U.S. History 1877-Present
3rd Nine Week Benchmark Test Review
Power Point
(use along with Study Guide if needed)
USII.2a: The Great Plains
1. Physical features and climate
of the Great Plains:
• Flatlands that rise gradually from east to
west
• Land eroded by wind and water
• Frequent dust storms
• Low rainfall
USII.2a: The Great Plains
2. Technological advances allowed
people to live in more challenging
environments.
3. Because of new technologies,
people saw the Great Plains not as a
“treeless wasteland” , but a vast area
to be settled.
USII.2a: The Great Plains
4. The 8 inventions/adaptations of the
Great Plains:
*barbed wire
*steel plows
*dry farming
*sod houses
*beef cattle raising
*wheat farming
*windmills
*railroads
USII.2b: Advances in Transportation
5. Advances in transportation linked
resources, products, and markets by:
a. Moving natural resources such as
copper and lead to eastern factories.
b. Moving iron ore deposits to sites of
steel mills in Pittsburgh
c. Transporting finished products to
national markets.
USII.2b: Advances in
Transportation
6. Three examples of manufacturing areas that were
located near centers of population included:
a. Textile in New England (Northeast)
b. Automobile in Detroit (Midwest)
c. Steel in Pittsburgh (Northeast)
USII. 2c: States and Regions
7. States in the Northeast: (9)
Maine
Vermont
New Hampshire
Connecticut
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
USII.2c: States and Regions
8. States in the Southeast: (14)
Maryland
Delaware
West Virginia
Virginia
Kentucky
Tennessee
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Florida
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Arkansas
USII.2c: States and Regions
9. States in the Midwest region: (12)
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
Kansas
Nebraska
South Dakota
North Dakota
USII.2c: States and Regions
10. States in the Southwest: (4)
Texas
Oklahoma
New Mexico
Arizona
USII.2c: States and Regions
11. States in the Western/Rocky Mountain
region: (6)
Colorado
Utah
Nevada
Montana
Wyoming
Idaho
USII.2c: States and Regions
12. States in the Pacific region: (3)
Washington
Oregon
California
USII.2c: States and Regions
13. States in the Noncontiguous region: (2)
Alaska
Hawaii
USII.2c: States and Regions
14. Region for each city:
a. Honolulu: Noncontiguous
b. New York: Northeast
c. Los Angeles: Pacific
d. Washington D.C.: Southeast
e. Denver: Western/Rocky Mountain
f. San Antonio: Southwest
USII.2c: States and Regions
14. Continued
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
Chicago: Midwest
Boston: Northeast
Pittsburgh: Northeast
St. Louis: Midwest
Atlanta: Southeast
Philadelphia: Northeast
USII.2c: States and Regions
14. Continued
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
Juneau: Noncontiguous
Salt Lake City: Western/Rocky Mountain
Detroit: Midwest
New Orleans: Southeast
Santa Fe: Southwest
San Francisco: Pacific
Suffolk: Southeast
USII.3a Reconstruction
14.Reconstruction took place after the Civil
War.
15. The 13th Amendment banned slavery in
the United States and any of its
territories.
16. The 14th Amendment granted citizenship
to all persons born in the United States
and guarantees them equal protection
under the law.
USII.3a Reconstruction
continued
17.The 15th Amendment ensures all
citizens the right to vote regardless of
race or color or previous condition of
servitude.
18. The 14th Amendment guarantees
equal protection under the law for
ALL citizens.
USII.3b Reconstruction
Policies and Problems
19. Reconstruction policies were harsh
and created problems in the South.
20. Reconstruction attempted to give
meaning to the freedom that the
former enslaved African Americans
had achieved.
USII.3b Reconstruction Policies
and Problems
21.Reconstruction policies and problems included:
a. Southern military leaders could not hold
office.
b. African Americans could hold public office.
c. African Americans gained equal rights as a
result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which
authorized the use of federal troops for its
enforcement.
USII.3b Reconstruction Policies
and Problems continued:
d. Northern soldiers supervised the South
e. Freedman’s Bureau was established to
aid former enslaved African American
in the South.
f. Southerners resented northern
“carpetbaggers”, who took advantage
of the South during Reconstruction.
USII.3b Reconstruction Policies
and Problems continued:
22.Reconstruction ended with the
Election of 1876.
a. Federal troops were removed.
b. Rights that African Americans
gained were lost through black codes.
USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln,
Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass
23.The actions of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E.
Lee, and Frederick Douglass created
lasting impacts.
24. Abraham Lincoln:
a. Reconstruction plan called for
reconciliation.
b. Preservation of the Union was more
important than punishing the South.
USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln,
Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass
continued
25. Robert E. Lee:
a. Urged Southerners to reconcile at the
end of the war and reunite as Americans
when some wanted to continue to fight.
b. Became president of Washington
College which is now known as
Washington and Lee University.
USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln,
Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass
continued
26. Frederick Douglass:
a. Fought for adoption of constitutional
amendments that guaranteed voting
rights.
b. Had a powerful voice for human rights
and civil liberties for all.
USII.4a Westward Expansion
24. New opportunities and
technological advances led to
westward migration following
the Civil War.
USII.4a Westward Expansion
25. The 5 reasons for westward expansion:
*Opportunities for land ownership
*Technological advances, including the
Transcontinental Railroad
*Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of
gold and silver
*Adventure
*A new new beginning for former slaves, also
called Exodusters.
USII.4a Westward Expansion
continued
26. The Impact on American Indians:
a. Opposition by American Indians to
westward expansion (Battle of Little Big
Horn, Sitting Bull, and Geronimo).
b. Forced relocation from traditional lands
to reservations (Chief Joseph, Nez Perce’).
c. Reduced population through warfare
and disease (Battle of Wounded Knee).
USII.4a Westward Expansion
continued
d. Assimilation attempts and lifestyle
changes, e.g. reduction of buffalo
population.
e. Reduced their homeland through
treaties that were broken.
f. American Indians were not
considered citizens until 1924.
Westward Expansion (continued)
g. Indian policies and wars
-land set aside for Native Americans
called reservations
-last victory for the native
Americans: Battle of Little Bighorn
-led his people to Canada to escape
living on reservations: Chief Joseph
USII.4b: Immigration
27. Reasons for increased immigration were:
Hope for better opportunities
Escape from oppressive governments
Adventure
Religious Freedom
USII.4b: Immigration
28. The 3 reasons why cities developed:
*Specialized industries
-steel-Pittsburgh
-meatpacking-Chicago
*Immigration from other countries
*Movement of Americans from rural to
urban areas for job opportunities
USII.4b: Immigration
33. Inventions that created great change
and industrial growth in the United States:
*lighting and mechanical uses of
electricity
-Thomas Edison
*telephone service
-Alexander Graham Bell
USII.4b: Immigration
34. Population changes,
growth of cities, and new
inventions produced
interaction and often conflict
between different cultural
groups.
USII.4b: Immigration
35. Population changes,
growth of cities, and new
inventions produced
problems in urban areas.
USII.4b: Immigration
Inventions had both
POSITIVE and NEGATIVE
effects on society.
36.
USII.4b: Immigration
37. Rapid industrialization
and urbanization led to
overcrowded immigrant
neighborhoods and
tenements.
USII.4b: Immigration
38. Efforts to solve immigration
problems included:
*Settlement houses such as
Hull House, founded by Jane
Addams
*Political machines (politicians)
that gained power by attending to
the needs of new immigrants
USII.4b: Immigration
39. Challenges faced by cities:
*Overcrowded and run-down
neighborhoods called tenements
and ghettos
*Political corruption by political
machines
USII.4b: Immigration
40. Continued
Interaction and conflict between different
cultural groups:
*Discrimination against immigrants:
-Chinese
-Irish
USII.4c: Jim Crow
41. Discrimination against African
Americans continued after
Reconstruction.
42. Racial segregation is:
*based upon race
*directed primarily against African
Americans, but other groups were also
kept segregated
USII.4c: Jim Crow
43. “Jim Crow” laws were passed to
discriminate against African
Americans. Although these laws
were legal in many communities
and states, they were enforced
primarily in the Southeast region.
USII.4c: Jim Crow
44. “Jim Crow” laws were
characterized by unequal
opportunities in housing,
work, education, and
government.
USII.4c: Jim Crow
45. African American responses included:
*Booker T. Washington
-believed equality could be achieved through
vocational education; accepted social
separation
*W.E.B. Du Bois
-believed in full political, civil, and social
rights for African Americans
USII.4d: Big Business
46. Between the Civil War and
WWI, the United states was
transformed from an
agricultural nation to an
industrial nation.
USII.4d: Big Business
47. The 4 Reasons for the Rise and Prosperity of
Big Business:
*National markets created by transportation
advances
*Captains of Industry:
John D. Rockefeller, Oil
Andrew Carnegie, Steel
Henry Ford, Automobile
Cornelius Vanderbilt, Shipping & Railroads
*Advertising
*Lower-cost production
USII.4d: Big Business
48. The 4 factors resulting in the growth of
industry:
*Access to raw materials and energy
*Availability of the work force due to immigration
*Inventions
*Financial resources provided by the
captains of industry
USII.4d: Big Business
49. Examples of Big Business:
*Railroads
*Oil
*Steel
USII.4d: Big Business
50. Industrialization and the rise in big business
influenced life on American farms by:
*Mechanization (the reaper) which
reduced farm labor needs and
increased production
*Industrial development in cities
created increased labor needs
*Industrialization provided access to
consumer goods, such as mail order
Now, check your map:
Can you name the region for
each significant city shown?
Study and do your
VERY BEST!