UC Santa Cruz
Center for Information Technology Research
in the Interest of Society
Jim Demmel, Chief Scientist
www.citris.berkeley.edu
Center For Information Technology Research In
The Interest Of Society
“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens
can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.”
–Margaret Mead
 Major new initiative within the College of Engineering and on the
Berkeley Campus
 Joint with UC Davis, UC Merced, UC Santa Cruz, LBNL, LLNL
 Over 90 faculty from 21 departments
 Many industrial partners
 Significant State and private support
 CITRIS will focus on IT solutions to tough, quality-of-life related
problems
Outline
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Scientific Agenda Overview
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Hardware and Software Building Blocks
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New personnel and facilities
Affiliated research centers and activities
Financial Building Blocks
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Sensor Networks, Handheld devices, Wireless Networks, Clusters
Organizational Building Blocks
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Applications, Systems, Foundations
Industrial partners, funding
Current grants
Putting the Social into CITRIS
Smart Energy – one application in detail
Next steps
Scientific Agenda Overview
Technology Invention in a Social
Context: Quality of Life Impact
 Energy Efficiency
 Transportation Planning
 Monitoring Health Care
Technology Invention in a Social
Context: Quality of Life Impact
 Education
 Land and Environment
 Disaster Response
The CITRIS Model
Core
• Distributed
Info Systems
Technologies
• Micro sensors/actuators
• Human-Comp Interaction
• Prototype Deployment
Applications
• Initially Leverage Existing
Expertise on campuses
Societal-Scale Information Systems
(SIS)
Foundations
• Reliablity
• Availability
• Security,
• Algorithms
• Social, policy issues
Initial CITRIS Applications (1)
 Saving Energy
 Smart Buildings that adjust to inhabitants
 Make energy deregulation work via real-time metering and pricing
 Large potential savings in energy costs: for US commercial buildings
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Turning down heat, lights saves up to $55B/year, 35M tons C emission/year
30% of $45B/year energy bill is from “broken systems”
 Transportation Systems
 Use SISs to improve the efficiency and utility of highways while reducing pollution
 Improve carpooling efficiency using advanced scheduling
 Improve freeway utilization by managing traffic flows
 Large potential savings in commuter time, lost wages, fuel, pollution: for CA
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15 minutes/commuter/day => $15B/year in wages
$600M/year in trucking costs, 150K gallons of fuel/day
 Disaster Mitigation (natural and otherwise)
 $100B-$200B loss in “Big One”, 5K to 10K deaths
 Monitor buildings, bridges, lifeline systems to assess damage after disaster
 Provide efficient, personalized responses
 Must function at maximum performance under very difficult circumstances
Initial CITRIS Applications (2)
 Distributed Biomonitoring
 Wristband biomonitors for chronic illness and the elderly
 Monitored remotely 24x7x365
 Emergency response and potential remote drug delivery
 Cardiac Arrest
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Raise out-of-hospital survival rate from 6% to 20% => save 60K lives/year
 Distributed Education
 Smart Classrooms
 Lifelong Learning Center for professional education
 Develop electronic versions of UC Merced’s undergraduate CS curriculum
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CS3 by Summer 2002
Environmental Monitoring
Monitor air quality near highways to meet Federal guidelines
Mutual impact of urban and agricultural areas
Monitor water shed response to climate events and land use changes
Societal-Scale Systems
New System Architectures
New Enabled Applications
Diverse, Connected, Physical,
Virtual, Fluid
“Server”
“Client”
Information
Appliances
MEMS
Sensors
Massive Cluster
Gigabit Ethernet
Clusters
Scalable, Reliable,
Secure Services
Societal-Scale Information System (SIS)
 Information Utility
– Planetary-scale/non-stop; secure, reliable, highperformance access, even when overloaded, down,
disconnected, under repair, under attack
 Smart System
– Learns usage/adapts functions & interfaces
 Managing Diversity
– Component plug-and-play; integrate sensors /
actuators, hand-held appliances, workstations,
building-sized cluster supercomputers
 Always Connected
– Short-range wireless nets to high-bandwidth, highlatency long-haul optical backbones
Some SIS Design Research Problems
 Sensor network level architecture
 Culler, Pister, Rabaey, Brodersen, Boser,…
 How to program, synch, maintain sensor net
 Service architecture for distributed systems
 Katz, Joseph, Kubiatowicz, Brewer, …
 How to create, peer, interface services in real time
 Adaptive data management and query processing
 Franklin, Hellerstein, …
 How to collect, summarize, filter, index sensor data
 Human centered computing
 Canny, Hearst, Landay, Mankoff, Morgan, Feldman, …
 How to determine and support needs of diverse users
Some Foundational Research Problems
 How do we make SISs secure?
 Tygar, Wagner, Samuelson, …
 Lightweight authentication and digital signatures
 Graceful degradation after intrusion
 Protecting privacy, impact of related legislation
 How do we make SISs reliable?
 Henzinger, Aiken, Necula, Sastry, Wagner, …
 Complexity => hybrid modeling
 Multi-aspect interfaces to reason about properties
 Software quality => combined static/dynamic analysis
 How do we make SISs available?
 Patterson, Yelick, …
 Repair-Centric Design
 Availability modeling and benchmarking
 Performance fault adaptation
 What algorithms do we need?
 Papadimitriou, Demmel, Jordan, …
 Algorithm to design, operate and exploit data from SISs
Hardware and Software Building Blocks
Experimental Testbeds in UCB EECS
Soda Hall
IBM
WorkPad
Velo
Nino
Smart
Dust
LCD Displays
MC-16
Motorola
Pagewriter 2000
CF788
Smart Classrooms
Audio/Video Capture Rooms
Pervasive Computing Lab
CoLab
WLAN /
Bluetooth
Wearable
Displays
GSM
BTS
Pager
H.323
GW
Network
Infrastructure
TCI @Home
Adaptive Broadband LMDS
Millennium Cluster
Millennium Cluster
CalRen/Internet2/NGI
PicoRadio
Extending the Scope and … Pushing the Envelope
Wireless node
Offices
Entrance
Exhibits
Cafe
Smart Dust
MEMS-Scale Sensors/Actuators/Communicators
 Create a dynamic, ad-hoc network of power-aware sensors
 Explore system design issues
 Provide a platform to test Dust components
 Use off the shelf components initially
Current One-Inch Networked Sensor
Culler, Pister
 1” x 1.5” motherboard
 ATMEL 4Mhz, 8bit MCU, 512 bytes RAM, 8K pgm flash
 900Mhz Radio (RF Monolithics) 10-100 ft. range
 Radio Signal strength control and sensing
 Base-station ready
 stackable expansion connector
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all ports, i2c, pwr, clock…
 Several sensor boards
 basic protoboard
 tiny weather station (temp,light,hum,press)
 vibrations (2d acc, temp, light)
 accelerometers
 magnetometers
TinyOS Approach
 Stylized programming model with extensive static information
 Program = graph of TOS components
 TOS component = command/event interface + behavior
 Rich expression of concurrency
 Events propagate across many components
 Tasks provide internal concurrency
 Regimented storage management
 Very simple implementation
 For More see http://tinyos.millennium.berkeley.edu
Emerging “de facto” tiny system
 Feb. 01 bootcamp
 40 people
 UCB, UCLA, USC, Cornell,
Rutgers, Wash.,
 LANL, Bosch, Accenture,
Intel, crossbow
 Several groups actively developing around tinyOS on
“rene” node
 Concurrency framework has held up well.
 Next generation(s) selected as DARPA networked
embedded system tech (NEST) open platform
 Smaller building blocks for ubicomp
Micro Flying Insect
 ONR MURI/ DARPA funded
 Year 3 of 5 year project
 Professors Dickinson, Fearing (PI),
Liepmann, Majumdar, Pister, Sands, Sastry
Synthetic Insects
(Smart Dust with Legs)
Goal: Make silicon walk.
•Autonomous
•Articulated
•Size ~ 1-10 mm
•Speed ~ 1mm/s
MEMS Technology Roadmap (Pisano/BSAC)
2010
2005
2004
MEMS Micro
Sensor Networks
(Smart Dust)
2002
2003
MEMS
Immunological
Sensors
MEMS
“Mechanical” Micro
Radios
MEMS Rotary Engine
Power System
MEMS Single
Molecule Detection
Systems
Organizational Building Blocks
CITRIS Director
Prof. Ruzena Bajcsy
 Distinguished engineer, member of NAE/NIM
 Senior professor at UPenn, with appointments in CIS,
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MechE, Medical School
Established & ran major interdisciplinary research
laboratory
Major leadership & management experience in DC
federal agencies—Assistant Director, CISE, NSF
Served as Department Chair, 1986-1990
Highly influential among leaders of CS field and
national research funding circles
Strong advocate for women in technical careers
CITRIS-Affiliated Research Activities
(please send contributions!)
 International Computer Science Institute (ICSI) (5 faculty, 18 students) studies
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network protocols and applications and speech and language-based humancentered computing.
Millennium Project (15 faculty) is developing a powerful, networked
computational test bed of nearly 1,000 computers across campus to enable
interdisciplinary research.
Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center (BSAC) (14 faculty, 100 students) is a
world-leading effort specializing in micro-electromechanical devices (MEMS),
micro-fluidic devices, and “smart dust.”
Microfabrication Laboratory (71 faculty, 254 students) is a campus-wide
resource offering sophisticated processes for fabricating micro-devices and
micro-systems.
Gigascale Silicon Research Center (GSRC) (23 faculty, 60 students) addresses
problems in designing and testing complex, single-chip embedded systems
using deep sub-micron technology.
Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC) (16 faculty, 114 students) is a
consortium of companies and DARPA programs to support research in lowpower wireless devices.
CITRIS-Affiliated Research Activities
(continued)
 Berkeley Information Technology and Systems (BITS) (20 faculty, 60
students) a new networking research center will address large emerging
networking problems (EECS, ICSI, SIMS)
 Berkeley Institute of Design (BID) (10 faculty) a new interdisciplinary
center (EECS, ME, Haas, SIMS, IEOR, CDV, CED, Art Practice) to study
the design of software, products and living spaces based on the
convergence of design practices in information technology, industrial
design, and architecture
 Center for Image Processing and Integrated Computing (CIPIC)
(8 faculty, 50 students) (UCD) focuses on data analysis, visualization,
computer graphics, optimization, and electronic imaging of large-scale,
multi-dimensional data sets.
Applications-Related Current Activities
(please send contributions!)
 Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways, PATH, (20 faculty, 70
students), a collaboration between UC, Caltrans, other universities,
and industry to develop technology to improve transportation in
California.
 Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (15 faculty, 14 students)
operates, collects, and studies data from a regional seismological
monitoring system, providing earthquake information to state and
local governments.
 Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, PEER ( 25
faculty, 15 students), a Berkeley-led NSF center, is a consortium of
nine universities (including five UC campuses) working with
industry and government to identify and reduce earthquake risks
to safety and to the economy.
 National Center of Excellence in Aviation Operations Research,
NEXTOR (6 faculty, 12 students), a multi-campus center, models
and analyzes complex airport and air traffic systems.
Applications-Related Current Activities
(continued)
 Center for the Built Environment (CBE) (19 faculty/staff) provides
timely, unbiased information on promising new building
technologies and design techniques.
 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
 National Energy Research Supercomputing Center (NERSC) provides high-
performance computing tools and expertise that enable computational
science of scale
 Environmental Energy Technologies (EET) performs research and
development leading to better energy technologies and reduction of adverse
energy-related environmental impacts.
 Center for Environmental and Water Resources Engineering
(CEWRE) (9 faculty, 45 students) (UCD) applications of advanced
methods to environmental and water management problems.
Financial Building Blocks
California Institutes in Science and
Technology
 Governor Gray Davis’ Initiative
 $100M state funding for capital projects over 4 years--matched
2:1 by Federal, industrial, private support
 Focus on “hot” areas for 21st Century, limited to UC campuses
 Three initially funded:
 UCSF/UCB/UCSC (Bioinformatics)
 UCLA/UCSB (Nanotechnology)
 UCSD/UCI (Information Technology)
 UCB-led CITRIS proposal in 2001-2002 State budget
New CITRIS Facilities
Cory Hall
EECS
Soda Hall
EECS
 Cory Refurbishment (Berkeley)
 CITRIS Building (Berkeley)
 Engineering Building (Santa Cruz)
 CITRIS Network (Davis, Berkeley, Merced, SC)
Committed Support from Industry
Founding Corporate Members of CITRIS
We have received written pledges to CITRIS of over $170 million
from individuals and corporations committed to the CITRIS longrange vision
Large NSF ITR Award
 $7.5M over 5 years
 Support for 30 faculty (Berkeley, Davis) for subset of CITRIS
 2 applications:
 Energy (Rabaey, Pister, Arens, Sastry)
 Disaster Response (Fenves, Glaser, Kanafani, Demmel)
 Most SW aspects of systems, no hardware
 Service architecture (Katz, Joseph)
 Data/Query management (Franklin, Hellerstein)
 Human Centered Computing (Canny, Hearst, Landay, Saxenian)
 Data Visualization (Hamann, Max, Joy, Ma, Yoo)
 Sensor Network Architecture (Culler, Pister)
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(in original proposal, reduced support)
 Collaboration with UC Merced
 www.cs.berkeley.edu/~demmel/ITR_CITRIS
CommerceNet Incubator
 State-funded NGI (Next Generation Internet) incubator
 http://www.commerce.net
 At Bancroft/Shattuck in shared CCIT space
 http://www.path.berkeley.edu/PATH/CCIT/Default.htm
 Companies will incubate and collaborate with CITRIS faculty
and students
 Kalil, Demmel, Sastry, Teece (advisors)
 http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~demmel/CommerceNet
 Companies chosen for closeness to CITRIS
WEbS - Wireless Embedded Systems
 $2.44M from DARPA’s Networked Embedded
Systems (NEST) program
 Culler, Brewer, Wagner, Sastry, Pister, 13 students
 Development of “rene” node and tinyOS
 Upcoming Boot Camp to program nodes
Other support
 Long list, at least $27M
 More pending
 More proposals being written
Putting the “Social” into CITRIS
Courtesy of John Canny, Tom Kalil
More input requested!
Bringing the “social” into CITRIS
 CITRIS needs to engage
 Sociologists
 Economists
 Anthropologists
 Lawyers
 Political scientists
 Scholars of public policy
 Business-school faculty
…
Possible roles for Social Scientists
 Address risks (e.g. privacy of sensor nets)
 Examine deployment issues associated with SISs
 Economic, social, legal factors in rate of deployment
 User-centered design (e.g. ethnography)
 Suggest new application areas or themes
 Broader ethical, legal, social implications of the Information
Revolution
 See web page for more extensive document
 www.citris.berkeley.edu, click on “Kick Off”
Energy Efficiency
Detailed Example
The Inelasticity of California’s Electrical Supply
800
700
$/MWh
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
MW
Power-exchange market price for electricity versus load
(California, Summer 2000)
How to Address the Inelasticity of the Supply
 Spread demand over time (or reduce peak)
 Make cost of energy
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visible to end-user
function of load curve (e.g. hourly pricing)
 “demand-response” approach
 Reduce average demand (demand side)
 Eliminate wasteful consumption
 Improve efficiency of equipment and appliances
 Improve efficiency of generation and distribution
network (supply side)
Enabled by Information!
Energy Consumption in Buildings
(US 1997)
End Use
Space heating
Space cooling
Water heating
Refrigerator/Freezer
Lighting
Cooking
Clothes dryers
Color TVs
Ventilation/Furnace fans
Office equipment
Miscellaneous
Total
Residential
6.7
1.5
2.7
1.7
1.1
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.4
3.0
19.0
(Units: quads per year = 1.05 EJ y-1)
Source: Interlaboratory Working Group, 2000
Commercial
2.0
1.1
0.9
0.6
3.8
0.6
1.4
4.9
15.2
A Three-Phase Approach
 Phase 1: Passive Monitoring
 The availability of cheap, connected (wired or wireless) sensors makes it
possible for the end-user to monitor energy-usage of buildings and
individual appliances and act there-on.
 Primary feedback on usage
 Monitor health of the system (30% inefficiency!)
 Phase 2: Quasi-Active Monitoring and Control
 Combining the monitoring information with instantaneous feedback on the
cost of usage closes the feedback loop between end-user and supplier.
 Phase 3: Active Energy-Management through Feedback and
Control—Smart Buildings and Intelligent Appliances
 Adding instantaneous and distributed control functionality to the sensoring
and monitoring functions increases energy efficiency and user comfort
Smart Buildings
Dense wireless network of
sensor, control, and
actuator nodes
• Task/ambient conditioning systems allow conditioning in small,
localized zones, to be individually controlled by building occupants
and environmental conditions
• Joined projects between BWRC/BSAC, School of Architecture
(CBE), Civil Engineering, and IEOR with Berkeley and Santa Cruz
A Proof-of-Concept:
A six month demonstration, already underway!
Leaders: Pister, Culler, Trent, Sastry, Rabaey
 “Easy”:
 Fully instrument a number of buildings on campus with networked light and
temperature sensors in every room, and make the data available on a
centralized web-site.
 “Medium”:
 Make a wireless power monitor with a standard 3-prong feedthrough
receptacle so that people can monitor power consumption of electronic
devices as a function of time.
 Similar device, but passively coupled to high-power wiring to monitor total
power consumption through breaker boxes. This would give us a much finer
granularity of power-consumption details, and let us look at clusters of
rooms, floors, etc.
 Fully instrument the campus power distribution system
 “Hard”:
 Real-time monitoring and control of hundreds of power systems on campus.
Enforce compliance with load reduction. Charge/reward departments
according to their use during peak times.
Energy References
www.citris.berkeley.edu,
Click on Smart Energy
Severin Borenstein’s paper on California’s
electricity deregulation disaster
haas.berkeley.edu/~borenste/CATrouble.pdf
Next Steps
How to participate
 You probably are already (in technology)
 Get the big picture
 Application motivation important
 Participate in interdisciplinary collaborations
 On-line material
 www.citris.berkeley.edu
 www.cs.berkeley.edu/~demmel/ITR_CITRIS
 www.cs.berkeley.edu/~demmel/CommerceNet
 Other faculty pages
 Workshops
 Mote Boot Camp by Culler on Oct 17
 webs.cs.berkeley.edu/bootcamp.html
 More being planned on applications and technology
 What is the future of information technology?
 Increasingly, symbiosis with other fields, impact on society