Anthem
By Ayn Rand
(1905-1982)
Ayn Rand
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She was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, on
February 2, 1905.
She opposed the mysticism and collectivism
of Russian culture.
She witnessed both the Kerensky and
Bolshevik Revolutions during her teenage
years in Russia.
The communist victory in Russia resulted in
the confiscation of her father's pharmacy and
periods of near-starvation for her family.
When introduced to American history in her
last year of high school, she immediately took
America as her model of what a nation of free
men could be.
In late 1925 she obtained permission to leave
Soviet Russia for a visit to relatives in the
United States.
Although she told Soviet authorities that her
visit would be short, she was determined
never to return to Russia, and she never did.
Key Facts
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type of work · Novella
genre · Anti-Utopian (The world presented is the world as it
should NOT be.)
time and place written · The United States, 1937
narrator · Equality 7-2521 writes the journal of the events
as they transpire over the course of several months.
point of view · Equality 7-2521 speaks in the first person
(plural) He will refer to himself as “we” instead of “I.”
tone · Equality 7-2521 records his thoughts and actions in
a straightforward manner, with no trace of irony.
tense · Present, with some past-tense narration
Key Facts
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setting (time) · Sometime in the distant future,
after the collapse of the social order because of
the common acceptance of collectivist values
setting (place) · An unidentified city; much of the
first half of Anthem is narrated from a tunnel
underground where Equality 7-2521 is hiding, and
the second half is narrated from a forest where he
has taken refuge from a society that hates him.
protagonist · Equality 7-2521
symbols · Light; the forest; manuscripts
Key Literary Terms
Theme:
The central or dominant idea behind the story; the most
important aspect that emerges from how the book treats
the subject. In Ayn Rand’s own words, the theme of
Anthem is “The meaning of man’s ego.”
Point of View:
The position or vantage point from which the events of a
story seem to come and are presented to the reader
Setting:
When and where the short story, play, or novel takes place
Narrator:
The one who tells the story
Motif:
A recurrent device, formula, or situation that often serves
as a signal for the appearance of a character or event
Key Literary Terms
Metaphor:
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily
designates one thing is used to designate another, thus
making an implicit comparison
Flashback:
A literary or cinematic device in which an earlier event is
inserted into the normal chronological order of a narrative.
Tone:
In literature, the manner in which written words might be said
(for example, sarcastic, mild, witty, angry). Tone can be
difficult to separate from mood, but in general the tone of a
work can gradually shift (perhaps from sarcastic to ironic or
from angry to remorseful), while mood describes the feeling of
the entire piece.
Collectivism vs. Individualism
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Collectivism – the subjugation of the individual to the
group – whether to a race, class, or state does not
matter. In Anthem, Ayn Rand will present a
collectivist society that is stagnant and primitive, and
the word "I" is obsolete.
The individual . . .
is owned by the group
has no right to a private existence
has no right to lead his own life, pursue his own happiness,
or use his own property
exists only as part of the group
Collectivism in Anthem
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P 19: “We are one in all and all in one. There
are no men but only the great WE, One,
indivisible and forever.”
Collectivism vs. Individualism
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Individualism/Objectivism – regards every man as
an independent, sovereign entity who possesses an
inalienable right to his own life, a right derived from
his nature as a rational being. Individualism does
not mean that one can do whatever he feels like
doing; it means that every man or woman is an
individual and has the same rights.
The individual . . .
has rights
will not run anyone else’s life, nor let anyone run his/hers
will not rule or be ruled
will not be a master nor a slave
will not sacrifice himself/herself to anyone, nor sacrifice
anyone to himself/herself
Individualism in Anthem
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P 94: “I wished to know the meaning of
things. I am the meaning. I wished to find a
warrant for being. I need no warrant for
being, and no word of sanction upon my
being. I am the warrant and the sanction.”
P 95: “I am not a tool for their use. I am not a
servant of their needs. I am not a bandage for
their wounds. I am not a sacrifice on their
altars. I am a man.”
Altruism
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Altruism: The basic principle of altruism is
that man has no right to exist for his own
sake, that service to others in the only
justification of his existence, and that selfsacrifice is the highest moral duty, virtue and
value… which means: the self as a standard
of evil, the selfless as a standard of the good.
Altruism in Anthem
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P 18: “If you are not needed by your brother
men, there is no reason for you to burden the
earth with your bodies.”
P 46: “Indeed you are happy… how else can
men be when they live for their brothers?”
Egoism
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Egoism: Egoism states that each man’s
primary moral obligation is to achieve for his
own welfare, well-being, or self-interest… He
should be ‘selfish’ in the sense of being the
beneficiary of his own moral actions.
Egoism in Anthem
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P 86: “The only things which taught us joy
were the power we created in our wires, and
the Golden One. And both these joys belong
to us alone…”
P 95: “My happiness is not the means to any
end. It is the end. It is its own goal. It is its
own purpose.”
Conformity
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Conformity: The act or habit of bringing
oneself into harmony or agreement with
others; of adhering to conventional behavior.
Conformity in Anthem
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P 21: “It is not good to be different from our
brothers…”
Obedience
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Obedience: Complying with a demand;
yielding to those in authority
Obedience in Anthem
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P 22: You shall do that which the Council of
Vocations prescribe for you… for the Council
knows… better than you…”
Independence
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One’s acceptance of the responsibility of
forming one’s own judgments and of living by
the work of one’s own mind… is the virtue of
independence.
Independence in Anthem
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P 54: “We forget all men, all laws and all
things save our metals and our wires. So
much is still to be learned! So long a road lies
before us, and what care we if we must travel
it alone!”
P 59: “We made it. We created it. We brought
it forth from the night of the ages. We alone.
Our hands. Our mind. Ours alone and only.”
Selflessness
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Anthem dramatizes the view that the self is destroyed in a
collectivist society.
Selflessness is shown in the following ways:
 No one has a personal name because under collectivism,
individuals are interchangeable.
 To prefer one person over another (as a friend or romantic
partner) is committing the cardinal sin known as the
“Transgression of Preference.”
 It is wrong to disagree, to have independent thoughts, or to ask
questions because these things will set you apart from others.
 Self-assertion is forbidden.
 All decisions are made by the “Council” in the name of the whole.
 Individuals have no rights.
 Everything which is not permitted by the law is forbidden.
Selflessness (cont’d)
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Anthem depicts what happens to
a society that implements
selflessness. The result is what
Ayn Rand believes is a
subhuman society; what makes
human beings human is having a
self, which means having a mind.
A selfless individual is a mindless
individual.
To practice selflessness, one
must abstain from thinking and
obey one’s masters. One must
merge himself into the group and
obliterate the individual identity.
The result is a society of mindless
robots as found in Anthem.
Free Will
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When people have free will, they can make choices, make up
their own mind, makes decisions, and can direct their own lives
by the ideas and values they adopt.
In Anthem all the characters actually have free will, although
most will believe that they do not. It appears that all the
individuals are brainwashed, with no power to control their own
lives.
Even the so-called “robots” who submit to the authorities have
free will; they are robots by choice – they were not forced to obey.
They do so voluntarily.
The characters in Anthem are depressed, without hope or
ambition. They make no effort to accomplish anything and
merely go along with orders.
Ayn Rand holds that free will means “the choice to think or not.”
Most of the characters have chosen not to think.
The main character in Anthem will rely on his own judgment
rather than to take the beliefs of his leaders as automatically true.
Therefore, free will is exercised.
Motifs
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A motif is a recurrent device, formula, or
situation that often serves as a signal for the
appearance of a character or event. The
following motifs are present in Anthem.
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The use of darkness and light
The presence of ignorance and knowledge
The idea of transgression and damnation
Motifs (cont’d)
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Fear
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Naming
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Fear in Anthem characterizes those social lepers who do
not have enough sense of themselves to understand that
each individual is the center of his or her universe.
In the society in Anthem, naming is a form of identifying
one’s possessions as one’s own. For this reason, Equality
7-2521 names the Golden One on two separate occasions,
names himself, and searches relentlessly for the word “I.”
Shapelessness
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Like fear, shapelessness in Anthem connotes evil because
it illustrates a lack of willingness or ability to believe in
something and to stand behind it.
Places of Importance
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Home of Infants
Home of Students
Palace of Mating
Home of Street Sweepers, Scholars, Leaders . . .
Home of Peasants
Home of the Useless
Palace of Corrective Detention
City Cesspool
City Theater
Uncharted Forest
Key Characters & Organizations
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Equality 7-2521 > The Unconquered >Prometheus
Liberty 5-3000 > The Golden One > Gaea
Fraternity 2-5503
International 4-8818
Solidarity 9-6347
Union 5-3992
The Transgressor of the Unspeakable Word
The Saint of the Pyre
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Key Organizations:
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Council of Eugenics
Council of Vocations
World Council of Scholars
Equality 7-2521’s New Name
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Equality 7-2521
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The Unconquered
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Prometheus
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In Greek mythology,
Prometheus surpassed
all in cunning and deceit.
He held no awe for the
gods, and he ridiculed
Zeus. Prometheus was
the creator of man. He
stole fire from heaven
and gave it to his human
creations.
Liberty 5-3000’s New Name
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Liberty 5-3000
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The Golden One
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Gaea
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In Greek mythology, Gaea is known as Earth or Mother
Earth. She is considered the primeval divinity of earth, one
of the primal elements who first emerged at the dawn of
creation, along with air, sea, and sky. She was the great
mother of all.
The Ayn Rand Institute (ARI)
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The Ayn Rand Institute (ARI) is a nonprofit organization that
works to introduce young people to Ayn Rand's novels, to
support scholarship and research based on her ideas, and to
promote the principles of reason, rational self-interest, individual
rights and laissez-faire capitalism to the widest possible
audience.
The major ARI objective is to cultivate a generation of
intellectuals who will be effective advocates for the fundamentals
of reason, rational self-interest, individual rights and capitalism.
These professionals will be capable of articulating those ideas, at
the highest level, to peers and students through publishing and
teaching.
The ARI gives free copies of Ayn Rand’s novels to teachers and
classrooms all over the world.
The ARI also gives out thousands of dollars each year through its
essay contests.
http://www.aynrand.org