Theme Group 2
Experimental Physics:
Testing and Measuring Fundamental Processes
Six research areas:
particle physics, particle astrophysics,
cosmic rays, nuclei, gravity
and quantum electronics
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Theme Group 2 – Experiment - Overview
• Experimental High Energy Physics (6 teaching faculty)
– Hadron Collider Physics
• D0 at Fermilab: Hadron Collider Physics with Tevatron
• CMS at the CERN: Hadron Collider Physics with LHC
– B Physics
• BaBar at SLAC: B Physics with PEP II e+e- collider
• Experimental Nuclear Physics (4 teaching faculty)
– QCD structure of nucleons/light nuclei
• Parity violation at Jefferson Lab (G0)
• nucleon form factors (elastic, transition, in medium)
• Hypernuclei
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Theme Group 2 – Experiment (cont)
• Particle Astrophysics (3 teaching faculty)
– Milagro – Gamma Ray Astronomy at Los Alamos
– IceCube – Neutrino Astronomy at the South Pole
• Cosmic Ray Physics (1 teaching faculty)
–
–
–
–
CREAM – Balloon borne calorimeter measuring CR composition
ATIC (Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter) Balloon Experiment
BESS (Balloon borne Experiment with solenoid Spectrometer)
AMS (Alpha Magnet Spectrometer) on the Int. Space Station
• Experimental Gravity (1 teaching faculty)
– Sub-millimeter test of the inverse-square law
– Gravitational wave experiment
• Quantum Electronics (1 teaching faculty)
– Fundamental Experiments with Lasers and Atomic Clocks
– Theoretical Investigations of Curved Spacetime Gravitation
Theme Group 2
March 2005
High Energy Physics (HEP)
• Experimental Particle Physics (High Energy Physics)
– B Physics
• BaBar at SLAC
– CP Violation in B sector
– Measurements of the CKM matrix elements
– Search for Physics beyond the SM using rare decays
– Hadron Collider Physics
• D0 at Fermilab:
– Top quark
– W and Z mass and width
– QCD and Substructure, SUSY, Extra Dimensions
• CMS at the LHC
– Electroweak Symmetry Breaking: the Higgs sector
– SUSY
– Extra Dimensions or Substructure or Mini Black Holes
Theme Group 2
March 2005
High Energy Physics: Personnel
• Faculty
–
–
–
–
–
–
Drew Baden – Professor (DZero, CMS) (Fellow APS/DPF)
Sarah Eno – Associate Professor (DZero, CMS)
Nick Hadley – Professor (DZero, CMS) (Fellow APS/DPF)
Hassan Jawahery – Professor (BaBar) (Fellow APS/DPF)
Doug Roberts – Associate Professor (BaBar)
Andris Skuja– Professor (CMS, OPAL) (Fellow APS/DPF)
– Chung Y. Chang – Professor Emeritus (OPAL) (Fellow APS/DPF)
– Richard Kellogg – Senior Research Scientist (CMS, OPAL)
– Shuichi Kunori – Associate Research Scientist (DZero, CMS)
Theme Group 2
March 2005
High Energy Physics Personnel
• Post-Docs (7)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Chunhui Chen (BaBar)
Wouter Hulsbergen (BaBar)
Jeremy Mans (DZero, CMS)
Michiel Sanders (DZero, CMS)
Gabriele Simi (BaBar)
Terry Toole (DZero)
Marco Vercochi (DZero)
• Graduate Students (7)
– 3 BaBar Students
– 4 DZero Students
Theme Group 2
March 2005
High Energy Physics – Personnel (cont)
• Other Staff
– 1½ Electronics Engineers
– 1½ Administrative Assistants
• Faculty History
–
–
–
–
–
–
Skuja – 1976 (E398, E253, E665, PLUTO, OPAL, SDC, CMS)
Jawahery – 1987 (CLEO 1.5, OPAL, BABAR)
Hadley – 1988 (DZero, SDC, CMS)
Baden – 1989 (DZero, SDC, CMS)
Eno – 1993 (DZero, CMS)
Roberts – 1997 (BABAR)
Theme Group 2
March 2005
BaBar Experiment at SLAC
• Maryland group is one of the
founding Institutions of BaBar
(1993)
• Faculty: Jawahery and Roberts
• Primary goals: Study CP violation
in B decays; Test the Standard
Model Mechanism for CP
violation(The CKM Matrix) and
Search for Physics Beyond the SM
VudVub**
V
VcdVubcb*
VtdVtb*
VVcdtdVcb*
| VcdVcb|
Theme Group 2
March 2005
BaBar Experiment at SLAC (cont)
Group leadership on the BaBar Detector: Tracking
•
•
•
•
•
Co-system manager of Silicon Vertex Tracker
Co-leader of Silicon Alignment Calibration effort
Coordinator of BaBar Detector Control System & Drift Chamber Controls
Coordinator of the BaBar track reconstruction software System
Coordinator of the BaBar Vertex reconstruction Software
Theme Group 2
March 2005
BaBar Experiment at SLAC (cont)
Group leadership on Physics:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Physics Analysis Coordinator of the experiment
2001-2002
Convener of Hadronic Beauty and Charm
decays (2000-2001)
Leading group in measurements of CKM phase
alpha and direct CP violation from 2-body
charmless B decays (Test of CKM Unitarity)
Leading group in measurement of CP violation
effects in B decays in double charm final states
(Search for deviation from SM)
Leading group in measurements of TimeDependent CP violation in Radiative B decays
b->s g (Search for deviation from SM)
Elected member of BaBar Executive Board
– One of three from US universities
Theme Group 2
March 2005
HEP - Dzero Experiment at Fermilab
• Maryland group joined in 1985
• Baden, Eno, Hadley, Kunori
• Tevatron is the world’s current
highest energy machine
• Group tradition of leadership
– First physics paper
– New phenomena physics
group co-leader twice
– Top physics group co-leader
at time of discovery
– Overall Physics Convenor
– Co-head of Monte Carlo group
– Co-head of Computing and
Software (twice)
– Co-head of electroweak
physics group
– Electronics/trigger hardware
Theme Group 2
March 2005
HEP - Dzero Experiment at Fermilab (cont)
• Group leadership (cont)
– SUSY searches
– Triggermeister (twice)
– Institutional Board chair
• Current Projects
– W Mass and Width
• Key measurement
– Z Rapidity
– MC co-leader
• Gradual shift to CMS and LHC
Theme Group 2
March 2005
HEP - CMS at the LHC
• Maryland Group joined CMS in 1994
• Leadership role in CMS Hadron Calorimeter (HCAL) Construction
Installation and Commissioning
– CMS HCAL Institutional Board Chair (Skuja)
– US Project Manager of HCAL Construction and M&O (Skuja)
– Engineering Design of HCAL Barrel (Skuja + engineers)
– Design, Construction and Commissioning of Trigger/DAQ
Electronics (Baden)
– CERN Installation and Commissioning (Kellogg)
• Physics of Jets and Missing Transverse Energy
– Head of Jets/Mets PRS group (2000 to 2003) (Eno)
– Head of LHC Physics Center at FNAL (Eno)
• CMS Computing
– HCAL/CMS Data Base project (Kunori)
Theme Group 2
March 2005
HEP - CMS HB
Prof. Skuja is US HCAL Project
Manager
Both HCAL half-barrels are
complete and in their alcove
positions at the CMS surface
hall (SX5).
Electronics is being installed on
the detector.
After a burn-in period,
integration operations will
begin and continue until the
CMS magnet test at the end of
2005.
The Calorimeter will be
lowered into UX5 in mid 2006.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
HEP – CMS/HCAL Electronics
• Everything after digitization and before raw data collection and triggering
• Primary functions:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Receiver cards for serial fiber input and deserialization
Maintain 40MHz data pipeline
Transmit to Level 1 Trigger system for decision
Concentrate accepted events
Monitoring system status, errors, etc.
Deliver luminosity calculation
• To LHC machine for beam tuning
• For physics analysis (sensitivity)
CMS
Hadron
Calorimeter
Analog
Digitize
Signals
Fibers
Trigger/DAQ
PCI
CPU
Farm
Level 1
Trigger
Theme Group 2
March 2005
High Energy Physics
• Awards and Recognition (in addition to positions on experiments)
– Baden
• APS Fellow 2005
• SSC Fellowship 1991
• Associate Chair for Facilities and Personnel 1999-present
– Eno
• DOE Outstanding Junior Investigator Award (OJI) 1994-1999
• Executive Committee of the Division of Particles and Fields APS 2005-present
– Hadley
• APS Fellow 1997
• Secretary-Treasurer of the Division of Particles and Fields of APS 2001-2003
• Served as member Program Advisory Committees BNL, Cornell, Fnal
• Chair, Fermilab Users Executive Committee 1994-1995
– Jawahery
• APS Fellow 2005
• Associate Editor of Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
• Member: Particle Data Group (B Physics)
– Roberts
• Associate Chair for Undergraduate Education 2004-present
– Skuja
• APS Fellow 1998
Theme Group 2
March 2005
High Energy Physics
• Funding
– DOE Group grant, $1.5M/year
– CMS funding for both construction and M&O (maintenance and
operations) $2.2M over last 3 years, one-time construction funding
• Limiting Issues
– Lack of University funded support for well-established mainstream
groups
• No matching resources for CMS Tier2 proposal
• Difficult to start new efforts due to lack of suitable infrastructure
– Quality/Quantity of space
• Computing space is limited
• Post-doc, Grad Student & Visitor space is tight
• Department sequestered 1100 sq.ft. of lab space from HEP
– Puts limits on immediate new initiatives
Theme Group 2
March 2005
High Energy Physics
• Collaborations
– Babar
• 600 Physicists
• SLAC
– DZero Collaboration
• 600 Physicists
• Fermilab
– CMS
• Multinational effort of about 1B CHF (20% from US)
• 1500 Physicists and Engineers (20% from US)
• CERN
– Data taking begins in late 2007
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Experimental Nuclear Physics
• Faculty (continuing)
– Elizabeth Beise – Professor (G0)
– James Kelly – Professor (nucleon form factors)
– Herbert Breuer – Associate Research Scientist (G0)
• Faculty (retiring July, 2005)
– Chia-Cheh (George) Chang – Professor (hypernuclei)
– Philip Roos – Professor (G0)
• Post-Docs
– Fatiha Benmokhtar (G0)
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Experimental Nuclear Physics
• Graduate Students
– 2 G0
– 1 pion form factor
• Other Staff
– 1/2 administrative assistant
• Faculty History
–
–
–
–
–
–
Roos – 1967-2005
Chant – 1972-2002
(now assoc. chair grad prog.)
Chang – 1974-2005
Kelly – 1984
Beise – 1993
Current search for fall 2005
Theme Group 2
March 2005
ENP recent students & postdocs
Postdocs (since 95)
F. Duncan (staff SNOLAB)
A. Lung
(asst. director, JLab)
M. Jones (JLab staff)
L. Ewell (medical physics)
D. Brown
P. King
(postdoc, Illinois)
F. Benmokhtar (current)
PhD students 98-05
R. Mohring (scientist, Millenniumcell)
K. Gustafsson (Finnish Patent Bureau)
D. Spayde (Grinnell College)
N. Savvinov (postdoc, Bern)
current: Tanja Horn, Jianglai Liu, Colleen Ellis
(also supported 3 international students)
Undergraduates (98-05)
D. McGreggor
A. Yagi
L. Clevenger
D. Badiei-Boushehri
A. Cortes
R. Ott
T. Brandt
*A. Parker
*K. Rossato
Theme Group 2
C. Innes
J. Stone
T. Horn
A. Chen
M.-C. Herda
L. West
P. Clore
*K. Kiriluk
*E. Andrade
* current
March 2005
Nuclear Physics - Research Program
• QCD structure of matter
–
–
–
–
–
Polarized electron scattering at JLab
Parity violation + hadron structure
Nucleon Form Factors (elastic, transition)
pion charge distribution
hypernuclei
G0 spectrometer
in Hall C at JLab
Neutron polarimeter for GEn
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Parity Violation and Strange Quarks (past)
•
Strange quarks unique window into
nucleon’s quark-antiquark sea
•
directly accessible through weak
interaction, use parity nonconservation
g
e

p e
g
p
2
5% contribution
SAMPLE: first measurement of s-quark contribution to proton’s magnetic moment
(Spayde, Beise, et al Phys Lett B 2004)
First determination of proton’s anapole structure (e-quark axial couplings)
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Parity Violation and Strange Quarks (present)
•
G0 Experiment at JLab
•
Provide spatial map of s-quark
contributions to charge/magnetism
over wide Q2 range.
•
Phase I completed 2004
•
Phase II 2006-8
Roos: deputy spokesperson
Beise: computation mgr, controls for liquid hydrogen target, luminosity det.
Breuer: major role in detector construction and commissioning
Postdocs: leading efforts in DAQ/analysis
grads/undergrads involved in various aspects of construction, R&D
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Nucleon Elastic Form Factors
• Renaissance using polarization
methods
– proton charge broader than
magnetization
– first precise data for GEn
– UMd role in GEn @ JLab
• Savvinov: thesis on pol. d
• Kelly: led recoil pol. analysis
• Future Directions
– larger Q2, higher resolution
– proton: onset of scaling sensitive to
L
– neutron: sensitive to deformation
• Kelly: co-spokesperson for
neutron recoil polarization
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Nucleon Transition Form Factors
Kelly: co-spokesperson, physics analyses
• Recoil polarization
– sensitive to phase between
resonant and nonresonant
(dashed) contributions
– angular distribution  multipole
analysis
– minimal model dependence
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Experimental Nuclear Physics
• Funding
– current NSF grant: 1.5 M$ for 2002-2005
– pending NSF proposal: 1.7 M$ for 2005-2008
• Future plans
– hire assistant professor in new research area, e.g. neutrino
physics, fundamental symmetries, QCD
• strong applicant pool!
– complete G0 program
– extend GEn to higher Q2
– transition from JLab to new area (s)
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Experimental Nuclear Physics
•
Awards, Recognition, and Science Community Service
–
Beise
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
–
APS Fellow 2001
Nuclear Science Adv. Comm (NSAC) 1999-2001
DNP committees (Exec., Program, Summer School,…)
NSF Young Investigator Award 1995-99
Maria Goeppert-Mayer Award 1998
APS Centennial Speaker 1998-99
Assoc. Editor Nucl. Phys. A 1999Phys. Rev. C Editorial Board 2005NSF Program Director for Nuclear Physics, 2004-
Kelly
• J. Robert Oppenheimer Fellowship (1983-4)
• LANL PACs
–
Roos
•
•
•
•
•
APS Fellow 1985
NSAC membership
NSF program director for Nuclear Physics 1993-95
DNP committees
LANL, IUCF PACs
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Experimental Nuclear Physics
• Limiting Issues
– Aging faculty
• Has limited our ability to move to new areas
• two retirements imminent; 1 search in progress
– space
• protracted recovery from fire/move, impacted our ability to
take on new hardware projects
• New laboratory now complete (lost meeting space)
– Shop charges
• Hard to compete for big hardware projects
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Particle Astrophysics
• Faculty
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Jordan Goodman – Professor (Ice3, Milagro)
Kara Hoffman – Assistant Professor (Ice3)
Greg Sullivan – Associate Professor (Ice3, Milagro)
Andrew Smith – Assistant Research Scientist (Milagro)
Tyce DeYoung – Assistant Research Scientist (Ice3)
Erik Blaufuss - Assistant Research Scientist (Ice3)
Robert Ellsworth – Visiting Professor (GMU) (Ice3, Milagro)
David Berley – Visiting Professor (Ice3, Milagro)
• Post-Docs
–
–
–
–
Curtis Lansdell (Milagro)
Alex Olivas (Ice3)
Dusan Turcan (Ice3)
TBH (Ice3)
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Particle Astrophysics
• Graduate Students
– 3 IceCube Students (adding a 4th)
– 2 Milagro Students
• Other Staff
– 3 software/computer support (2.5 Ice3, .5 Milagro)
– 1 administrative assistant
• Faculty History
– Goodman – 1980
– Sullivan – 1995
– Hoffman – 2004
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Particle Astrophysics - Research Program
• IceCube
– Neutrino Astrophysics
– Status
– Maryland’s role (16 people)
• Milagro
– GRBs
– Diffuse Sources
– Maryland’s role (8 people)
• Super-Kamiokande
– Neutrino Oscillations
– Phased out in ’03-’04 as Ice3 ramped up
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Particle Astrophysics - Research Program
• IceCube
– Neutrino Telescope of 1km3 instrumented volume
• Detect neutrinos of 100 GeV – 1021 eV
• Astrophysical neutrino sources
– AGN, GRB, Diffuse (Cosmic Ray origins)
– WIMP searches, neutrino oscillation studies
– MRE approved and 1st construction season complete
• Set up and operated the Hot Water Drill
– Drilled to design (2450m depth)
• Deployed first String
– All DOMs functioning and being read out
– Planning and production for full construction.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Particle Astrophysics - Research Program
• IceCube (cont’d)
– 1st String
– Maryland’s Role
• Major role in the scientific and project leadership
– 16 scientific staff (2nd largest), L2 and L3 managers
– Responsibilities in Online filtering, Offline software
systems, simulation, reconstruction, deployment …
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Particle Astrophysics - Research Program
• Milagro
– Gamma Ray Observatory
• All sky ~1 TeV gamma-ray observatory in New Mexico
• AGN, GRB flaring TeV sources, extended TeV sources,
Galactic TeV sources
1 TeV g-ray
• High energy (~1 TeV) gamma-rays
interact in the top of the atmosphere
• A shower of secondary particles is
developed in the atmosphere
• A shower-front of the particles hit the
ground & is detected in Milagro
Milagro
Pond
• The relative arrival times of the
shower-front determines the direction
of the original 1 TeV gamma-ray.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Particle Astrophysics - Research Program
• Milagro (cont’d)
– Results
Milagrito
GRB
970417a
MRK 501
MRK 421 Flare
Inner galaxy
CRAB
– Maryland’s Role
• Goodman is Spokesperson
• Lead Institution
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Particle Astrophysics
• Funding
– Milagro Funding
• $1.7M detector operations funding from NSF (’04-’07)
• $1.4M NSF grant funding for UM (’03-’06)
– IceCube Funding
• $240M MRE Project funding from the NSF administered
through the U of Wisconsin
• Maryland is 2nd largest University group
– $1.2M - $1.5M per year project funding for personnel.
Equipment varies by construction year.
– $1.2M NSF grant renewal pending ’05-’08
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Particle Astrophysics
• Collaborations
– Milagro Collaboration
• 35 Physicists
• Los Alamos National Lab
• UC Irvine, UC Santa Cruz, GMU, NYU, MSU, UNH
– IceCube
• 100+ Physicists
• Wisconsin, UM, UCB, PSU, LBNL …
• NSF/Raytheon Polar Programs
• Germany, Sweden, Belgium, UK, Japan, NZ …
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Particle Astrophysics
• Awards and Recognition
– Goodman
• APS Fellow
• Richtmyer Memorial Lecture Award – AAPT
• Kirwan Award – UM
• Distinguished Scholar Teacher – UM
– Sullivan
• Ferrell Fellowship – UM
• SSC Fellowship
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Particle Astrophysics
• Limiting Issues
– Quality/Quantity of space issues
• Computing space
• Post-doc, Grad student & programmer space
• Meeting space
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Cosmic Ray Physics
http://cosmicray.umd.edu/homepage
•
•
•
•
•
Faculty
– Eun-Suk Seo (UMD 1991), Assoc. Professor (BESS, ATIC, CREAM, AMS)
– Opher Ganel (UMD 1997), Assis. Research Scientist (ATIC, CREAM)
– Vladimir Ptuskin, Visiting Research Scientist, IZMIRAN Moscow, (Theory)
Post-Docs (5)
– Moo Hyun Lee (BESS, CREAM)
– Alexander Malinin (AMS)
– Ramin Sina (Theory)
– Hoseok Ahn (ATIC, CREAM)
– Sonny Zinn (BESS, CREAM)
Graduate Students (9)
– 7 CREAM Students
– 1 BESS Student
– 1 ATIC Student
Undergraduate Student
– 1 computer system manager
Other Staff
– 1 faculty research assistant for software, 1 electrical engineer
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Cosmic Ray Physics - Research Program
•
•
This group’s research employs
satellite and balloon-borne
instruments to make direct
measurements of cosmic ray
particles from space over more than
seven orders of magnitude of the
cosmic-ray energy spectrum.
BESS
ATIC
Research projects address three basic
themes:
CREAM
– Searches for exotic matter such as
antimatter and dark matter;
– Precise measurements of galactic
AMS
cosmic rays in the energy range
where they are most abundant
(~108 to ~1012 eV) to understand their
ground based
origin, acceleration, and propagation;
and
– Precise measurements with large
Seo Group
aperture instruments at higher
P-Astro Group
energies (~1012 to ~1015 eV) where Space Physics
the fluxes are extremely low, in order
to explore the limit of supernova
shock wave acceleration.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Cosmic Ray Physics - Research Program
•
•
•
•
CREAM (Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass) Balloon Experiment
– Explore supernova acceleration limit, Understanding of cosmic ray propagation
history, extends ATIC measurements to higher energies
– First flight set a new duration record of 42 days; CREAM-II under construction
– Maryland’s role: overall management of the mission as PI, design and construction of
the calorimeter module and common electronics including master trigger, command,
power, flight software etc.
ATIC (Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter) Balloon Experiment
– High energy composition; fill the data gap in the TeV energy region
– 16-day flight in 2000, 20-day flight in 2002, planned for Dec. 2005 flight
– Maryland’s role: Detector design, Monte Carlo simulations, Data processing,
distribution and analysis (UMD produces official data sets)
BESS (Balloon borne Experiment with Superconducting solenoid Spectrometer)
– Antimatter/Dark matter Search
– Annual 1-day flights 1993-2003, 8.5-day flight in 2004; best antiproton spectra
– Maryland’s role: Time-of-Flight counter assembly/test, data analysis particularly
spectral analysis of proton & He including isotopes
AMS (Alpha Magnet Spectrometer) on the International Space Station
– Antimatter/Dark matter Search
• Scheduled for Jan 2008 launch; the largest magnet spectrometer in space
• Maryland’s role: Simulations, Ring Imaging Cherenkov counter Development,
– AMS-01 (Shuttle flight 1998) - Data interpretation
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Cosmic Ray Physics - Research Program
•
This group’s precision measurements fill the
gap between the space and ground based
research activities of other groups on campus.
•
The ATIC, BESS, and CREAM balloon-borne
instruments are based on particle detectors like
those used at accelerators, but the payloads are
like large space experiments.
•
The instruments are for the most part built inhouse by students and young scientists, many
of them currently working in the on-campus
laboratory.
•
The CREAM Science Operation Center at UMD
remotely controls the instruments in flight by
sending commands and receiving data via
satellite.
•
This group has a unique strength of having all
the data from ATIC, BESS and CREAM, which
cover 7 decades in energy 108 – 1015 eV.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Cosmic Ray Physics - Funding
Funding ($)
Currently ~ $1.5 M/yr from NASA & NSF
1,800,000
1,600,000
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
RICH
AMS
PECASE
BESS
ACCESS
ATIC
CREAM
Year
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Cosmic Ray Physics - Collaborations
•
•
•
•
CREAM
– ~40 Physicists
– U of Chicago, PSU, OSU, UMN; INFN-Pisa, Siena, Italy; LPSCGrenoble France; EWU-Seoul, KPNU-Taegu, KAIST-Taejon, Korea
ATIC
– ~25 Physicists
– LSU, NASA MSFC; MSU-Moscow, Russia; MPI-Lindau, Germany
BESS
– ~50 Physicists
– NASA GSFC; KEK-Tsukuba, Tokyo U, Kobe U, ISAS, Japan
AMS
– ~350 Physicists
– MIT, Yale,....; INFN-Bologna, Italy; LPSC-Grenoble, France; CIEMATMadrid, Spain; LIP-Lisbon, Portugal etc.
* Also work with CERN for beam tests; NASA GSFC Wallops Flight Facility,
National Scientific Balloon Facility, NSF Office of Polar Programs, and
Raytheon Polar Services Company for Antarctic balloon flights; and
contractors including Swales Aerospace.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Cosmic Ray Physics - Awards and Recognition
•
Seo received a Presidential Early
Career Award for Scientists and
Engineers in 1997
•
The record breaking flight of
CREAM in 2004 got international
media coverage following NASA
press release :
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
NASA press release #05-031(1/28/05),
“NASA research balloon makes recordbreaking flight”
SpaceRef.com
SpaceFlight Now
Live Science
New Scientist
Space Daily
PhysOrg.com
Unexplainable.net
Technocrat.net
WESR Radio
Chosun Daily
The Antarctic Sun
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Cosmic Ray Physics - Limiting Issues
• Quality/Quantity of space issues
– Internet speed
• Bottle neck of 10 Mbps between offices severely limits
Science Operation Center’s efficiency.
– Lab
• Environment control (temperature, humidity...)
• Maintenance (leaky ceiling, cleaning frequency...)
• No high bay lab for payload integration
– Location of the group
• Distance from physics building limits interactions
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Gravity Experiment
• Experiments
– Submillimeter test of the inverse-square law (ISL)
– Gravitational wave experiment (GW)
– Applications of superconducting gravity gradiometer (SGG)
• Faculty
– Ho Jung Paik – Professor (ISL, GW, SGG)
– M. Vol Moody – Associate Research Scientist (ISL, SGG)
• Graduate Students
– 1 ISL Student
– 1 GW Student
• Other Staff
– 1 electronics/computer support
– 1 mechanical engineer
• Faculty History
– Paik – 1978
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Gravity Experiment - Research Program
• ISL test
– Gauss’s law test at 1 m (1980-1993):
• 1/r2 law  2 = 4G.
• Detector: 3-axis SGG (2 = 0?)
•   2  10-4 (best limit at 1 m)
– New null test at 100 m (2002):
• Source: plane slab, detector: 1-axis SGG.
• 1/r2 law   = const outside of the slab.
• Will probe extra dimensions to < 10 m.
102
Gauss’s Law Detector
Long et al. (2003)
String Theory
Hoyle et al.
(2004)
COUPLING ||
100
10-2
Ground
10-4
Axion
ISLES
10-63
Moody & Paik, PRL (1993)
5
10-5
2
5
10-4
RANGE  (m)
2
Theme Group 2
5
10-3
March 2005
Gravity Experiment - Research Program
• GW experiment
– S/C transducer for Allegro (1995)
• Maryland 2-mode transducer is currently
operating on Allegro.
• Advanced 3-mode transducer is under
construction: f = 100 Hz.
Calculated Strain Spectrum of 4 Transducers
-1/2
Strain Sensitivity ([Hz] )
1.0E-18
LSU 2-mode
1.0E-19
UMD 2-mode
1.0E-20
LSU 3-mode
1.0E-21
Current design
UMD 3-mode
1.0E-22
800
850
900
950
1000
Frequency (Hz)
– LISA accelerometer noise analysis (2004• Collaboration with JPL and Stanford.
Theme Group 2
)
March 2005
Gravity Experiment - Research Program
• SGG applications
– Airborne and vehicle-borne gravity survey
• Geophysics and resources prospecting.
• Detection of hidden masses and voids.
– Moon/Mars exploration
• Orbital gravity survey to locate cavities.
• Advanced seismometry for planetary
science and search for strange quark matter.
Gravity signal from a
200-m diameter lava
tubes at h = 50 km
500 km x 500 km
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Gravity Experiment - Research Program
• Future Directions
– ISLES (Inverse-Square Law Experiment in Space)
• Probe extra dimensions down to a few m.
• Search for the axion (dark matter candidate).
– Participation in LIGO, LISA and BBO (Big Bang Observer)
• Cooling and vibration isolation of the advanced LIGO.
• LISA accelerometer noise analysis and measurement
– Search for strange quark matter on the Moon
• In collaboration with lunar scientists, develop and deploy
super-sensitive seismometers on the Moon.
• Measure the seismic background to evaluate the potential of
the Moon as a massive gravitational wave detector.
– SGG applications for Moon/Mars exploration
• Develop gravity mapping missions to the Moon and Mars.
• Probe extra dimensions to a few m.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Gravity Experiment
• Funding
– ISL test
$125K/yr from NSF, $100K/yr from NASA
– GW experiment
$120K/yr from NSF, $65K/yr from JPL
– SGG applications
$100K/yr from JPL, $350K/yr from DoD (past 2 years)
$600K/yr from industry (under negotiation)
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Gravity Experiment
• Collaborations
– ISL ground and space experiments
• 5 Physicists
• JPL
– GW transducer development
• 10 Physicists
• LSU, JPL
– LISA accelerometer analysis
• 10 Physicists
• JPL, University of Trento
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Gravity Experiment
• Awards and Recognition
– Paik
• APS Fellow
• Distinguished Visiting Scientist at JPL
• President of the Association of Korean Physicists in America
• Limiting Issues
– Group has been left under critical mass too long!
• Last faculty hire in 1978
• Two senior faculty members (Weber, Richard) retired in 1989
and 1995
• New faculty hire planned for 2006, in the area of LIGO and
LISA.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics: Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
• Fundamental Experiments with Lasers and Atomic Clocks
– Laser Ranging to Retro-Reflectors on the Moon and on Artificial
Earth Satellites
– Proper Time Effects Caused by Gravitational Potential and by Motion
– One-Way Speed of Light Comparison between the East-West and
West-East Directions on the Rotating Earth
– Quantum Optics: Delayed Choice; Entangled Photon States
•
• Theoretical Investigations of Curved Spacetime Gravitation
– Exact Comparisons of the Metric Solutions of Einstein and of Yilmaz
– Numerical Integration of the Two-Body Problem in the Yilmaz Theory
(Research just beginning)
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics: Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
• Faculty
– Carroll Alley -- Professor
– Hüseyin Yilmaz – Visiting Professor (Hamamatsu Photonics and Tufts U.)
– Yan Hua Shih – Visiting Professor (UM Baltimore County)
• Post-Docs
– None
•
Graduate Students
–1 (Quantum Optics)
•Other Staff
–Part-time Electronics Engineer
•Faculty History
–Alley – 1963
–Yilmaz – 1988
–Shih – 1993
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics - Research Themes
• New Experiments Bearing on the Foundations of
Gravitational and Quantum Physics using the evolving
techniques of Quantum Electronics
• Theoretical Studies of the Foundations of Gravity as
Curved Spacetime using exact evaluations of the
quantities associated with various Metrics
• The Motivation is to Help Resolve the Central Problems
of Contemporary Physics
– Incompatibility between General Relativity & Quantum Theory
– Lack of Comprehension of Quantum Mechanics
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics - Some Accomplishments
•
Principal Investigator Group for the Apollo 11 Laser
Ranging Retro-Reflector Experiment during the
proposal, design and early operational phases.
•
The Most Significant Physics Results of 35 years of continuous
Lunar Laser Ranging are the following:
– The massive bodies Earth and Moon fall to the Sun with the
same acceleration. That is, gravitational binding energy
gravitates like the
mass equivalent of other energy (the Strong Principle of
Equivalence)
– The Brans-Dicke Scalar-Tensor Theory fails since it predicts
different accelerations for the Earth and the Moon toward the
Sun
– General Relativity can not account for the measurements since
it lacks both N-Body interactive solutions and the localization of
gravitational field energy needed to calculate binding energy
– The gravitational theory of Yilmaz is required to describe the
measurements
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics - Some Accomplishments
•
Effects of gravitational potential and motion on proper
time measured with Atomic Clocks
– Local measurements from five 15 hour aircraft flights
over the Chesapeake Bay. Short pulses of laser used
to implement Einstein’s prescription for remote time
comparison. Accuracy ~1% for gravitational potential
effect; ~10% for much smaller motional effect.
– No difference found for clock rates at different latitudes
on the oblate rotating Earth (Thule, Greenland,
compared to Washington, DC): Change in
gravitational potential compensates velocity change.
– No difference found for clock rates between northern
and southern hemispheres at the time of the summer
solstice (Christchurch, New Zealand, compared to
Washington, DC): Difference in solar gravitational
potential is compensated by acceleration of Earth
toward Sun. Experimental realization of Einstein’s
accelerated elevator gedanken experiment.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics - Some Accomplishments
•
First Direct Comparison of the One-Way
Speed of Light between the East-West and
West-East Directions of the Rotating Earth
–
Pulses of laser light were sent from the Goddard
Space Flight Center to the U. S. Naval Observatory
utilizing a mirror on top of the Washington National
Cathedral and sent back by a retro-reflector array.
The sending and receiving times were recorded by a
hydrogen maser atomic clock.
–
A second hydrogen maser atomic clock was carefully
transported from the GSFC to the USNO and the
time of arrival (and reflection by an adjacent retroreflector) of the laser pulse recorded by the
transported clock.
–
Nine repetitions showed the difference between the
EW and WE transit times to be no greater than 100
ps, the limitation being systematic errors of unknown
origin. Unfortunately this is the amount to be
expected if the speed of light is affected by the
surface speed of ~350 m/s.
–
The isotropy of the speed of light was not established
by these experiments. It is hoped to redo them with
higher precision and reduced systematic errors in the
in the future.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics - Some Accomplishments
•
First Experimental Realization of the Delayed Choice Phenomenon of
Quantum Mechanics
Strongly attenuated 100 ps duration
pulses from a frequency doubled
neodymium YAG laser were used to inject
single photons into a 12 ns long Mach-Zehnder
interferometer.
A Pockels cell polarization switch allows a
delayed random choice to be made between a
“which path” or a “both paths” configuration.
The absence of interference fringes for
the “which path” measurements and the
presence of fringes for the “both paths”
information was exhibited even though the
choice was made well after the splitting of
the pulse at the first beam splitter and just
before the final detection event.
In the opinion of Professor John Wheeler
this is the strangest of all the strange properties
of Quantum Mechanics. In a sense,
“a measurement now determines
what shall have been in the past.”
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics - Some Accomplishments
•
First Experimental Measurement of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm
Correlations using the Entangled Two-Photon State produced by
Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion (SPDC)
The entangled two-photon polarization EPR state first
proposed by Professor David Bohm in his Princeton
Quantum Mechanics course was realized using
Type I SPDC. (1986 Maryland Ph.D. thesis of
Yan Hua Shih.) The Bell inequalities were observed.
The work was reported at the 1986 Hitachi Conference
in Tokyo on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
and has influenced much subsequent quantum optics
research.
Yan Hua Shih became a full professor of physics
at the University of Maryland Baltimore County
in 1996. Collaborative research at UMBC
Includes Type II SPDC entanglement,
“quantum eraser” delayed choice, “ghost
Our main goal is ultimately to understand quantum
images,” N-photon reduction of the diffraction
mechanics, not just to exploit its strange properties.
limit and experiments on the Sagnac Effect.
Quantum computing may require such comprehension.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics - Some Accomplishments
•
Some results of the extensive exploration with symbolic computer calculations
(Mathematica) of the differences between general relativity and the curved spacetime
theory of Hüseyin Yilmaz
–
The Yilmaz theory solves the long-standing problem in GR of the absence of a true tensor for
the localization of the gravitational field stress-energy
–
It accomplishes this by modifying the right hand side of the Einstein-Hilbert field equations to
include explicitly this tensor, added to the usual matter tensor
1
2
Einstein-Hilbert
curvature tensor
G 
4  GN
c4


missing in


t
    general relativity
stress-energy
tensor of matter
stress-energy tensor
of the gravitational field
t    -     12     
(expression for the
low velocity limit)
This fundamental modification of the field equations of general relativity,
“Gravity Gravitates,”
has many consequences of great importance
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics - Some Accomplishments
•
The Yilmaz theory has exact N-Body interactive solutions which is not the
case for GR
2
-2
ds  c d  e c dt - e
2
2
2
c
2
2
2
c2
dx
2
 dy2  dz 2


r
G m
 x   r N rA C
A x - xA
Using the Freud/Yilmaz identity, the field equations, and the Bianchi identity,
it can be shown that the rate of change of the four-momentum of a massive particle
is given by
dp
d


 12   g    t  
1
-g
 ( -g t  )
The interaction is carried by the gravitational field stress-energy tensor, just as it is
carried by the Faraday/Maxwell field stress-energy tensor in electrodynamics
.
In its absence, as is the case for general relativity, there is no interaction
Exact two-body solutions in GR have been found which explicitly exhibit no interaction
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics - Some Accomplishments
•
Other important properties of the Yilmaz Theory
– Compact objects are allowed. However, they are without “event horizons” and
internal singularities. Radiation can escape into a narrow cone about the radial
direction and will be strongly red-shifted.
– There are no “Black Holes” in the sense of event horizons.
– Exact multi-mode gravity wave solutions exist which actually carry energy and
momentum, in contrast to their absence in GR. The new theory possesses the
analog of the Poynting theorem in electrodynamics.
– There is an energy-momentum conservation law as in special relativity. GR is
limited to conservation of rest mass.
– The theory is a gauge field theory with a two-index gauge potential obeying
similar equations as the four-potential of electrodynamics. This fact seems to
allow quantization with Feynman rules as in electrodynamics.
–
The theory has a many-body Hamiltonian in the low velocity limit and describes
satisfactorily all of the known gravitational tests.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics
• Future Plans
– Revive the experiment directly comparing the one-way speeds of light EW
vs WE on the rotating Earth
• Is the speed of light locally isotropic for an accelerated observer in a
gravitational field?
• Collaboration with the Goddard Space Flight Center Laboratory for
High Energy Astrophysics (Zaven Arzoumanian) and
the U. S. Naval Observatory.
– Numerical Integration of the exact two-body equations of motion in the
Yilmaz theory to provide the gravitational wave form.from the final in-spiral
of compact objects
• Collaboration with William Dorland of our Plasma Physics Theory
group and our Center for Scientific Computing and Mathematical
Modeling.
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Quantum Electronics
• Funding
– none at present
• Awards and Recognition
– Alley
• NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal
• Optical Society of America Traveling Lecturer
• Designated by the Maryland Academy of Sciences during the
1976 Centennial celebration as one of two outstanding 20th
Century Maryland scientists
Theme Group 2
March 2005
Summary- Theme Group 2
• Six research areas (particle physics, particle
astrophysics, cosmic rays, nuclei, gravity
and quantum electronics)
– Recognized leaders in their experiments/fields
– Strong past accomplishments and future plans
• Theme: infrastructure is a problem
Theme Group 2
March 2005