B.5.B
Examine specialized cells,
including roots, stems, and
leaves of plant; and Animal
cells such as blood,
muscle, and epithelium.
Cell Specialization
Specialization- It All “Stems”
From A Stem Cell.
 During The Growth of Individual It Will
Differentiate Into Various Types of
Cells Due To Their Specializations.
 At The Beginning Of The
Development Of An Embryo, It
Decides On What Cell Its Going To
Be because of the instructions in
DNA.
 Cell
They Lose Their
Cells Nuclei
 They Fill Up A Special
Oxygen-Carrying
Molecule,
Hemoglobin.
 Red Blood Cells Begin
Their Journey In The
Lungs, Where They
Pick up Oxygen From
The Air you Breathe.

Red Blood
Epithelial Cells
 Epithelia
Are
Formed Of Cells
That Line The
Cavities In The
Body And Cover
Flat Serves LIKE
YOUR SKIN.
Neurons



A Neuron Is a Nerve
Cell.
Neurons Have
Specialized
Projections Called
Dendrites And Axons.
Dendrites Bring
Information To The
Cell Body And Axons
Take Information
Away From The Cell
Body.
Muscle Cells
 Muscle
Is A Very Specialized Tissue
That Has Both The Ability To Contract
And The Ability To Conduct Electrical
Impulses.
 3 Types Are;
 Smooth Involuntary Muscle
 Voluntary Skeletal Muscle
 Involuntary Cardiac Muscle
The Cuticle is The
Cover That
Prevents Water
Loss.
 Stomata Allows
Carbon Dioxide To
Come in And Allow
Oxygen To Come
Out.
 Leaf cells are
specialized for
photosynthesis

Plant Functions
Question #33
 Which
Cell is Specialized For
Transporting Oxygen?
 A-
Nerve Cell
 B- Red Blood Cells
 C- Root Cell
 D- Stem Cell
Question #34
 What
 A-
Does a Cuticle Prevent?
Oxygen Loss
 B- Elongated Cells
 C- Water Loss
 D- Weak Stem
Question #35
 What
 A-
is A Example Of A Muscle Cell?
Involuntary Cardiac Muscle
 B- Voluntary Skeletal Muscle
 C- Smooth Involuntary Muscle
 D- All Of The Above
36. The cell that make up your muscle
tissues are specialized in that they have a
lot of ________________ to fuel the
movement of those cells.
 A. Lysosomes
 B. Mitochondria
 C. Golgi apparatus
 D. Chloroplast

37. The cells of that make up muscles
and nerves look very different because
 A. They serve different functions
 B. They have no connections with each
other
 C. They both are used to do the same
jobs
 D. They are both found inside of you.

38. Plant cells have specialized tubes that carry
water in one direction called
A. Phloem
B. Roots
C. Xylem
D. Collenchymas
39. When cells specialize to do different functions
that is called
A. Differentiation
B. Boredom
C. Clones
D. Genetic differences
40 Cell differentiation is critical during
embryonic development. The process of
cell differentiation
results in the production of many types of
cells, including germ, somatic, and stem
cells. Cell differentiation is most directly
regulated by —
A ATP
B DNA
C lipids
D sugars
B.9A
The comparison of the
structures and
functions of different
types of biomolecules
including
carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins and nucleic
acids.
Polymer
Monomer
Function
Elements
Shape and
example
Carbohydrate
Monosacchride
or sugar
Cellulose- walls of
plant cells
Chitin- in the cell
walls of fungi
Energy sourceenergy released by
the respiration of
glucose is used to
make ATP.
CHO
ShapeCircles
Fatty acid
and
glycerol
Phospholipids are
very important in
the cell membrane
structure. The
protective wax
cuticle on the
outside of leaves
energy storage.
CHO
Nucleic Acid
Nucleotide
Transmit and store
heredity
instructions for
proteins.
CHOP
-Shape-Lines
DNA, RNA
Protein
Amino
acids
Enzymes( specific
biological catalyst)
Carrier proteins in
membranes
hormones( insulin)
CHON
Shape-Lines
Lipids
Fructose
Glucose
Sucrose
ShapeLines
Fats
Peptide
bonds
Hormones
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Nucleotide
Sugar
Base
DNA nucleotides are made
up of…
Phosphate
Sugar
Base
Deoxyribose sugar
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
When the
nucleotide
s are
assembled,
adenine
pairs with
thymine.
Cytosine
pairs with
guanine.
The Double
Helix…
…was
determined
to be a
twisted
ladder of
nucleotide
bases.
• DNA RAP
RNA Structure
Bases- A, U, G, C
Function:
Functions in
actual
synthesis of
proteins coded
for by DNA.
Made from the
DNA template
molecule.
• Single strand
ATP Structure
• Transfer chemical energy from
one molecule to another( e.g.
ATP) food.
Question #41:
-Based on what you have learned,
which statement is true?
A. RNA has two strands while DNA
has one.
B. ATP has one strand while DNA has
two.
C. DNA has two strands while RNA
has one.
D. RNA has two strands while ATP
has one.
Question #42:
-Which biomolecule is made up of
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and
Nitrogen?
A. Nucleic Acid
B. Protein
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
Question #43:
-The Nitrogen Bases that make up
RNA are what?
A. A with T and G with C
B. U with T and G with C
C. A with G and C with T
D. A with U and G with C
44
45 Proteins and polysaccharides are polymers.
These polymers are formed by dehydration
synthesis. Which statement correctly identifies a
difference in the structure of proteins and
polysaccharides?
F Only polysaccharides are comprised of
repeating units of cytosine, adenine, guanine,
and thymine.
G Only proteins are formed from amino acids
joined by peptide bonds.
H Only polysaccharides can be folded and
twisted to very specific shapes.
J Only proteins can be large molecules with
thousands of subunits.
46. Like complex carbohydrates, proteins are
biomolecules that serve many functions and can be
chemically broken down and restructured. Both
proteins and complex carbohydrates are which of the
following?
A Polymers of smaller subunits
B Sequences of sugars
C Lipids of large molecules
D Nucleotides of DNA
47.
B.6.A
Identify components of
DNA, and describe how
information for
specifying the traits of
an organism is carried in
the DNA
• It is the nitrogen
base pairs that
code for our
genetic traits.
• DNA contains
codes for
proteins, which
are necessary
for the growth
and functioning
of an organism.
• Your DNA forms
Chromosome- and within
each chromosome are
thousands of genes that
code for your traits.
Types of Cells
•Somatic cells, which are
anything but sex cells have 46
chromosomes.
•Gametes which are sperm and
egg cells, contain half the
number of chromosomes of
somatic cells. They have 23
chromosomes.
B.6.B
• Recognize that components
that make up the genetic code
are common to all organisms.
• In all living organisms, the instructions
for reproducing and operating the
individual is encoded in a chemical
language with four letters– A, C, T, and
G, the initials of four chemicals.
Combinations of three of these letters
specify each of the amino acids that
the cell uses in building proteins.
• every species on Earth carries a
genetic code that is, for all intents
and purposes, identical and universal.
This is used to claim that we all share a
common ancestor
Questions:
• 48.What base pair goes with A?
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
C
G
D
T
• 49.Who built the first DNA
model?
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rosaline Franklin
Gregor Mendel
Watson & Crick
Barrack Obama
• 50.What kind of cell is a
gamete?
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
sex cell
white blood cell
red blood cell
brain cell
51
52 Characteristics such as a widow’s
peak or attached earlobes are
determined by the genetic
code. Which components of DNA are
referred to as the genetic code?
F Phosphate groups
G Nitrogenous bases
H Deoxyribose sugars
J Hydrogen bonds
53 How does DNA in cells determine an
organism’s complex traits?
A DNA contains codes for proteins, which
are necessary for the growth and
functioning of an organism.
B DNA separates into long single strands
that make up each part of an organism.
C DNA produces the energy an organism
needs in order to grow.
D DNA folds into the nucleus of each of the
cells of an organism.
54 The fact that a strain of yeast
with a certain defective gene can
use the human version of the
gene to repair itself is evidence that
yeast and humans —
A depend on the same food supply
B share a genetic code
C both have eukaryotic cells
D have identical genomes
Gene video
Transcription and Translation
Step 1: Transcription
DNARNA
1.Inside the nucleus an enzyme unzips
DNA
2. RNA bases A, U, C, and G pair up
writing a single stranded messenger
that will leave the nucleus and
travel to the ribosome
Step 2: Translation RNA
Protein
3.
where it is read 3 letters at a time
called a codon.
4. tRNA brings a specific amino acid to
match up with the mRNA and links
together with other amino acids using
peptide bonds to form the protein,
this is called translation.
Protein Synthesis
DNA Sequence! Write
mRNA and code for
amino acids
1. ATG AAA AAC AAG
Transcription-mRNA!
1.
•
ATG AAA AAC AAG
UAC UUU UUG UUC
GGGAUACGU
Glycine
Isoleucine
Arginine
Using the
CODON CHART
is like the
process of
translation. You
take a sequence
of RNA and turn
it into a set of
AMINO ACIDS.
Translation-Amino
Acids!
•ATG AAA AAC AAG
• UAC UUU UUG UUC
Proteins
• Once the protein is made it serves
many functions
• Help build cell parts
• It can be an enzyme used to
speed up chemical reactions.
• It can be a hormone to tell you to
grow.
55.Which of these represents the DNA
segment from which this section of mRNA
was transcribed?
A ACTAAG
B TCUTTG
C GAAUCU
D UCCTGA
56.The assembly of a messenger
RNA strand that normally begins
with UAC has been changed so that
the newly assembled messenger
RNA strand begins with UAG.
Which of the following will most
likely occur?
A The protein will be missing the first amino
acid.
B The amino acids that make up the protein
will all be different.
C The mRNA will become attached to a
ribosome.
D The production of the protein will be
stopped.
57. If one side of a DNA molecule
contains the following sequence of
nucleotides, AGTCCG,
the complementary sequence on the
other side would be:
A)GCCTGA
B) AGTCCG
C) TCAGGC
D) CTGAAT
58.
59.
60. Which cellular process takes place in the
ribosomes that are bound to the endoplasmic
reticulum?
A The breakdown of waste material
B The conversion of radiant energy to glucose
C The synthesis of new proteins
D The replication of nucleic acids