The branch of biology concerned with
the classification of organisms into
groups based on similarities of
structure, origin, etc.
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Supermarkets
BINOMIAL
NOMENCLATURE
Two Name
• Grouped
Naming
System
1750
living things by their PHYSICAL TRAITS
• Grouped things into KINGDOMS
• Gave all living things a two-part name
• Provided a ‘universal language’ for scientists
when identifying organisms
Each KINGDOM is further classified into more specific groups,
much like addresses are organized into smaller categories.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Country
State
County
Town
Neighborhood
Street
House Number
SPECIES
BACTERIA
PROTIST
FUNGUS
PLANT
ANIMAL
Number of Cells
(single/multi)
Single
Single
Multi
Multi
Multi
(except algae)
(except yeast)
Prokaryotic/
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Producer/Consumer
Both
Both
Consumer
Producer
Consumer
(decomposer)
Mobile/Non-mobile
Both
Both
Nonmobile
Nonmobile
Mobile
Cell Wall
(yes/no)
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
(Cellulose)
(Chitin)
Kingdom Phylum
Animal
Class
Order
Family
Genus Species
Chordate Mammal Primate Hominid Pan
troglodytes
Kingdom Phylum
Animal
Class
Order
Chordate Mammal carnivore
Family
Genus
Species
Felidae Pantera leo
Sunflower Wolf
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
African
Elephant
Bullfrog
Dog
Mushroom
A
B
C
D
E
KINGDOM Animailia
Animalia
Animailia
Animalia
Animailia
PHYLUM
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
Chordata
CLASS
Mammalia Mammailia
Mammalia
Mammailia
Reptilia
ORDER
Carnivora
Cetacea
Carnivora
Cetacea
Eusuchia
FAMILY
Canidae
Dolphinidae
Hyaenidae
Dolphinidae
Cercapithecidae
GENUS
Lycaun
Tursiops
Hyaena
Orcinus
Crocodylus
SPECIES
pictus
Aduncus
brunnea
orca
acutus
1. The scientific name is made up of what two classification groups?
___________________________
2. What is the scientific name of organism 2? __________________________
3. Which two organisms are most closely related? _________________ Why?
4. Which two organisms share the most traits in common? ____________________
5. What organism is most distant from all the organisms listed? ________________
6. Organism C and A are related because they share the same___________________?
7. Organism E and A are related because they share the same____________________?
8. Explain why organism B is like a human.
9. What kind of organism is a Hyaena brunnea? ____________________________
a Trusiops aduncus? ___________________
Since the Linnaean system focuses on physical
similarities alone…molecular studies (genetic
sequences) are not considered.
Genetic similarities between two species are more
likely than physical similarities to show
COMMON ANCESTORY
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Revealed genetic differences in the
DNA sequences of organisms
Classified organisms into 3 DOMAINS
•BACTERIA
•ARCHAEA
•EUKARYA
Carl Woese
Cladogram
• An evolutionary tree that suggests how species may be
related
• Over evolutionary time, certain traits in a group of species, or
clade, stay the same. Other traits change.
Derived Characters
• Derived characters are traits that are shared by some
species but not by others
• The more closely related species are, the more
derived characters they will share
• Derived characters
are shown as
hash marks
Nodes
• Each place where a branch splits is called a
node.
• Nodes represent the most recent common
ancestor shared by a clade.
What do the house cat and the turtle have in common?
What does the leopard have in common with the wolf?
What organisms are most closely related?
INTERPRETING TAXONOMY GRAPHS
1. ______ Dogs belong to the order Felidae.
2. ______ A fox belongs to the phylum Arthropoda.
3. ______ Snakes belong to the phylum Reptilia.
4. ______ Lions belong to the class mammalia
5. ______ All arthropods belong to the Class Insecta
6. ______ All rodents belong to the phylum chordata.
7. ______ All amphibians belong to the class reptilia.
8. _______ All primates are mammals.
9. _______ The class mammalia includes dogs, cats and rats.
10. ______ A lion belongs to the genus Felis.
11. ______ All mammals are primates.
12. ______ Insects and lobsters are arthropods.
In each set, circle the pair that is most closely related.
13. snakes & crocodiles | snakes & frogs
14. rats & cats | cats & dogs
15. insects & lobsters | insects & birds
16. lions & tigers | lions & cougars
17. foxes & rats | foxes & dogs
18. cats & dogs | cats & lions
19. List (use species name) all the animals pictured that belong in the Felidae family.
20. The image does not show orders of insects. Suggest three categories of insects that would likely be grouped into orders. Hint:
think about what kind of insects there are. Add your three categories to the image.
21. Bonus: Create an addition to the image given the following information.
a. Mollusks are divided into three classes: Class Cephalopoda (squids), Class Gastropoda (snails), Class Bivalve (clams
and oysters)
b. Cephalapods have a few orders, one of which is Octopoda (octopus) and and another is Teuthida (squids)
c. The scientific name for the common octopus is Octopus vulgaris.
d. The scientific name for the common european squid is Loligo vulgaris
A tool used to determine the identity of an organism
1. a. Wings covered by a hard covering (exoskeleton)…….go to 2
b. Wings not covered by exoskeleton…….go to 3
2. a. Body is round shape……Lady bug
b. Body is elongated…… Grasshopper
3.
Housefly
a. Wings point toward the back………
b. Wings point toward the sides….. Go to 4
4. a. Wings are large and broad…….
Butterfly
b. Wings are long and thin…...
Dragonfly
EXAMPLE OF A DICHOTOMOUS KEY
MONEY TAXONOMIC KEY
1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2
1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5
2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny
2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3
3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel.
3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4
4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime
4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter
1. a. Needle leaves
b. Non-needle leaves
go to 2
go to 3
2. a. Needles are clustered
b. Needles are in singlets
Pine
Spruce
3. a. Simple leaves (single leaf)
b. Compound leaves (made of “leaflets”)
go to 4
go to 7
4. a. Smooth edged
b. Jagged edge
go to 5
go to 6
5. a. Leaf edge is smooth
b. Leaf edge is lobed
Magnolia
White Oak
6. a. Leaf edge is small and tooth-like
b. Leaf edge is large and thorny
Elm
Holly
_____________
____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
7. a. Leaflets are attached at one single point Chestnut
b. Leaflets are attached at multiple points Walnut
_____________
_____________
Considering the levels of
classification, explain which
organisms share the most traits in
common?
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
Considering the levels of
classification, explain which
organisms are most closely
related.
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
DO YOU HAVE “CLASS”?
What are 2 reasons we classify things?
*For order / To find things more easily
*To show how things are similar
Who was the person who named organisms with a two-part naming system?
Carolus Linnaeus
On what one aspect was the second classification system based?
Specific Traits
What is the Latin term we use in our naming system to classify/identify organisms?
Binomial Nomenclature
What are the 7 groups of classification, (from largest to smallest)?
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Which group is the most broad? The most specific?
*Kingdom
*Species
What two groups make up the scientific names of all organisms?
Genus and species