Integrated Pest Management
for Retail Foodservice
Central Atlantic States Assn. of Food & Drug Officials
Virginia Beach
April 22, 2015
Pennsylvania Integrated Pest Management Program
215-264-0582
Email: dlerman@psu.edu
Website: www.pscip.org
Disclaimers
• Products, vendors, or commercial services
mentioned or pictured in the trainings or
presentations are for illustrative purposes only and
are not meant to be endorsements.
• Medical concerns must be addressed by a medical
professional.
• Do not take legal action based on this presentation;
consult a lawyer.
By the end of the session,
you will know:
• Why pests are a health
problem
• Why IPM is the most
effective way to control
pests
Pests are problems because…
• Cause health problems
– Trigger/cause asthma and allergies
– Transmit disease
• Contaminate food
– Destroy property
• Hitchhike & hide
• Cause people to misuse pesticides
– Acute pesticide exposure
– Chronic pesticide exposure
• Violate health codes
Conventional treatment can be problem…
• Pesticides are toxic– they kill pests
– They can affect us!
• Must not get in or on food contact surfaces
– Pests poisoned by pesticides must not contact food
or food contact surfaces
• Pesticides may only be applied in foodservice by
a licensed Pest Management Professional
– Improperly used pesticides can affect staff,
customers, and the general public.
• Doesn’t address the basic question…
Why are the pests present?
Remove those conditions!
What do pests want?
• The “Pest Triangle:”
– Food
– Water
– Harborage
Water
• Someplace to hide & nest
• Ideally warm
Conducive
Conditions
for
Pests
Food
Nest
What are the problems with pests?
Pests are a problem…
•
•
•
•
They are disgusting
People don’t want them
Especially customers
Pests damage health
– Of our workers
– Of our customers
– Of our business
• Violate Health & Food Codes
U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s “Dirty 22”
22 most common pests the agency recognizes in contributing to spreading foodborne pathogens
German cockroach
Holarctic blue bottle fly
Brown band cockroach
Oriental latrine fly
Oriental cockroach
Secondary screw worm
American cockroach
Blue bottle fly
Pharaoh ant
Green bottle fly
Thief ant
Black blow fly
House fly
Red-tailed flesh fly
Stable fly
House mouse
Little house fly
Polynesian rat
Latrine fly
Norway rat
Cosmopolitan blue bottle fly
Roof rat
(Jones et al. 2013 J. Food Prot. 76:144-149)
Health Effects of Pests
• Cockroaches
– Allergens
• Flies
– Shigella
• Mice
– LCMV
• Rats
– Leptospirosis
• Birds
– Salmonella
• Bats
– Histoplamosis
Mouse plague, South Australia, 1993, 2010, 2011
Mouse Plague, Australia 2011 (2 min video)
Cockroaches & their Pathogens:
•
•
•
•
Escherichia coli (6,7)
Enterobacter spp. (6,8,9)
Klebsiella spp. (6,7,9)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(6,9)
• Acinetobacter baumannii (2),
• Other nonfermentative
bacteria (7,9)
• Parasites and their cysts (6)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Serratia marcescens (7,9)
Shigella spp. (6)
Staphylococcus aureus (6,7)
Group A streptococci (6,7,9)
Enterococcus spp. (6,7)
Bacillus spp. (7)
Various fungi (6–8)
(Uçkay I, et al 2009)
Cockroach allergens
• Cockroaches & Mice:
– #1 urban asthmagens
– Very potent
– Persistent
• Asthma is #1 cause
of lost
schooldays…and
workdays!
Western Chicken Producer
• Salmonella outbreaks 2013 & 14;
– 800+ Cases
• “Mold growth, cockroaches, an instance of
pooling caused by a skin-clogged floor drain,
fecal matter and ‘Unidentified Foreign
Material’ (which has it own acronym, UFM)
on chicken carcasses…”
– NRDC, citing FSIS Noncompliance Reports
Pathogens from Ants
• Hospitals only
• Salmonella spp.
• Pseudomonas
œruginosa
• Staphylococcus
spp.
• Streptococcus
spp.
• Clostridium spp.
(Beatson 1972)
Pathogens from “Filth Flies”
• Over 100 different pathogens known
(Armed Forces Pest Management Board 2011)
Maggots at SF Grocery
Maggots Found in Meat Case at San Francisco Market
By News Desk | May 6, 2014 Maggots were recently found
inside a meat case at a Market in San Francisco, and, while
the store reportedly cleaned out the case at least three
times, the local health department ordered a more thorough
cleaning of all floor sinks and drains.
A employee at the Noe Valley store initially said that he saw
“more than 40″ maggots in the meat case after a customer
complained; however, the store then reportedly told health
officials that only “one dead maggot” had been found and
not in contact with any of the meat.
While officials with the San Francisco Health Department
noted that public health was never at risk, they reportedly
criticized the grocer for not acting fast enough to fix the
problem. They later gave the store’s meat department a
clean bill of health.
© Food Safety News
Pathogens associated with pigeons
• Mycotic (molds) from dried feces
–
–
–
–
Aspergillis
Candidia
Cryptococcous
Histoplasmosis
• Bacterial
– Salmonella
– Yersina
• Protozoan
– Toxoplasmosis
• Virial
– West Nile
• Parasites
– Tapeworms
– Bird mites
Also: Sparrows & Starlings
Peanut Corporation of America
• 2008: $25 m revenue; 90 workers
• 2008-9:
Photo taken by lawyer
inspecting plant, 4/23/2009
– Plants had holes in roof; pigeons in building
(rodents & cockroaches too)
– 714 Illnesses in 46 states; 50% children
– Most complex recall in history:
– 361 companies manufacturing 3,913
products
• Bankrupt - 2009
• Criminal proceedings ongoing
– President guilty on 67 of 76 counts
Franchise vs. NYC Rats (2007)
• Google Search: “About 150,000 results”
http://youtu.be/sdVLJhWhnyQ
Diseases directly transmitted by rodents
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome
(Lassa Fever - Africa)
Leptospirosis
Lymphocytic Chorio-meningitis Virus (LCMV)
(Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever - Siberia)
Plague
Rat-Bite Fever
Salmonellosis
(South American Arenaviruses)
Tularemia
n=11
Diseases indirectly transmitted by rodents
• Babesiosis
• California Serogroup
Viruses
• Colorado Tick Fever
• Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
• Human Granulocytic
Anaplasmosis
• Lyme Disease
• Murine Typhus
• Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever
•
•
•
•
•
Powassan Encephalitis
Scrub Typhus
Rickettsial Pox
Relapsing Fever
Rocky Mountain Spotted
Fever
• Sylvatic Typhus
• Western Equine
Encephalitis
n = 15
Baltimore rats
• Probably world’s best
studied rats
• Studied in the 1940’s
• More studies in ’50’s
• Easterbrook, et al, 2004
• Ongoing, G Glass, et al
Photo: D Lerman
Baltimore rat rates
Prevalence of zoonotic pathogens in Norway rats from Baltimore, Maryland, USA 2005–2006
Zoonotic pathogen
Disease
Calodium hepatica
Round worms
Human seropositive Human seropositive
prevalance, Baltimore prevalance, Los
(%)
Angeles (%)
Number of rats
positive
Prevalence (%)
87.9
176
rare
nd
Hepatitis E
Leptospirisis > >
Leptospira interrogans Weil’s Disease
73.5
144
21.3
similar
63.5
124
16
31*
Seoul virus
57.7
116
0.25 - 0.74
0.5
34.1
63
33
nd
34
55
nd
nd
7
14
nd
(rat) 25.9
0
0
4.7
N= 201
nd=no data
Hepatitis E virus
Hantavirus (HFRS)
Bartonella elizabethae Cat Scratch Disease
Hymenolepis sp.
Tapeworms
Rickettsia typhi
Murine typus
Lymphocytic
choriomeningitis virus LCMV
after Easterbrook, et al. 2007, incorporating data from other studies.
* Detroit
Say what???
•
•
•
•
Major human pathogens
Just the one’s easy to screen for (!)
Amazing numbers
Rats are everywhere – their pathogens are
too
Pathogens in Wild Rats, NYC 2012
• Wild rats trapped & tested
– n=133, indoor; >70% sub-adult
– Live close to people
– Pass disease easily: “Zoonotic”
•
•
•
•
•
Escherichia coli (EPEC) detected in 38% of rats
Bartonella spp. (25%)
Streptobacillus moniliformis (17%)
Yersinia pestis detected
“High viral diversity in commensal Norway rats in
NYC” – up to 9 per rat!
– Some similar to Hepatitis
(Frith et al 2014)
Using
Integrated Pest Management
in Foodservice
How do we control pests?
• Prevention
– Identification
– Exclusion & Denial
• Sanitation
– Food & Water
• Physical controls
– Chemical controls
• Ongoing monitoring
Integrated Pest Management
•
•
•
•
Preferred in foodservice
Use many tools
Control conditions
Least risk to susceptible
populations & to the
environment
• Economic sustainability
• Make sure it’s working
Effective
control
Multiple
tactics
Monitor &
evaluate
Least risk
Economic
Essential Ingredients of IPM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pest Identification
Action Thresholds
Inspections/Monitoring
Multiple control tactics
Communication
A team approach
Different Pests – different habits
Fruit fly
Blow fly
Horse fly
Drain fly
Inspections: The backbone of IPM
• Goes beyond sanitation
and disinfection
• Looks for critical things
pests need to survive.
1. Food
2. Water
3. Harborage
The pest triangle
Inspection: Basic Tools
Monitoring
 Using traps to detect pest presence for identification
& treatment
 An insect on a sticky monitor is not a violation; an
untreated colony is!
 Date & check monitors!
 Difference between monitoring and sampling
 Sampling – observing and recording pest presence
or numbers
 Monitoring – sampling over time to observe
trends and changes in pest activity – ongoing.
Interior Hallway that leads to exterior back dock
door
Refrigerator
s
Dishwashin
g area
Food
storage
Inspections are hard work
Inspection Report
• Identifies sanitation needs
– Looks for pest entryways,
signs of active infestation
and damage
• Findings are recorded
– Provides a history of pest
activity
• Ensures supervisors are aware
of problems
– Serves as a checklist for
inspector
– LOOK, don’t “check!”
Action thresholds
• Thresholds mark the boundary between controlled
and unacceptable pest levels.
• Different thresholds may trigger different
responses:
– Increased frequency of inspection
– Informal or formal training of staff
– Bait stations or traps
– Crack & crevice treatment
– Pull and deep clean equipment
Pesticides are not the only option
Pesticide concerns
• Pests can become
tolerant of or avoid
pesticides.
• If misused, pesticides may
be poisonous to people,
pets, and wildlife.
• Long term exposure to
residues may be undesirable
• Effects in combination are
largely unknown
The IPM Pyramid
Pesticides
Biological
controls
Physical /
Mechanical
controls
Design / Sanitation Practices
Teamwork makes IPM work
• IPM is people
oriented
• Communication
skills essential
• Education is the
most often
overlooked IPM
tactic
• Use short, clear
sentences
• Give practical
directions
• Avoid jargon
Pest Prevention
• The single most
important part of
a pest
management
program
• Pest-proofing,
repair and
maintenance of
buildings
Don’t Wait to Clean!
Prevention through design
• Walls & floors
• Doors, closers &
sweeps
• Ceilings
• Penetrations, chases
& risers
• Waste handling & disposal
• Landscaping
• Lighting
http://ow.ly/BJnce
Project led by Chris Geiger, San
Francisco Department of the
Environment IPM & Green
Purchasing Program, with
expert panel.
Funding provided by the
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Physical & Mechanical Controls
• Traps
• Lights
• Screens
• Vacuuming
• Replacing
seals
Prevention & Control: Sanitation
• Remove food – crumbs &
litter
• Waste removal & storage
• Removal of allergens
• Roach frass
• Rodent feces & urine
• Use “Environmentally
Preferable Products”
Brown banded cockroaches
by a door hinge
FOG – Fats, Oils & Grease
• FOG is a mess!
– Attracts pests
– Attracts sanitarians & fines!
– Odors
• Clogs drains & vents
– Pest food
– Expensive to repair
• Clean drains
– Plates – screen?
– Brushes – carefully: listeria risk!
– Enzyme
• Clean hoods
Why is it important to use
Environmentally Preferable Products?
• A single janitorial worker uses 194–234 lbs.
of chemicals annually,
• ~ 25% of which are hazardous substances
• Janitorial workers experience one of the
highest rates of occupational asthma
• Six out of 100 janitors are injured each year
– 20% are serious burns to the eyes or
skin
– 12% are a result of chemical fumes
Environmentally Preferable Cleaning Chemicals
• Less-toxic chemicals are readily available
through most manufacturers and
distributors
• Third-party certification of institutional
cleaning products is important to ensure
quality
• Common third-party programs are:
– Design for the Environment – EPA
– Green Seal (GS) – US
– EcoLogo ; formerly Environmental Choice
(EC) – Canada
Are Disinfectants Pesticides?
• Yes!
• Are formulated to kill
organisms
• Can be toxic to humans
as well as microbes
• Require special handling!
• Follow directions – do
not use higher
concentrations than
recommended!
Biological Controls
• Use of living organisms
– Parasitic Insects
– Predators
– Nematode
– Enzymatic &
microbial scum
digesters
Pesticide controls
• Used as last line of defense
• Targeted to pest organism
– Herbicides (weed control)
– Insecticides (insect control)
– Fungicides (fungus control)
– Rodenticides (rodent control)
• Choose formulation to avoid exposure
• Used according to the label
• Applied only by a licensed PCO
Harmful Effects of Pesticides
Caused by Excess Exposure
• Acute Effects: Harmful or fatal if
swallowed or inhaled.
• Delayed Effects: Show hours or
days after exposure
• Chronic Effects: Tumors, cancer,
birth defects, blood and
nervous system disorders.
• Allergic Effects: Asthma and
skin, eye and nose irritation.
Why adopt IPM?
Because
it is the right thing to do
and
it works!
Remember IPM
• Prevent pest populations.
• Take away their food, water
& shelter!
• Deny Access & exclude pests
• Seal all openings and
crevices
• Allow pesticides only as
needed.
• Only Pest Management
Professionals apply
pesticides!
Sources
• Primary info & imagery:
– CDC sites, as noted
• Uçkay I, Sax H, Di Pietro SL, Baur H, Boulc’h M-F, Akakpo C, et al.
Cockroaches (Ectobius vittiventris) in an intensive care unit, Switzerland
[letter]. Emerging Infectious Disease 2009 Mar [10/27/2014]. Available
from http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/3/07-1484
– DOI: 10.3201/eid1503.071484
• A survey of zoonotic pathogens carried by Norway rats in Baltimore,
Maryland, USA, JD Easterbrook, et al., 2007
• Rodent Control: A Practical Guide for Pest Management Professionals,
RM Corrigan, 2001;
• Rodent Academy, RM Corrigan, 2007
• NY IPM Program, nysipm.cornell.edu
Acknowledgements
• This presentation was originally supported by funds from
US EPA, PRIA 2 Grant Agreement X8-83445501
• Sources for this presentation include:
– Integrated Pest Management for Multi-Family Housing,
prepared by the Northeastern IPM Center for HUD, and
distributed by the National Center for Healthy Housing.
– IPM for Sanitarians presentation by Dr. Nancy Crider, Texas
Public Health Training Center, 2009.
– Food Safety Management Systems, Dion Lerman, 2006.
• Their contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
• A bibliography of references is available.
Dion Lerman, HHS
Pennsylvania Integrated Pest Management (PA IPM) Program
215-264-0582
Penn State Center Philadelphia
675 Sansom Street
Philadelphia, PA 19102
dlerman@psu.edu6
http://www.paipm.org