magnetic
 Primary storage device for
data and programs
 Speed is measured in R.P.M.’s

DATA STORAGE DEVICES (CONT’D)

CD-ROM (compact disk read
only memory)
Approximately 600 to
700 megabyte of storage
 An optical device read
by a diode laser

SOFTWARE
Instructions and associated data, stored in
electronic format, that direct the computer to
accomplish a task.
 System software helps the computer carry out
its basic operating tasks.

Operating systems
 Utilities

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

An Operating System (OS) is the master
controller within a computer.
EX: Windows, MacOS, DOS, UNIX, Linux

An operating system interacts with:
All hardware installed in or connected to a computer
system.
 All software installed or running from a storage
device on a computer system.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

Microsoft Windows
Most popular operating system.
 Supports a vast array of application software and
peripheral devices.


MacOS
For Macintosh computers.
 Proprietary system.
 Does not have same functionality and support for
software and peripheral devices.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Utilities
 Utilities
augment functionality of operating
systems. Utilities includes device drivers and
Troubleshooting capabilities.
 Utilities provide file management capabilities
such as copying, moving or renaming a file.
 Norton Utilities includes an undelete
function that can recover deleted files.
 Symantec and McAfee Virus checkers add
protection for all system and data files.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Graphics Creation and Manipulation
 Animation and 3D Graphics
 Video Editing
 Internet Connectivity
 Website Creation and Management
 Groupware
 Financial Management
 Educational Games and Tutorials

PROVIDING A USER INTERFACE

Graphical user interface (GUI)

Most common interface







Windows, OS X, Gnome, KDE
Uses a mouse to control objects
Uses a desktop metaphor
Shortcuts open programs or documents
Open documents have additional objects
Task switching
Dialog boxes allow directed input
GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE
PROVIDING A USER INTERFACE

Command line interfaces

Older interface

DOS, Linux, UNIX
User types commands at a prompt
 User must remember all commands
 Included in all GUIs

COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
RUNNING PROGRAMS
Many different applications supported
 System call



Provides consistent access to OS features
Share information between programs
Copy and paste
 Object Linking and Embedding

MANAGING HARDWARE
Programs need to access hardware
 Interrupts

CPU is stopped
 Hardware device is accessed


Device drivers control the hardware
ORGANIZING FILES AND FOLDERS
Organized storage
 Long file names
 Folders can be created and nested
 All storage devices work consistently

MICROPROCESSOR GENERATIONS

First generation: 1971-78


Second Generation: 1979-85


Becoming “real” computers
(32-bit , >50k transistors)
Third Generation: 1985-89


Behind the power curve
(16-bit, <50k transistors)
Challenging the “establishment”
(Reduced Instruction Set Computer/RISC,
>100k transistors)
Fourth Generation: 1990
Architectural and performance leadership
(64-bit, > 1M transistors,
Intel/AMD translate into RISC internally)
IN THE BEGINNING (8-BIT) INTEL 4004






First general-purpose, singlechip microprocessor
Shipped in 1971
8-bit architecture, 4-bit
implementation
2,300 transistors
Performance < 0.1 MIPS
(Million Instructions Per Sec)
8008: 8-bit implementation in
1972
3,500 transistors
 First microprocessor-based
computer (Micral)



Targeted at laboratory
instrumentation
Mostly sold in Europe
All chip photos in this talk courtesy of Michael W. Davidson and The Florida State University
1ST GENERATION (16-BIT) INTEL 8086

Introduced in 1978


Performance < 0.5 MIPS
New 16-bit architecture
“Assembly language”
compatible with 8080
 29,000 transistors
 Includes memory protection,
support for Floating Point
coprocessor


In 1981, IBM introduces PC

Based on 8088--8-bit bus
version of 8086
2ND GENERATION (32-BIT) MOTOROLA 68000

Major architectural step in
microprocessors:

First 32-bit architecture


First flat 32-bit address


Support for paging
General-purpose register
architecture


initial 16-bit implementation
Loosely based on PDP-11
minicomputer
First implementation in 1979

68,000 transistors

< 1 MIPS (Million Instructions
Per Second)

Used in
Apple Mac
 Sun , Silicon Graphics, & Apollo
workstations

3RD GENERATION: MIPS R2000

Several firsts:




First (commercial) RISC
microprocessor
First microprocessor to provide
integrated support for
instruction & data cache
First pipelined microprocessor
(sustains 1 instruction/clock)
Implemented in 1985
125,000 transistors
 5-8 MIPS (Million Instructions
per Second)

4TH GENERATION (64 BIT) MIPS R4000


First 64-bit architecture
Integrated caches




Integrated floating point
Implemented in 1991:





On-chip
Support for off-chip, secondary
cache
Deep pipeline
1.4M transistors
Initially 100MHz
> 50 MIPS
Intel translates 80x86/ Pentium X
instructions into RISC internally