Jackson Van Buren Tyler

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I. A New Era in Politics
A. Voting Rights – more white men were able to vote because many states lowered or eliminated property ownership as a qualification to vote.
By 1840, more than 2.4 million Americans voted in the presidential election .

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B. Andrew Jackson’s SPOILS SYSTEM .
 Jackson was the common people’s president & felt that more of these people should rule in a democracy.
 He supported the Spoils System – appointing people to government positions for their loyalty.
 Jackson was the 1 st president to force people out of their jobs to hire his loyal followers.

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C. A more democratic electoral system –
 The Caucus System – party members in
Congress met and chose the nominee for president.
 The Jacksonians replaced it with the national nominating convention to give more power to the common man.

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II. THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS
A. The Tariff of Abominations (1828).
South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union about tariffs on goods from England.
B. Calhoun (Vice Pres.) & from SC proposed the idea of nullification .

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C. 1830 – Robert Hayne (SC)
& Daniel Webster (MA) confronted each other in the Senate .
D. Jackson took the Union side – he said the Union must be preserved.
E. When another tariff was passed, SC adopted an ordinance of nullification, i.e., declared the tariffs unconstitutional in SC.

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F. Jackson said that SC had committed an act of treason and he sent a warship to Charleston.
G. In 1833, Congress passed the
Force Bill authorizing Jackson to use military.
H. Clay pushed through a bill to lower tariffs gradually and SC repealed its nullification.
Charleston

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III. Policies Toward Native Americans
A. In 1830, Jackson pushed the
Indian Removal Act to move the
Natives west. The Cherokee of
Georgia would not move. They sued the government –
Worcester v. Georgia & it went to the Supreme Court for a decision. The Court ruled for the Natives, but Jackson would not enforce it and continued to try to move the Natives.

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IV. Jackson Battles the Bank
A. Jackson felt the bank was a monopoly that benefited the wealthy elite. BUT the bank had done a good job stabilizing money and interest rates.
B. Congress passed a bill to extend the national bank for another 20 years.
Jackson vetoed it and won another term. Then he removed the government’s deposits from the state banks. This action contributed significantly to the financial problems that plagued the country in years ahead.

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V. A New Party Emerges
A. THE WHIGS – named after the party in England that had worked to limit the king’s power. Wanted a larger federal government , industrial & commercial development , and a centralized economy .
B. Jackson’s Democrats wanted a limited government , and they distrusted eastern merchants and business leaders .

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C. MARTIN VAN BUREN as president.
1836 Election – got elected because of Jackson’s popularity as Democrat and because of nation’s prosperity.
Used the military to remove remaining
Natives to Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears.
ECONOMIC CRISIS -PANIC of 1837
 banks failed
 businesses failed
 farmers lost land
 factory workers lost jobs

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D. ELECTION of 1840
WHIGS nominated
General William Henry Harrison
(hero at Battle of Tippecanoe and the War of 1812).
John Tyler was his running mate as VP.
SLOGAN – “Tippecanoe and Tyler too.”
Harrison won !!
234 – 60 electoral votes Harrison
 He delivered his inauguration speech in bitter cold.
 He got pneumonia and died 32 days later.
 He served the shortest term of any American president.
 John Tyler took over as President.

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E. THE TYLER YEARS
1. The press & Congress called him “His Accidency.”
2. Foreign relations :
Dispute over ME & Canadian
Border – Webster- Ashburton Treaty.
3. Social Change : Social transformation began to shape a uniquely
American society.

A CHANGING CULTURE
IMMIGRANTS
RELIGION
LITERARY RENAISSANCE

I. A NEW WAVE OF IMMIGRANTS
A.
IRELAND & GERMANY
2,000,000 1,500,000
Potato Famine Midwest – farmers
Settled in NE & businessmen cities

B. NATIVISM
HOSTILITY toward foreigners.
Many Americans were anti-
Catholic. Irish & Germans were
Catholic.
Supreme Order of the Star
Spangled Banner was against
Catholics – 1849
American Party – 1854 (Secret
Membership) “I know nothing.”
Became the Know-Nothings.

II. A RELIGIOUS REVIVAL
A. The Second Great Awakening!!
1. Began in Kentucky.
2. Leaders of Protestant denominations began CAMP meetings that went on for days filled with song, prayer, & emotional outpourings of faith.

B. BASIC MESSAGE Individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives.
• Previously, Calvinism believed that only a chosen few were predestined for salvation.
• Now, ministers preached that ALL people could attain grace through faith.
C. Charles Grandison Finney – a Presbyterian minister
& most prominent advocate.
• Helped found modern revivalism .
• He believed that if Christian ideas reformed people from within, society would become better, but if people remained selfish and immoral, political reforms would not make any difference.

D. New Religious Groups Emerge
1. Unitarians – said Jesus was not the Son of God, only a great teacher.
2. Universalists – believe in the universal salvation of souls, no hell,
God will save everyone.
3. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latterday Saints (Mormons) –
Leader – Joseph Smith who published
The Book of Mormon which told of the coming of God & the need to build a kingdom on Earth to receive him.

4. Mormons were harassed in Ohio,
Missouri, and elsewhere. They moved to
Commerce, Illinois in 1839, bought the town and renamed it Nauvoo and began building a self-contained community.
They continued to be persecuted.
Joseph Smith was murdered .
5.
then became their leader and Mormons moved to
Utah permanently.

Joseph Smith Brigham Young
The Book of Mormon

III. A Literary Renaissance
A. ROMANTICISM –
 feeling over reason,
 inner spirituality over external rules,
 the individual above society, and
 nature over environments created by humans.
B.
Transcendentalism
–
 Urged people to transcend or overcome the limits of their minds and let their souls reach out to embrace the beauty of universe.

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B. AMERICAN WRITERS EMERGE
1. Ralph Waldo Emerson – most influential transcendentalist who wrote Nature.
2. Henry David Thoreau – believed individuals must fight to conform.
3. Washington Irving –
Legend of Sleepy Hollow
4. James Fenimore Cooper –
The Last of the Mohicans Thoreau’s Cabin
5. Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter

6. Herman Melville – Moby Dick
7. Edgar Allan Poe – wrote terror & mystery
8. Walt Whitman – Leaves of Gold
(loved nature, common people, and American democracy)
9. Emily Dickinson – best remembered female poet of era who wrote simple, personal and deeply emotional poetry.

C. THE PENNY PRESS –
1. The Penny Papers - inexpensive newspapers for the common man.
INCLUDED : fires, crimes marriages, gossip, politics and local news.

2. First American magazine for women:
Godey’s Lady’s Book .
3. The Atlantic Monthly – magazine for well-educated.
4. Harper’s Weekly – everything from book reviews to news reports.

IV.
Communities – IDEAL SOCIETY

Included cooperative living

No private property
A. 1841 – Brook Farm
B. SHAKERS – established small utopian communities. They did not believe in marrying or having children, so they could only expand by making converts.

Utopian
Communities
Nativism
Revivalism
Movements in
American
Culture
In the mid-1800s
Romanticism
Transcendentalism

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I. The Reform Spirit.
Revivalists preached the power of
 individuals to improve themselves and the world.
Lyman Beecher – said true reform had to come from citizens not from the government.


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– at first they focused on spreading the word of God and then they sought to combat social problems.
** Unmarried young women with uncertain futures joined groups to stop excessive drinking and to change prisons and education.

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A. The Temperance Movement
1. Alcoholism was widespread during the early 1800s.
2. In the West they drank to ease the loneliness of rural life.
3. In the East it was the major leisure activity for workers.
4. AMERICAN TEMPERANCE UNION
1833 – preached the evils of alcohol & worked to pass state laws against it.
5. Maine was the first state to pass a
– prohibition law.

B. PRISON REFORM .
1. 1816 – states began to build new prisons to provide a better environment for prisoners.
2. They also began rehabilitation.
3. Called penitentiaries because prisoners would work to achieve penitence, or remorse for their wrongs.
4. Dorothea Dix worked to reform prisons and created special institutions for the mentally ill.

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HORACE MANN HIGH SCHOOL
HORACE MANN

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C. EDUCATION REFORM.
1.
Public Education System – most
Americans believed that our country could not survive without well educated and informed citizens.
2.
HORACE MANN – created the first state board of education in MA . He established new high schools and normal schools that trained teachers.
3.
MA passed the first mandatory school attendance law and other states followed.
4.
CALVIN WILEY ( SC ) began schools in
South Carolina. About 1/3 white children in the
South were enrolled in public schools by 1860.

D.
WOMEN’S EDUCATION .
1. Women could not vote in the 1800s.
2. EMMA WILLARD – early educational pioneer who founded a girls’ boarding school in Vermont in 1814.
3. MARY LYON – opened
Mount Holyoke Female Seminary –
1 st institution of higher education for women only.

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4. ELIZABETH BLACKWELL – 1 st woman to earn a medical degree in the U.S. or Europe.
Founded the New York
Infirmary for Women and
Children, which was staffed entirely by women.

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II. Early Women’s Movement.
In the early 1800s, people worked close to home
(farms), but by the mid-1800s, men worked factory jobs and women ran the home. Women began to change.
1. “ True Womanhood children’s character.
” the idea that women should be homemakers & take responsibility for developing their
Women were expected to be models of piety and virtue to their children and husbands.
2.
CATHERINE BEACHER – in 1841, wrote
A Treatise on Domestic Economy.
It said that women could find fulfillment at home.

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2. Women were the conscious of the home and society at this time.
3. As women fought for morals, they begin to seek greater political rights.
4. Margaret Fuller – believed if men and women were treated equally, it would end injustice in society.
5. LUCRETIA MOTT & ELIZABETH CADY
STANTON – active in antislavery movement.
Organized the SENECA FALLS CONVENTION .
This was the beginning of an organized women’s movement and is considered to be the beginning of the quest for women’s voting rights.

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LUCRETIA MOTT &
ELIZABETH CADY STANTON
WOMEN’S RIGHTS

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WOMEN’S
RIGHTS
TEMPERANCE
MOVEMENT
Major Reform Areas for
Society
EDUCATION
REFORM
PRISON
REFORM

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THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT
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What is GRADUALISM ?
The belief that slavery had to be ended slowly.
1. First – stop new slaves from being brought into the country.
2. Next – phase out slavery in the North and Upper South
3. FINALLY – end slavery in the South
WHY was it important to do it slowly?

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What is colonization ?
Moving African Americans back to their ancestral homeland.
American Colonization Society – moving
African Americans to Africa.
In 1821, the ACS had acquired land in
Africa & established Liberia. The capital,
Monrovia, was named for Pres. Monroe.
There were about 1.5 million African
Americans at this time.
Why would moving them be a problem?

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►
What did abolitionists want to do about slavery?
►
According to abolitionists, slavery was an evil of which the country needed to repent.
 DAVID WALKER – published
Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World
He advocated violence & rebellion as the only way to end slavery.
WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON – along with abolitionist Isaac Knapp founded Boston’s antislavery newspaper, the Liberator . He said the time for moderation was over!
He believed in complete emancipation .

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Garrison founded the
AMERICAN ANTISLAVERY SOCIETY in 1833
Other leaders : Theodore Weld – recruited members
Arthur & Lewis Tappan - wealthy
Wendell Phillips - orator
John Greenleaf Whittier - poet
Prudence Crandall – girl’s school
Lucretia Mott - antislavery
Sara & Angelina Grimke – antislavery
Grimke’s

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African American figures:
Frederick Douglas published his own newspaper,
The North Star and wrote an autobiography,
Narrative of the Life of
Frederick Douglass
Sojourner Truth – made antislavery speeches even though she had no formal education.

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THE RESPONSE TO ABOLITIONISM!!
THE NORTH THE SOUTH
Some opposed extreme Defended the institution abolitionism as a threat to of slavery as a way of the existing social system.
Southern life.
Some feared a civil war. Believed papers sparked
Some feared that there would rebellion even though be too many freed slaves who they did not circulate would take jobs and housing. in the South.
Some had investments & if the Forced the House of
South crumbled, the planters Representatives to could not pay the N. banks. pass a gag rule.

►
List the areas of life that people in the U.S. tried to improve during the early to mid-
1800s.
REFORM
MOVEMENTS
In the
1800s
EDUCATION
REFORM
WOMEN’S
EDUCATION
RELIGIOUS
REVIVAL
PRISON
REFORM
WOMEN’S
RIGHTS
ABOLITIONISM