based on latitude and wind patterns
▫ Equator through middle
▫ Great Rift Valley
(divergent plate boundary)
▫ Most of pop. Lives in fertile highlands of the SW
▫ Lake Victoria in SW
▫ Olduvai Gorge
▫ Serengeti Plain
▫ Mt. Kilimanjaro
• strategic value : value of location to nations planning lg scale military actions
• (Includes – Ethiopia,
Djibouti, Eritrea, and
Somalia)
• Affects migration
• Expanding
• Loss of vegetation
• Loss of arable land
• Less food
• Sep. the Sahara from the tropical grasslands
• Arab word for “border” or “Shore”
• Sahara used to be fertile with rivers
(7,000 yrs ago)
• Grassland, subsistence farming, overgrazing is an issue. Semi-Arid
• World’s oldest desert – 55 million years old
• No surface water
• A few dry, ancient riverbeds
• Senegal and
Niger Rivers provide transportation, irrigation
• In Mali, the Niger
R. expands into an inland delta-where ppl can grow rice, cotton
& veggies
• 2 nd largest river in Africa is the Congo R
(2,900 mi)
• Most of Congo
R. is located in
Dem. Rep. of
Congo
• The basin that feeds the
Congo R. system is over
1 mil sq. mi.
• At the center is a dense rainforest
• Soil has little use for farming
• Disease
• Conflict
• famine
• Oil
• Natural gas
• Gold
• Diamonds
• Freshwater
• Timber
• Arable land in the south
North Africa Review
1.
Islam
2.
Arab
3.
Developing
Economically
4.
Series of recent revolutions leading to democratic change
Sub-Saharan
Africa
1.
Many languages
2.
Variety of religions
3.
Varied economic development
4.
Not much interaction with
North Africa due to
Sahara Desert
• North – desert, Muslim
Arabs
• South – clay plains & a lg swamp called “The
Sudd”, diff. ethnic groups, practice animalism or
Christianity
• N & S cont. at war since independence in 1956
• Millions in danger of starvation
• Split: Northern Sudan and
Southern Sudan
• N. Sudan - Islamic State, republic, current President -
Omar Hassan al-Bashir
• Market economy but relies on agriculture
• Not considered Genocide b/c
N. Sudan was not intent on killing one group
• George Clooney and the
Enough Project
• Darfur Discrimination
• The Asante of Ghana practice Ancestor worship – belief in spirits of dead
• They also believe in animism – belief that ordinary things are gods (ex. River, sun)
• Vary rapid pop.
Growth
• Muslim/ Christian
Split
• Ppl from N. sought ivory, slaves, gold.
• Ppl from S. sought salt
• Central location of Sahel’s trade route became a bridge b/w Med. Coast and rest of
Africa
• Chiefs (Ghanas) grew wealthy from taxes on traders.
• Ghana – greatest kingdom in the Sahel
• Mali – one of the largest empires in the world.
• Songhai will later replace
Mali, but is destroyed in 1591 by Moroccans
• European traders came for gold, ivory, palm oil, & slaves
• iron ore, peanuts, and cocoa also exported
• Large debt – 9 bill per yr just to pay interest
• The Sahel includes the countries of Mauritania,
Mali, Niger, Burkina
Faso, Chad, & Ghana
• Farming: short rainy season
▫ Use Shifting
Agriculture (farming one area until exhaustion then moving to another area) to deal with poor soil
▫ Grow millet, sorghum, and peanuts
• Herding:
▫ Camels, cattle, & sheep
▫ Baobab & Acacia trees provide forage (green food) for grazing animals
▫ Overgrazing and deforestation damaged the environment
▫ Sahel suffering from increased desertification
(increasing the desert)
▫ Causing ppl to flock to refugee (ppl fleeing due to political or economic reasons) camps
• Women are key – grass roots: effort begins w/ ppl
• Women grow crops in war against hunger & are est. farming co-ops.
(subsistence farming)
• Women own the food markets
• Liberia founded in
1822 by freed
Amer. Slaves – independence in
1847
• Liberia military coup in 1980 – chaos– 1996 return to democracy
• In Benin – 6 coups
(military overthrows) from 1963-1972
• Multiparty
Democracy,
• Market economy, but very poor
• 1996 – free elections
• Today – anarchy
• Failed banking system
• No more free elections
• Rebels control the diamond mines
• Freetown, one of the largest harbors in the world
• 31% literacy rate
• Yoruba – SW
• Ibo – SE
• Hausa (traders) &
Fulani (herders) – N
• English – official language (250 total)
• Muslim /Christian split
• 9 / 36 states adopted
Shariah (Islamic Law)
Lacks unity among regions
• Varying climate
• Govt collapsed with fall of oil prices in 1983– dependence on oil
• Turned to World Bank
& International
Monetary Fund (give loans to developing countries)
• 1986 began structural adjustment program suggested by World
Bank– proposed how to fix economy, can’t borrow money unless follows guidelines
• In 1993 Gen.
Sani Abacha took over & ended to structural adjustment program and increased the debt
• 1 st free elections in 1999
• Currently a
Federal Republic
▫ Aksum: 100 CE along the Red Sea
▫ Berlin Conference : divided all of Africa, only Ethiopia and
Liberia remained free of European control
▫ Divisions were made with little regard to already established ethnic boundaries
• Kushite civilization about
3500 yrs old
• Long droughts have caused famine & starvation
• Relies on other countries for aid
• Landlocked
• Home of Lucy – oldest human skeleton ever found
• Used to be part of
Ethiopia
• Located along
Red Sea
• Split b/w
Christians and Muslims
• No official language
• Provisional govt due to cont. conflict with Ethiopia
• Independence in
1960
• 1980s – lg civil war started
• 1991 – state of anarchy
• Severe drought in 1990s – about
1.5 mill risked starvation
• Currently have a democracy ran by Sharia Law
• Independence in 1962 – dictator, Idi Amin came to power
• 300,000 died or disappeared under his rule in 1970s
• Led to rebellion by
Joseph Kony
• 2001 free elections for president
• Still problems
• Invisible Children
• Ethnocracy (1 ethnic group rules the others)
• Genocide: intent on killing a specific group of ppl based on race, religion, ethnicity, etc.
• 80% belong to Hutu group
• 20% Tutsi
• Hutu in power for 35 yrs after overthrowing Tutsi in
1959 – killed 100,000 Tutsi
• In 1994 100,000s of Tutsi were murdered in civil war,
2 mill refugees
• Currently they share power
• “Hotel Rwanda” Hotel
Rwanda- One million Voices
• Tutsi in power but only 14% of pop.
• Tutsi control army & use army to control pop.
• Thousands have died since independence in
1962
• Violence continues
• Great potential wealth
• Poor development
• Pop. Subjected to Villagization (forced to move into towns to work on collective farms)
• After Socialism was abandoned the economy began to repair
• Culture who speaks
Bantu
• Started around 2000
BCE
• MASS MIGRATION across Africa
• Today 100s of Bantu languages and they helped spread much of
African culture
• Started w/ Portuguese on Sao Tome near Gabon
• Africans were both sold and the sellers
• Trading posts along coasts
• Most slaves from interior
• Many countries of
Western & Central
Africa belong to a financial community known as the CFA
• Use currency called
CFA franc (can be exchanged for French franc)
• Use of common currency promotes trade & travel
• Used in Benin, Burkina
Faso, Cote d’Ivoire,
Central African
Republic, etc.
• Hydroelectricity
• Central African
Republic lies on a watershed (dividing ridge b/w 2 basins) –
80% of hydroelectricity produced here
• In Cote d’Ivoire – 85% of rainforest destroyed since 1940s--increased global warming
• Resources such as minerals and petroleum
• Dem. Rep. of
Congo –copper, more Cobalt than any other country in world, diamonds
• King Leopold II of
Belgium
• Congo Genocide (10-20 million died)
• Congo River development, RR
• King Leopold’s Ghost
• Europeans are responsible for the development of transportation in Africa
• Includes countries of
Lesotho & Swaziland which are enclaves
(country within a country) of South
Africa
South African Inequality under British rule
• Minority Rule: 75% Black, 14% White… whites are ruling class
• Whites own the diamond & gold mines
• Whites own best farmland
• Whites control the govt.
• Still whites dominate the upper class
• Afrikaners
(Boers) –
Europeans that pushed the natives off their land
• War in 1899… resulted in
English rule
• Black Africans sent to work on plantations
South African Independence from Britain
• Independence in
1961
• 1950-1980: fast growing economy
▫ Coal reserves
▫ DeBeers
Diamonds
▫ Capital to invest
▫ Connection w/
Britain to build factories
▫ Cheap labor
(natives)
• 75% of pop. Forced to live on 14% of land
• All were assigned to a homeland--- created an apartheid
(racial segregation in S.
Africa)
• Under apartheid,
Africans were forced to be segregated
• 1986 Europe and
USA economic sanctions (bans on imports) against S. Africa
• US sanctions --prohibited Amer.
Investment & banned imports
• Caused imports to fall by 40% in 1 st yr.
• Held in prison for
27yrs for apartheid actions
• Leader of African
National Congress
• Achieved 1 st free elections in 1994
• 1 st black president
• 1996 – new constitution--- equal rights to all
• wealthier b/c diamonds, copper, coal, cattle
• very dry
• Okavango Delta world's largest inland delta.
• Diamonds are Botswana's primary export.
• Coastal, former
Portuguese colonies
(1975)
• White Flight : departure of skilled labor
• Communist
• Rebels went to war against new govt.
Both were backed by
S. Africa
• Countries deteriorated (death & disease)
• Angola – 1 st free election in 1992
• Mozambique remains one of poorest countries in world
• 80% farming
• Portuguese official language
• Democracy
• 30% literate
• Most are animists
• (1964) part of the copper belt, relied on 1 resource--copper prices fell, economy fell
• Victoria Falls
• 80% Christian
• English – official
• Democracy, but chiefdoms still remain
• 15% of population infected with HIV
• Great Zimbabwe : est. by the Shona ppl (Bantu)
• Mutapa Empire : extended Great
Zimbabwe
• (1965) white minority ruled govt…1 st free elections in 1980, new leader---Robert
Mugabe– land redistribution plan failed
• began new basic infrastructure, still no peace for blacks and whites
Key Concepts:
1.
Reliance on one resource = Unstable Economies
2.
Continuous ethnic fighting = Unstable Governments
• Copper (Zambia)
• Oil (Nigeria)
• Diamonds (Botswana)
• Agriculture
• When the price goes up, the economy goes up, but when the price goes down, the economy goes down too
• instability
• Colonial rule
• Colonial influence
• Coups
• Military leadership
• Lack of unity b/c
MANY ethnic groups
• Lack of education
• Corruption
African Union
1.
Established in 1999 to promote peace and prosperity in Africa
2.
Focus on Human Rights, growing economies, democratic governments, develop technology, and to promote healthy living
3.
Almost every nation in
Africa is a member
4.
Similar to NATO, but runs like the UN
5.
Similar goals of the UN
Key Concepts:
1.
Water Scarcity
2.
Deadly Diseases
3.
HIV/AIDS Epidemic
Ten Leading Risk Factors for Preventable Disease
• Maternal and child underweight
• Unsafe sex
• High blood pressure
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Unsafe water, poor sanitation, and hygiene
•
•
High cholesterol
• Indoor smoke from solid fuels
Iron deficiency
• High body mass index or overweight
Source: WHO, World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risk, Promoting Healthy Life (Geneva: WHO, 2002), accessed online at www.who.int, on Nov. 15, 2004.
Injuries
Communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions, and nutritional deficiencies
Noncommunicable diseases
Source: WHO, World Health Report 2000 —Health Systems: Improving Performance (Geneva: WHO,
2000).
• Individuals (where they fetch water, boiling water, washing hands)
• Communities (fatalism regarding diarrheal diseases, community latrines)
• Governments (ignore or underfund safe water and sanitation needs)
• Cholera : severe diarrhea that can cause death
• Malaria : comes from mosquitoes born in standing water (fever)
• Dysentery: severe diarrhea
• No proper sanitation or filtering system
• Tuberculosis : respiratory infection, no cure, cough up blood
• Ebola: “Hot Zone”
– liquifies your insides, no cure
• Smallpox: sm.
Blisters, no cure
• Individuals (may resist nutrition education)
• Communities (male preference norms)
• Policymakers (fail to address poverty)
• Health planners and health workers (do not include nutrition programs for the poor)
Unsafe Sex
1. Individuals (abstinence, fidelity, condoms)
2. Communities (norms regarding male dominance and multiple partners)
3. Poverty (transactional sex for poor women)
4. Health policymakers and health workers (effective
AIDS prevention programs)
• HIV is the virus
• AIDS in the syndrome that kills you
• Swaziland 3:4 deaths are due to AIDS
• UNAIDS : UN program that studies AIDS
• Africa needs $4.63 billion to fight the pandemic
• About 80 million worldwide have AIDS
• Blood to Blood Transmission
(includes sharing needles, blood transfusions, & in the womb)
• Sex
• Breastfeeding
Source: UNAIDS , 2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic , 2006.
Distribution of Orphans, by Country, 2005
• Reducing malnutrition
(micronutrient initiatives)
• Preventing malaria
(insecticide-treated bednets)
• Helping children survive
(breastfeeding)
• Improving maternal health
(safe motherhood movement, emergency obstetric care)
• Making family planning a norm (worldwide efforts)
• Combating HIV/AIDS
(Uganda program)
• Political support, multisectoral response
• Decentralized behavior change campaigns
• Focus on women and youth, stigma and discrimination
• Mobilization of religious leaders
• Confidential voluntary counseling and testing
• Social marketing of condoms
• Control and prevention of
STDs
• Improving global health requires behavior change at every level— individuals, families, communities, organizations, and policymaking bodies
• Evidence-based behavioral theories and successful behavior-change case histories point the way
• Next step: political will and sufficient resources