Mesoproterozoicum
1600-1000
Silurian
Devonian
440-410
410-355
Ordovician
490-440
Tonian
1000-850
Carboniferous
355-290
First Glomeromycota fossils
First lichens
Lecanoromycetes
lichenized
Ascomycota
terrestrial
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae)
Dicaria
Basidiomycota
Ektomycorrhiza
Arbuscular mycorrhiza
Multiple loss
of flagellum
Saprotroph / mutualists
Arthropod pathogen
Phycomyces
Chytridium
terrestrial
Plant pathogen
Microsporidia
Nuclearia simplex
Metazoa
Choanoflagellata
phagotroph
Unikonta
Bikonta
Zygomycota
Chytridiomycota
Fungi
Opisthokonta
Glomeromycota
(Chromista)
Amphiacantha
Nuclearia
Mycetozoa s.str.
Oomycota
Plantae
Phytophora infestans
Cambrian
540-490
Ordovician
490-440
Silurian
440-410
Tracheophytes
Molecular data put the divergence
of Bryophytes and Tracheophytes
to the end of the Proterozoic (540
to 700 mya).
First land
plants
Embryophytes
?
Devonian
410-355
Seed plants
Pterydophyta
Sphenopsida
Psilophyton
Isoetales
Lycopodiaceae
Drepanophycales
Parafunaria
sinensis
Aglaophyton Rhynia
Bryophyta
Marchantiopsida
Charophytes
?
Chara
Lunularia cruciata
Devonian 410-355
Rather warm, zoned climate
Rather warm, zoned climate
Southern glaciation,
mass extinction
Kampecaris forfarensis , Myriapoda
Stomata of Rhynia
Moresnetia zalesskyi
Pterychthyodes, Placoderna
Niedźwiedzki et al.
2010)
Creeping on land
Polypterus
senegalus (lung fish)
Standon et al. 2014,
Nature 513, 54
After eight months raised on land, fin development resembled those of primitive
amphibians.
Morphological plasticity might be a strong motor of evolution.
Carboniferous 355-300
Warm and wet climate
High oxygen concentration
Equisetum
Lepidodendron
source of today’s coal
Delitzshala
bitterfeldensis
Homoptera
Ice age
Mass extinction
Breyeria harlemensis Paleodictyoptera
Euproops rotundatus Xiphosura
Carboniferous 355-300
Warm and wet climate
High oxygen concentration
Ice age
Mass extinction
Temporal
fenestra
Anapsid reptiles
Homoodont
Synapsid reptiles
Heterodont
Diapsid reptiles
Homodont
Hylonomus
a first primitive
Anapsid
Archeothyris
first primitive Synapsid
Petrolacosaurus
first primitive Diapsid
heterodont
Carboniferous
355-290
Permian
290-250
Trias
250-205
Jurassic
205-140
Cretaceous
140-65
Sarcopterygia
Anapsida
Mesosauria
Amnion
Anapsid
cranion
Lepidosauromorpha
Archosauromorpha
Diapsid
cranion
Euryapsida
Pterosauria
Dinosauria
Rhynchocephalid
(Comodo
waran)
Squamates
(Snakes,
lizards)
Aves (birds)
Crocodylia
(crocodyles)
Testudines
(turtles)
Pelycosauria
Synapsid
cranion
Therapsida
Mammalia
(mammals)
Permian 300-250
Ice age
Mass extinction
Warmer and arid
Arid
Mass
extinction
Anapsid reptiles
Mesosaurus, Permian primitive
anapsid aquatic reptile
Milleretta, Permian primitive
anapsid terrestrial reptile
Aldabra tortoise
Permian 300-250
Ice age
Mass extinction
Warmer and arid
Arid
Mass
extinction
Synapsid reptiles
Pelycosaur
→
Therapsida
→
Dimetrodon, Permian primitive Proburnetia, Permian primitive
synapsid Pelycosaur
synapsid Therapsid
Theriodontia (mammal like)
Annatherapsidus petri ,
Permian synapsid Theriodont
Mammal like teeth
Permian 300-250
Ice age
Mass extinction
Warmer and arid
Arid
Mass
extinction
Acrodont and
pleurodont dentition
Diapsid reptiles
Lepidosauromorpha
Squamata, Tuatara
Tuatara, Lepidosauria
Ichthyosauria
Thermoregulating body Archosauromorpha
cover
Pterosauria,
Dinosauria
Ichthyosaurus, Lepidosauria
Crocodylomorpha
Thecodont dentition
Endothermy?
Scale derived thermoregulating
body cover?
Terrestrisuchs,
Crocodylomorpha
Pterodactylus kochii,
Archosauromorpha
6. From Meso- to Cenozoic
Triassic 250-205
Pangaea
Hot and dry
Polar regions moist
and temperate
Pangaea
Jurassic 205-140
Laurasia and Gondwana
Warm and dry
No ice caps at poles
Cretaceous 140-65
Formation of present day continents
Very warm no ice caps at poles.
Ocean temperatures
about 15-20º higher than today
Cretaceous 140-65
Formation of present days continents
Very warm no ice caps at poles.
Ocean temperatures about 15-20º higher than today
From Müller et al. 2008)
Triassic 250-205
Pangaea
Jurassic 205-140
Cretaceous 140-65
Laurasia and Gondwana Formation of present days continents
Herbivores
Archosauromorpha
Diplodocus
Sauropoda
Oviraptor
Therapoda
Mainly
Carnivores
Microraptor gui
Saurischia
Thyranosaurus rex
Paraves
(Down
Archaeopteryx
(Flight
/
display
feathers)
feathers)
Dinosauria
Aves
(birds)
Ornithischia
Iguanodon
Stegosaurus
Stegosauria
Ceratopsia
Herbivores
Triceratops
Nemicolopterus crypticus
Carnivores
Pterosauria
Mesozoic dinosaur diversity
Recent
Birds: 1200 genera
z
Mammals: 1135 genera
Total 1844 genera
700
Number of genera
600
Estimated diversity
500
400
300
200
100
0
Late Triassic
Early
Jurassic
Middle
Jurrasic
Late Jurrasic
Early
Cretaceous
Epoch
Data from Wang, Dodson (2006),
Sullivan (2006)
Late
Maastrichtian
Cretaceous
Total
Jurassic 205-140
Laurasia and Gondwana
Cretaceous 140-65
Formation of present days continents
Basal Theropoda
Archaeopteryx
Avialae
Confuciusornis
1 – 5 kg
Yixianornis
<1 – 20 kg
< 1 kg
Down
feathers
Aves
Troodon
(large brain,
stereoscopic
sight, nocturnal
<1 – 60 kg
Jinfengo
pteryx
Mahakala
< 1 kg
Paraves
Flight / display
feathers
homoiotherm,
Pneumatic
bones
Dromaeosauridae
< 1 – 50 kg
Rahonavis
probably flight
Deinonychus
10 – 80 kg
Velociraptor
Cretaceous 140-65
Paleogene 65-23
Evolution of birds
Tinamiformes
Struthioniformes
Palaeognathae
Anseriformes
Galliformes
Neognathae
Adaptive
radiation
Psittaciformes
Apodiformes
Others
Strigiformes
Falconiformes
Passeriformes
Neogene 23-
Carboniferous
355-290
Permian
290-250
Triassic
250-205
Jurassic
205-140
Cretaceous
140-65
Cycadophyta
Gingkophyta
Gingko
Pinophyta
Adaptive radiation
Cordaitales
Gnetophyta
Welwitschia mirabilis
Magnoliophyta
Amborella trichopoda
Archaefructus
liaoningensis
Adaptive radiation
Nymphaeaceae
„Dicotyls”
„Monocotyls”
Mesozoic 250-65
Cretaceous 140-65
Extant mammalian
lineages
Cenozoic 65Paleogene 65-23
Neogene 23Cetacea
Cetarthiodactyla
Adaptive
radiation
Perissodactyla
Carnivora
Laurasiatheria
Genetic
diversification
Chiroptera
Adaptive
Rodentia radiation
Adaptive
radiation
Lagomorpha
Tree shrews
Primates
Euarchontoglires
Xenarthra
Ant eaters
Elephant shrews
Afrotheria
Marsupialia
Monotremata
Elephants
Adaptive
radiation
The rise of insects
Devonian
Carboniferous
Permian
Triassian
Jurassic
Cretaceous
Tertiary to recent
Palaeodictyoptera
Odonata
In the Triassic period all extant taxa
already existed
Genetic
diversific
ation
Adaptive
radiation
Genetic
diversific
ation
Ephemeroptera
Dictyoptera
Plecoptera
Zoraptera
Embioptera
Isoptera
Dermaptera
Grylloblatodea
Phasmida
Orthoptera
Mallophaga
Psocoptera
Thysanoptera
Heteroptera
Hymenoptera
Neuroptera
Coleoptera
Siphonaptera
Mecoptera
Diptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
The rise of holometabolous insects
Hymenoptera
Neuroptera
Coleoptera
Siphonaptera
Mecoptera
Diptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
600
500
400
300
200
Number of genera
Number of families
700
Insects
Vascular plants
100
Jurassic
Terrestrial
Tetrapoda
0
-600
-400
-500
E
K
O
S
D
-300
C
P
-200
T
J
-100
Kr
0
Pa N
Cretaceous
Cretaceous 140-65
Paleogene 65-23
An early bee
The earliest ants
An early lacewing
An early weevil
The earliest moth
A weevil in amber
A swarm of midges
Photos from: http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Galleries/Insect_Galleries_by_Order/
The Cretaceous –Tertiary impact
K-T boundary
Luis Alvarez
1911- 1988
The K-T boundary. The arrow indicates a
layer of Iridium rich ash.
Iridium is rare on the surface of the earth but
much more common in Chondrite meteors
Walter Alvarez
1940-
The Chicxulub Impact structure buried
beneath the Yucatan Peninsula has 150 300 km in diameter
Age dates of melt rock in the structure
have at date of 65 Ma.
Extinctions at the K-T boundary were not evenly
distributed across taxa
15% of all marine families went extinct, 50 % at generic level, maybe 80-90 % of all species.
Affected were mainly plankton, marine predators, and shallow water communities.
25 % of terrestrial families and 56 % at generic level went extinct.
Nothing bigger than 25 kg survived (predators and herbivores).
However, dinosaur and pterosaur diversity declined even before the impact.
Probably the impact wiped out the last survivors.
Unaffected were higher plants (10% extinction), mammals (rise of 20%), and birds.
Cretaceous and Paleogene saw
the extinction of
• Ammonites
• Belemnites
• Pterosaurs
• Dinosaurs
Reports of surviving dinosaurs are
highly controversial.
80
60
Genera
40
Number of taxa
z
an enormous diversification of
• Angiospermes (flowering plants)
• Holometabolic insects (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera)
• mammals
• birds
• snails
• probably lizards
• probably fish
Global species richness of dinosaurs
a decline in diversity of
120
K-T boundary
Species
• Gymnospermes (conifers)
• Brachiopoda
100
20
0
80
70
60
Time (mya)
Data from Sullivan (2006)
Today’s reading
The Mesozoic era: http://www.palaeos.com/Mesozoic/Mesozoic.htm
http://www.palaeos.com/Mesozoic/Mesozoic2.html
The Cenozoic era: http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Neogene.html
http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Paleogene.html