UC Santa Cruz
Center For Information Technology Research
In The Interest Of Society
A Partnership for California’s Future
University • Industry • Government
Randy Katz, Interim Director
Jim Demmel, Chief Scientist
www.citris.berkeley.edu
Center For Information Technology Research In
The Interest Of Society
“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful committed citizens
can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.”
–Margaret Mead
 Major new initiative within the College of Engineering and on the
Berkeley Campus
 Joint with UC Davis, UC Merced, UC Santa Cruz, LBNL, LLNL
 Over 90 faculty from 21 departments
 Many industrial partners
 Significant State and private support
 CITRIS will focus on IT solutions to tough, quality-of-life related
problems
CITRIS Scientific Strategy
Societal-ScaleApplications
Applications
Societal-Scale
Societal-Scale Applications
Applications Pull
Beyond desktop
Huge scale
Can’t fail
New Distributed System Architectures
Scalable, Utility, Diverse Access
Always connected
Technology Push
Distributed intelligence
Smart displays, cameras, sensors
Technological Breakthroughs
The CITRIS Model
Core
• Distributed
Info Systems
Technologies
Applications
• Quality-of-Life Emphasis
• Initially Leverage Existing
Expertise on campuses
• Micro sensors/actuators
• Human-Comp Interaction
• Prototype Deployment
Societal-Scale Information Systems
(SIS)
Foundations
• Security, Policy
• Probabilistic Systems
• Formal Techniques
• Data management
• Simulation
• Energy Efficiency
•Transportation Systems
• Natural Disaster Mitigation
• Environmental Monitoring
• Distributed education
• Distributed biomonitoring
Fundamental Underlying Science
Initial CITRIS Applications (1)
 Saving Energy
 Smart Buildings that adjust to inhabitants
 Make energy deregulation work via real-time metering and pricing
 Large potential savings in energy costs: for US commercial buildings
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Turning down heat, lights saves up to $55B/year, 35M tons C emission/year
30% of $45B/year energy bill is from “broken systems”
 Transportation Systems
 Use SISs to improve the efficiency and utility of highways while reducing pollution
 Improve carpooling efficiency using advanced scheduling
 Improve freeway utilization by managing traffic flows
 Large potential savings in commuter time, lost wages, fuel, pollution: for CA
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15 minutes/commuter/day => $15B/year in wages
$600M/year in trucking costs, 150K gallons of fuel/day
 Natural Disaster Mitigation
 $100B-$200B loss in “Big One”, 5K to 10K deaths
 Monitor buildings, bridges, lifeline systems to assess damage after earthquake
 Provide efficient, personalized responses
 Must function at maximum performance under very difficult circumstances
Initial CITRIS Applications (2)
 Distributed Biomonitoring
 Wristband biomonitors for chronic illness and the elderly
 Monitored remotely 24x7x365
 Emergency response and potential remote drug delivery
 Cardiac Arrest

Raise out-of-hospital survival rate from 6% to 20% => save 60K lives/year
 Distributed Education
 Smart Classrooms
 Lifelong Learning Center for professional education
 Develop electronic versions of UC Merced’s undergraduate CS curriculum
Environmental Monitoring
Monitor air quality near highways to meet Federal guidelines
Mutual impact of urban and agricultural areas
Monitor water shed response to climate events and land use changes
Societal-Scale Systems
New System Architectures
New Enabled Applications
Diverse, Connected, Physical,
Virtual, Fluid
“Server”
“Client”
Information
Appliances
MEMS
Sensors
Massive Cluster
Gigabit Ethernet
Clusters
Scalable, Reliable,
Secure Services
Societal-Scale Information System (SIS)
 Information Utility
– Planetary-scale/non-stop; secure, reliable, highperformance access, even when overloaded, down,
disconnected, under repair, under attack
 Smart System
– Learns usage/adapts functions & interfaces
 Managing Diversity
– Component plug-and-play; integrate sensors /
actuators, hand-held appliances, workstations,
building-sized cluster supercomputers
 Always Connected
– Short-range wireless nets to high-bandwidth, highlatency long-haul optical backbones
Implementation & Deployment of an
Oceanic Data Information Utility
(Professor John Kubiatowicz, et. al)
 Ubiquitous devices
require ubiquitous storage
 Consumers of data move, change
access devices, work in many
different physical places, etc.
 Needed properties:
Canadian
OceanStore
Sprint
AT&T
 Strong Security
 Coherence
 Automatic replica management and
Pac IBM
Bell
optimization
 Simple and automatic recovery from
disasters
 Utility model
Confederations of (Mutually Suspicious) Utilities
IBM
Smart Dust
MEMS-Scale Sensors/Actuators/Communicators
 Create a dynamic, ad-hoc network of power-aware sensors
 Explore system design issues
 Provide a platform to test Dust components
 Use off the shelf components initially
Micro Flying Insect
 ONR MURI/ DARPA funded
 Year 2 of 5 year project
 Professors Dickinson, Fearing (PI),
Liepmann, Majumdar, Pister, Sands, Sastry
Synthetic Insects
(Smart Dust with Legs)
Goal: Make silicon walk.
•Autonomous
•Articulated
•Size ~ 1-10 mm
•Speed ~ 1mm/s
Prototype
Dust
Mote
PicoRadio
Extending the Scope and … Pushing the Envelope
Wireless node
Offices
Entrance
Exhibits
Cafe
Experimental Testbeds
Soda Hall
IBM
WorkPad
Velo
Nino
Smart
Dust
LCD Displays
MC-16
Motorola
Pagewriter 2000
CF788
Smart Classrooms
Audio/Video Capture Rooms
Pervasive Computing Lab
CoLab
WLAN /
Bluetooth
Wearable
Displays
GSM
BTS
Pager
H.323
GW
Network
Infrastructure
TCI @Home
Adaptive Broadband LMDS
Millennium Cluster
Millennium Cluster
CalRen/Internet2/NGI
Foundational Research Problems
 How do we make SISs reliable?
 Henzinger, Aiken Necula, Sastry, Wagner
 Complexity => hybrid modeling
 Multi-aspect interfaces to reason about properties
 Software quality => combined static/dynamic analysis
 How do we make SISs available?
 Patterson, Yelick
 Repair-Centric Design
 Availability modeling and benchmarking
 Performance fault adaptation
 How do we make SISs secure?
 Tygar, Wagner, Samuelson
 Lightweight authentication and digital signatures
 Graceful degradation after intrusion
 Protecting privacy, impact of related legislation
California Institutes in Science and
Technology
 Governor Gray Davis’ Initiative
 $100M state funding for capital projects over 4 years--matched
2:1 by Federal, industrial, private support
 Focus on “hot” areas for 21st Century, limited to UC campuses
 Three initially funded:
 UCSF/UCB/UCSC (Bioinformatics)
 UCLA/UCSB (Nanotechnology)
 UCSD/UCI (Information Technology)
 UCB-led CITRIS proposal in 2001-2002 State budget
Committed Support from Industry
Founding Corporate Members of CITRIS
We have received written pledges to CITRIS of over $170 million
from individuals and corporations committed to the CITRIS longrange vision
CITRIS Institute Proposal
CITRIS Leadership
 Interim Director - Randy Katz
 Associate Director and Chief Scientist - James Demmel
 Research Coordination Council
 Adib Kanafani - Applications
 David Culler - Societal Scale Information Systems
 Dave Patterson - Foundations
 Ben Yoo - Research Infrastructure
 Pamela Samuelson - Public Policy
 Manuel Castells, Annalee Saxenian - Social Impacts
 Education Coordination Council - Paul Wright chairs
 Government and Industrial Outreach – Tom Kalil
 Other Campuses
 Ben Yoo – UC Davis
 Pat Mantey – UC Santa Cruz
 David Ashley – UC Merced
 Executive Director TBD
CITRIS-Affiliated Research Activities
 International Computer Science Institute,(5 faculty, 18 students) studies
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network protocols and applications and speech and language-based humancentered computing.
Millennium Project (15 faculty) is developing a powerful, networked
computational test bed of nearly 1,000 computers across campus to enable
interdisciplinary research.
Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center BSAC (14 faculty, 100 students) is a
world-leading effort specializing in micro-electromechanical devices (MEMS),
micro-fluidic devices, and “smart dust.”
Microfabrication Laboratory (71 faculty, 254 students) is a campus-wide
resource offering sophisticated processes for fabricating micro-devices and
micro-systems.
Gigascale Silicon Research Center (23 faculty, 60 students) addresses
problems in designing and testing complex, single-chip embedded systems
using deep sub-micron technology.
Berkeley Wireless Research Center (16 faculty, 114 students) is a consortium
of companies and DARPA programs to support research in low-power
wireless devices.
Applications-Related Current Activities
 Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways, PATH, (20 faculty, 70 students), a
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collaboration between UC, Caltrans, other universities, and industry to develop
technology to improve transportation in California.
Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (15 faculty, 14 students) operates, collects,
and studies data from a regional seismological monitoring system, providing
earthquake information to state and local governments.
Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, PEER ( 25 faculty, 15
students), a Berkeley-led NSF center, is a consortium of nine universities
(including five UC campuses) working with industry and government to identify
and reduce earthquake risks to safety and to the economy.
National Center of Excellence in Aviation Operations Research, NEXTOR (6
faculty, 12 students), a multi-campus center, models and analyzes complex
airport and air traffic systems.
Human-Centered Systems: Adapting technology to people, not people to
technology (faculty from EECS, Psychology, Sociology, Education, SIMS, ME,
Business)
Bioengineering Research Center - QB3
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (NERSC, EET, …)
The Inelasticity of California’s Electrical Supply
800
700
$/MWh
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
MW
Power-exchange market price for electricity versus load
(California, Summer 2000)
How to Address the Inelasticity of the Supply
 Spread demand over time (or reduce peak)
 Make cost of energy
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visible to end-user
function of load curve (e.g. hourly pricing)
 “demand-response” approach
 Reduce average demand (demand side)
 Eliminate wasteful consumption
 Improve efficiency of equipment and appliances
 Improve efficiency of generation and distribution
network (supply side)
Enabled by Information!
Energy Consumption in Buildings
(US 1997)
End Use
Space heating
Space cooling
Water heating
Refrigerator/Freezer
Lighting
Cooking
Clothes dryers
Color TVs
Ventilation/Furnace fans
Office equipment
Miscellaneous
Total
Residential
6.7
1.5
2.7
1.7
1.1
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.4
3.0
19.0
(Units: quads per year = 1.05 EJ y-1)
Source: Interlaboratory Working Group, 2000
Commercial
2.0
1.1
0.9
0.6
3.8
0.6
1.4
4.9
15.2
A Three-Phase Approach
 Phase 1: Passive Monitoring
 The availability of cheap, connected (wired or wireless) sensors makes it
possible for the end-user to monitor energy-usage of buildings and
individual appliances and act there-on.
 Primary feedback on usage
 Monitor health of the system (30% inefficiency!)
 Phase 2: Quasi-Active Monitoring and Control
 Combining the monitoring information with instantaneous feedback on the
cost of usage closes the feedback loop between end-user and supplier.
 Phase 3: Active Energy-Management through Feedback and
Control—Smart Buildings and Intelligent Appliances
 Adding instantaneous and distributed control functionality to the sensoring
and monitoring functions increases energy efficiency and user comfort
Smart Buildings
Dense wireless network of
sensor, control, and
actuator nodes
• Task/ambient conditioning systems allow conditioning in small,
localized zones, to be individually controlled by building occupants
and environmental conditions
• Joined projects between BWRC/BSAC, School of Architecture
(CBE), Civil Engineering, and IEOR with Berkeley and Santa Cruz
A Proof-of-Concept:
A six month demonstration, already underway!
Leaders: Pister, Culler, Trent, Sastry, Rabaey
 “Easy”:
 Fully instrument a number of buildings on campus with networked light and
temperature sensors in every room, and make the data available on a
centralized web-site.
 “Medium”:
 Make a wireless power monitor with a standard 3-prong feedthrough
receptacle so that people can monitor power consumption of electronic
devices as a function of time.
 Similar device, but passively coupled to high-power wiring to monitor total
power consumption through breaker boxes. This would give us a much finer
granularity of power-consumption details, and let us look at clusters of
rooms, floors, etc.
 Fully instrument the campus power distribution system
 “Hard”:
 Real-time monitoring and control of hundreds of power systems on campus.
Enforce compliance with load reduction. Charge/reward departments
according to their use during peak times.
SUGAR - A tool for MEMS Cad
 Descendant of Spice
 Goal: Fast and just accurate enough for design
 Full FE analysis too slow
 Scope so far
 3D electromechanical simulation
 steady state, modal, transient analyses
 Widely used
 100 designers at UCB
 Universities, govt labs, industry
 www-bsac.berkeley.edu/~cfm
 Web service
Challenges in MEMS Simulation
 Better Mechanical models
 Contact
 Multiscale robustness
 Reduced order modeling
 Sensitivity analysis
 Design Optimization
 Scalability
Eigenmodes of a MEMS mirror
MEMS Resonator
A stepper motor we’d like to simulate:
challenges of contact problems
Challeges to using sensor data in seismic
modeling and disaster response
 Position/motion/moisture/chemical/temperature/GPS sensors
across civil infrastructure
 Recent NRC report
 Increase knowledge of safety of buildings, bridges, …
 Improve emergency response
 Forecast earthquake impacts
 What to do with all the data?
 Vast, noisy, partial
 Use it to drive models of structures, transport systems,…
 Where do we get the models?
Scanning in the Golden Gate Bridge
 Use existing 3D laser scanner
 St. Peter’s Basilica (“Fiat Lux” at SIGGRAPH)
 Taj Mahal, Michaelangelo’s David, Sather Tower
 Problems
 Registering multiple images
 Noise
 Meshing
 Feature extraction (materials)
 Hard to reach places
Automatically Generated 3D Model
X-ray scans of reinforced concrete