UNIT 2
THE BAROQUE ERA
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
PRELUDE 3:
THE BAROQUE SPIRIT
THE CULTURE OF THE BAROQUE ERA
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
PRELUDE 3: THE BAROQUE SPIRIT
THE BAROQUE ERA (1600–1750)
•
Baroque – a decorative, ornamented style in
arts, very elaborate, filled with detail, sense of
drama.
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
PRELUDE 3: THE BAROQUE SPIRIT
THE BAROQUE ERA (1600–1750)
•
•
•
•
•
Religious wars (Protestants vs. Catholics)
Settlement/colonization of the New World
Era of “absolute monarchies” (ie: Louis XIV)
Rise of middle-class
Music in the home, city, and universities,
beginning of civic (public)
supported arts
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
PRELUDE 3: THE BAROQUE SPIRIT
THE ARTS
Painting – vivid colors, crowd scenes (El Greco, Rubens)
everyday life, intimate portrait (Rembrandt, Vermeer)
View of Toledo, El Greco
Young Woman at a Virgina, Jan Vermeer
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
PRELUDE 3: THE BAROQUE SPIRIT
THE ARTS
Architecture – grandiose, large scale
(royal palaces, cathedrals, public theatres, homes)
The grand staircase of the Residenz
Teatro Argentina by Pannini
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
PRELUDE 3: THE BAROQUE SPIRIT
MAIN CURRENTS IN MUSIC
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Development of public theatres (ie: Venice)
Opera - favored entertainment
Rise of Instrumental Music
Improvisation common
Rise of Virtuoso musician
Women as professional singers (ie: Barbara
Strozzi)
Collegium Musicum (university ensembles)
Doctrine of Affections – union of text & music,
one mood for an entire movement or piece
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
BAROQUE MUSICAL STYLE
• “Monody” – (early Baroque)
solo song with instrument accompaniment
• Late Baroque – polyphonic texture
• Melody - continuous flow, disjunct, wide
range
• Rhythm - strong and vigorous (late)
• Dynamics – composers indicated dynamics
dramatic forte/piano contrasts (see Ch. 7 for
terms)
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
BAROQUE MUSICAL STYLE
The Baroque Orchestra
• Composers indicated instruments
• Strings and “basso continuo” standard
• Other instruments – for special occasions
flute, oboe, bassoon; trumpet, horn; timpani
• Basso Continuo – 2 parts
organ or harpsichord - chords (accompaniment)
cello or bassoon - bass part
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
BAROQUE MUSICAL STYLE
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter
Edition
BAROQUE MUSICAL STYLE
New Harmonic Structure
• Chromatic scale – use of all 12 pitches within an
octave
• Tonality - organization of pitches into scales,
melodies, and harmony based on one pitch called
the “tonic” or “keynote”
• Two types of tonality - major scale (or major key)
and minor scale (or minor key); each has 7 notes
• Built on 12 different pitches or keynotes; there are 24
total major and minor keys (one major, one minor
for each note)
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter
Edition
THE BAROQUE OPERA &
ITS COMPONENTS
CHAPTER 16
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter
Edition
16. Baroque Opera
•
•
•
Meredith Hall as Poppea in the opera
The Coronation of Poppea
Large-scale musical
drama combining poetry,
acting, scenery,
costumes, singing,
instrumental music
Founded in Florence, Italy
Monteverdi – first great
opera composer
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
16. Baroque Opera
• Early – stories based on Greek/Roman mythology and
ancient history – called “Opera Seria”
• “Aria” – lyric solo song with orchestra accompaniment,
dramatic, emotional,
• “Recitative” – speechlike vocal style, little or no
accompaniment
• Other vocal – choruses, love duet
• Intrumental – “Overture” – begins the production – 2 styles
French: slow/fast (AB), Italian: fast/slow/fast (ABA)
“Sinfonia” – between acts or scenes
• “Libretto” – text or script of story, by the “librettist”
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
16. BAROQUE OPERA – HENRYPURCELL
• English composer (London)
• Employed by English royal court and
organist at Westminster Abbey.
• Composed dramatic works,
sacred & secular vocal music,
and instrumental music
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
16. BAROQUE ENGLISH OPERA –
DIDO AND AENEAS BASED ON VIRGIL’S AENEID
•
•
•
•
The Death of Dido, Giovanni Barbieri
Written for Girls’
boarding school
English language
Aeneas – Roman king
of ancient Troy
Dido – Queen of
Carthage (north
Africa)
Dido’s Lament uses “ground bass”, a repeated bass pattern)
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
Dido's Lament
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
THE BAROQUE CANTATA
& ORATORIO
CHAPTER 17
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter
Edition
17. THE BAROQUE CANTATA
JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH
•
•
•
•
•
German, virtuoso organist,
improviser, educator
Culminating figure of the
Baroque style (masterpieces
in all genres except opera)
Musical family
Devout Lutheran
Secular (royal court) positions
Duke of Weimer (organist)
Court of Cothen
(orchestra conductor)
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
17. THE BAROQUE CANTATA
JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH
Sacred – St. Thomas’s Church in Leipzig
• Final and most important position
• Also included a University collegium musicum
An evening outdoor concert in 1744 by the
collegium musicum of Jena, Germany
An 18th-century engraving of Leipzig’s St.
Thomas’s Church and choir school where Bach
worked from 1723 until he died, in 1750.
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH
COMPOSITIONS
• Keyboard music
• Organ & harpsichord works
Well-Tempered Clavier - 24 preludes & fugues (one for each
Major and Minor key) (2 sets)
• Art of the Fugue • Orchestral – suites, concertos, sonatas
• Brandenburg Concertos – 6 concerto grossi
• Choral (with orchestra)
• over 200 cantatas
• Mass in B minor
• Master of polyphonic style, counterpoint
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
17. THE BAROQUE CANTATA
•
•
•
•
Cantata from the Italian cantare (“to sing”)
5 to 8 movements for soloists, chorus, &
orchestra
(include recitatives, arias,
and choral pieces)
Secular – based on lyric, dramatic, or poetic
text
Sacred – Bach Church Cantatas (Lutheran)
based on a Chorale (hymn)
used in a church service
some include an Organ Prelude
Bach, Cantata No. 150, Wachet auf (Sleepers, Awake)
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
Worship Service
Unison Chorale
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
17. THE BAROQUE ORATORIO
GEORGE FRIDERIC HANDEL
•
•
•
•
•
•
German-born, organist & violin
Studied and composed in Italy
Employer - Elector of Hanover
(became King George of
England)
founded Royal Academy of
Music
Internationally famous,
long career in London
Works – Italian style opera,
English oratorio, suites
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
17. THE BAROQUE ORATORIO
HANDEL AND THE ORATORIO
•
•
•
•
•
•
Large scale dramatic genre,
concert performance - no
scenery, acting, or costumes
Based on religious story
Performed by solo voices,
chorus, orchestra
Chorus sections emphasized.
May begin with an overture
(French or Italian)
Opera vs Oratorio
Performance of Handel’s Messiah
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
BAROQUE INSTRUMENTS &
THE SUITE
CHAPTER 18
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter
Edition
18. BAROQUE INSTRUMENTS AND THE
SUITE: THE BAROQUE SUITE
• Collection of dance-inspired movements, each
in a different style (tempo, rhythm)
• For keyboard, small group, or orchestra
• Most movement in Binary (AABB) or Ternary
(ABA)
• May begin with an overture – (French or Italian)
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
18. BAROQUE SUITE
HANDEL, WATER MUSIC
•Written for Royal party on the Thames River in London
•Large orchestra (50+), uses brass, woodwinds, and timpani with
no “continuo”
•Second movement - ‘Alla Hornpipe’ in ternary form (ABA)
•Divided into three suites
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
18. BAROQUE SUITE
MUSIC AT THE FRENCH ROYAL COURT
Jean-Joseph Mouret
• From southern France
• Employed by royal court
in Paris, Academie
Royale, and the Paris
Opera.
• Composed dramatic
stage works, vocal music,
and instrumental suites
Chambord, a French castle in the Loire valley
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
MOURET: RONDEAU, FROM
SUITE DE SYMPHONIES
• Written for a full Baroque orchestra
including brass, woodwind, timpani and
continue
• Familiar fanfare opening
• used as theme music for Masterpiece
Theatre (PBS)
• Five-part rondo form (A-B-A-C-A)
• The A section serves as a “ritornello”
(returning refrain between contrasting
sections)
A French court dancer.
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
THE BAROQUE CONCERTO
CHAPTER 19
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter
Edition
19. THE BAROQUE CONCERTO
ANTONIO VIVALDI AND THE SOLO CONCERTO
• Venice, Italy,
virtuoso violinist
• “The red priest”
• Employed - Conservatorio
del’Ospedale della Pietà
(school for orphaned girls)
• Music – concertos, vocal
music - opera, oratorios,
and sacred music
“Above all, he was
possessed by music.”
—Marc Pincherle
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
19. THE BAROQUE CONCERTO
•
•
•
•
•
From Latin concertare (“to contend with”)
2 types –
‘solo concerto’ – for solo instrument and
orchestra (ie: Vivaldi Spring)
‘concerto grosso’ – for a group of solo instruments
and orchestra (ie: Bach, Brandenburg Concertos)
Contrast between the solo sections and orchestra.
Orchestra melody = the “ritornello”
3 movements – (1) fast, (2) slow, (3) fast
First movement in “ritornello” form
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
VIVALDI: SPRING (LA PRIMAVERA)
FROM THE FOUR SEASONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Spring from a set of four violin concertos
Program Music – based on a poem (text painting)
Uses a string orchestra & continuo
First movement in “ritornello” form
Opening ritornello example of forte/piano
contrast
Depicts images of birds, murmuring brooks,
thunder and lightning from the poem.
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
20. OTHER BAROQUE INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
KEYBOARD INSTRUMENTS AND FORMS
harpsichord
•
•
Organ, Harpsichord
Two important forms 1. Prelude (ie: Bach
Well-Tempered Clavier
or Chorale Prelude
(ie: Bach, Cantata
organ preludes)
2. Fugue (ie: Bach)
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
OTHER BAROQUE
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
CHAPTER 20
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter
Edition
20. KEYBOARD INSTRUMENTS
This two-manual harpsichord was
built by the Flemish maker Jan
Couchet (c. 1650).
A spectacular Baroque organ (1738) in St. Bavo’s
Cathedral, Haarlem, The Netherlands.
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter
Edition
20. OTHER BAROQUE
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
THE FUGUE
•
Contrapuntal, based on imitation (polyphonic)
• Based on a theme called the “Subject”, imitation of
the theme is called the “Answer”
• opening section called the “Expostion”
• alternates between sections with the Subject and
freely composed sections called “Episodes”
• May be performed by keyboard, and vocal or
instrument groups (subject entries referred to as voices =
range)
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
20. MUSICAL DEVICES IN A FUGUE
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
20. ANATOMY OF A FUGUE
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter
Edition
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
MUSICAL EXAMPLES
Example 1 – What am I?
Example 2 - What am I?
Example 3 - What am I?
Example 4 -
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition