PAPER 1 REVISION
JUNE 6TH 2016
RUSSIA 1881-1914
USA 1945-1974
Your first exam paper
• Your first exam is on June 6th 2016.
• This paper will be a booklet and when
you open it there will be lots of topics
you can answer questions about.
• You will answer questions on topics 3
(Russia 1881-1914) and 9 (USA 19451974).
Questions
• You will answer 4 questions on Russia and 4
questions on USA in 1 hour and 30 minutes.
– Your first question will ask you to sort events into
the correct CHRONOLOGICAL sequence.
– Your second question will ask you an EFFECT of
something.
– Your third question will ask you WHY something
happened.
– Your final question will give you a SOURCE which
you must use along with your own knowledge to
answer a question.
Russia
1881-1914
Revision
Russia Timeline 1881-1914
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1881 – Alexander II assassinated by the
People’s Will
1881 – Alexander III became Tsar
1881 – meetings of 12 or more people banned,
police rule if public order was threatened,
special courts set up and close
schools/universities/newspapers (known as
the Statute of State Security)
1885 – Russification re-introduced by
Alexander III
1898 – Social Democrats formed
1889 – Land Captains created – to control the
peasants in the countryside
1891 – Famine in Russia
1890 – Control of the Zemstva reduced
1892 – Sergei Witte made Finance Minister
and began a boost in the economy
1894 – Alexander III died
1894 – Nicholas II became Tsar
1901 – Social Revolutionaries formed
1903 – Social Democrats split into the
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
1904-05 – Russo-Japanese War
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January 1905 – Bloody Sunday
Feb-Oct 1905 - Revolution
June 1905 – Potemkin mutiny
Oct 1905 – October Manifesto introduced
Oct 1905 – Kadets formed
Oct 1905 – Octobrists formed
Oct 1905 – First Soviet formed in St
Petersburg
April 1906 – Fundamental Laws issued
April 1906 – First Duma met
June 1906 – First Duma dismissed
July 1906 – Stolypin became Prime Minister
End 1906 – Vyborg Manifesto signed
Feb 1907 – Second Duma met
June 1907 – Second Duma dismissed
Nov 1907 – Third Duma met
Sep 1911 – Stolypin assassinated
April 1912 – Lena Goldfield strike
June 1912 – Third Duma dismissed
Nov 1912 – Fourth Duma met
August 1914 – Fourth Duma dismissed
THE TSARs
ALEXANDER II 1855-1881
What he did:
Freed the Serfs (1861),
Reformed the justice system. Trained
judges, introduced trial by jury.
Modernised the army.
Bought in local governments – the Zemstva.
Reformed education – made primary and
secondary education more available to the
population and gave universities
independence.
Why he made these changes:
To keep power.
He thought he could maintain Tsarist rule if
he gave the people some more freedom.
He also wanted to avoid revolution by giving
the people these freedoms.
Effects:
The reforms were not enough to keep him in
power and in 1881 he was assassinated by a
revolutionary group known as the People’s
Will.
This led to his son Alexander III taking the
throne in 1881.
ALEXANDER III 1881-1894
What he did:
In 1881 passed the Statute of State Security which
said; meetings of 12 or more people were banned,
political enemies were to be prosecuted, introduce
emergency police rule if public order was
threatened, set up special courts and close
schools/universities and newspapers.
1890 – reduced the power of the Zemstva.
1889 - introduced Land Captains in areas to control
the peasants.
Built the Trans-Siberian Railway. Introduced factory
inspectors and introduced tax on businesses.
Why he made these changes:
To keep power.
He believed his fathers reforms led to his
assassination in 1881.
His tutor Pobedonostsev believed in firmness
and taught Alexander III to think the same.
Effects:
Russia was ruled in a repressive manner.
Led to more opposition groups forming.
Led to peasant and worker unrest.
NICHOLAS II 1894-1917
What he did:
Caused the 1905 revolution.
Introduced the October Manifesto in 1905 but then
took back this power with the introduction of the
Fundamental Laws in 1906.
Set up the Duma but when he did not like the political
make-up of the Duma he closed it down.
Did nothing to improve living and working conditions
in Russia.
Appointed Stolypin Prime Minister in 1906-11 who
transformed the Russian economy for the better but
killed thousands.
Why he made these changes:
Effects:
To keep power.
He too was tutored by Pobedonostsev who
taught him firmness was the best way to
rule.
He had no training or experience for
leadership.
Led to opposition groups gaining more
support and people turning to more extreme
views.
Led to hatred of the Tsarist system.
Led to strikes/protests.
Led to the 1905 revolution.
Led to the Duma being established.
Led to Soviets being set up.
1905 & AFTERMATH
1905 REVOLUTION
Why it happened:
Effects:
1 = Russo-Japanese War which Russia lost to Japan. Russia was one of the
biggest countries in the world and it lost to Japan – one of the smallest in
the world. In one Battle at Tshuhima the Russian fleet lost 25 of its 35
ships – a humiliating loss. This made the people angry.
2 = Bloody Sunday in which 150,000 people carrying a petition demanding
better living and working conditions to the Winter Palace, led by a priest
named Father Gapon. The Tsars guards at the Winter Palace opened fire
and killed many. This made people hate the Tsar as his guards had killed
innocent, peaceful people.
3 = Strikes which had been caused by poor living and working conditions
were occurring all across Russia as people wanted improvements made.
These strikes sometimes totalled 100,000.
4 = Political opposition caused the 1905 revolution as people wanted a
government (Duma) set up which they could vote for – meaning they could
get true representation. Many political groups were set up.
Strikes occurred all across Russia for almost 1 year.
Thousands were killed.
3,600 government workers were killed or wounded as the workers and
peasants attacked them in anger.
Censorship of newspapers stopped so they wrote what they wanted to.
Soviets were formed to represent workers – demanding changes from the
government.
Mutiny on the battleship Potemkin in June as sailors had enough of the
harsh treatment and low feeling. The sailors killed their officers and
took control of the battleship Potemkin. The sailors eventually
surrendered.
To stop the revolution the Tsar introduced the October Manifesto which
gave people – freedom of speech, association and religion.
Also to stop the revolution the Tsar set up the Duma – a government
which the people could vote for to be represented.
OCTOBER MANIFESTO
Why it was introduced / What it said:
Due to the 1905 revolution.
It was introduced by the Tsar to stop the 1905 revolution.
Introduced so the Tsar could keep power.
It said the people of Russia could have;
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom from arrest for no reason
- Freedom to meet openly in more than groups of 12 if
wanted
- A government – known as the Duma
- An end to censorship (so newspapers could print what they
wanted)
- The right to create new political parties
Effects:
Kept the Tsar in power.
The Tsar went back on what he promised in the October Manifesto
as he could not deal with giving the people of Russia any power at
all so in 1906 he introduced the Fundamental Laws which stopped
the Duma from passing any laws, appointing ministers and
controlling finance. The Fundamental Laws said the Tsar had
control of al of this. This meant the Duma really had no power at
all. The Tsar had gone back on his promises in the October
Manifesto. This made the people of Russia angry.
Led to more support for opposition groups and Soviets.
OTHER FACTORS
POBEDONOSTSEV
What he did:
Effects:
Was the tutor of Alexander III
and Nicholas II.
Believed in firmness and taught
both Tsars that the best way to
rule was by being firm.
Led to repressive measures
being introduced by both
Alexander III and Nicholas II.
An example is the policy of
Russification – which both Tsars
believed in.
WITTE
Effects:
What he did:
Was the Finance Minister from
1892-1903.
Industrialised Russia.
Had the Trans-Siberian Railway
built.
RUSSIFICATION
Led to Russia being an industrial
country rather than an
agricultural country.
Production of steel, iron and coal
increased massively.
The economy was made stronger.
POTEMKIN MUTINY
What it said:
Effects:
Why it happened:
Effects:
All non-Russians who lived within
the Russian Empire had to speak
Russian, dress Russian and adopt
Russian customs (habits).
Led to unrest.
Led to anti-Semitic attacks on
Jews.
Led to protests.
Led to people supporting opposition
groups.
Sailors on the ship Potemkin
mutinied. They did this because
they had had enough of the harsh
conditions in the Russian navy. Also
the morale was low due to naval
losses in the Russo-Japanese war.
This showed the Tsar to be weak
as some of his navy went against
him. It was an embarrassment.
Eventually the sailors
surrendered.
SETTING UP OF SOVIETS
Why it happened:
Set up due to the 1905 revolution.
Workers got together to form
unions – these were known as
Soviets.
They were to represent the workers
and fight for their rights/wants.
Effects:
Caused political unrest.
Arranged strikes across Russia
right up until 1917.
Some strikes were as big as
100,000 people.
STOLYPIN
What he did:
Became Prime Minister in 1906.
Gave the peasants loans to buy
their own land.
Was extremely harsh and
punished many.
Effects:
Peasants owning land led to higher
grain production which led to better
fed people so they worked harder.
Overall production increased across
Russia.
Around 60,000 were executed whilst
Prime Minister.
LENA GOLDFIELD STRIKE
Why it happened:
Anger about living and working
conditions, low wages and a 14hour working day led to workers
striking in protest.
Effects:
Strikers clashed with troops
leading to over 200 being killed
and many injured.
This led on to more strikes and
violent clashes across Russia.
What he did:
Impact upon medicine:
THE DUMAs
1ST DUMA
Who it was
made up of:
What happened to this
Duma:
Mainly made up of
the Kadets, allies of
the Social
Revolutionaries, the
Octobrists and
national minorities.
Opened in April
1906. This Duma
wanted several land
reforms and kept
arguing with
Nicholas he shut it
down in June 1906.
2ND DUMA
Who it was
made up of:
Mainly made up
national minorities,
Social Democrats,
Social
Revolutionaries,
Octobrists and
Kadets.
3RD DUMA
Who it was
made up of:
Mainly made up of
right-wing
(traditional) groups,
the Octobrists and
the Kadets.
What happened to this
Duma:
Opened in Nov 1907.
This Duma was more
traditional and
introduced a few
reforms, including
national insurance
for workers.
Closed down in June
1912.
What happened to this
Duma:
Opened in Feb 1907.
This Duma wanted land
reforms and criticised
the army. It refused
to communicate with
the Prime Minister,
Stolypin and so it was
shut down in June
1907.
4TH DUMA
Who it was
made up of:
Mainly made up of
right-wing
(traditional) groups
the Octobrists and
the Kadets.
What happened to this
Duma:
Opened in Nov 1912.
This Duma was also
more traditional and
supported Russia
entering WWI.
Closed down in Aug
1914.
OPPOSITION GROUPS
KADETS (Liberal)
Why they
formed/what they
wanted:
Set up as a result of
the 1905 revolution.
Wanted a
democratic
government and a
King – just like
Britain.
Impact of this party:
None.
Had no impact upon
politics as the Tsar
would not listen to
them.
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONARIES (Extremists)
Why they
formed/what they
wanted:
Set up in 1901 as people
wanted change.
They believed in
carrying out a revolution
and getting rid of the
Tsar. Their aim was to
let peasants rule in small
peasant communities –
they did not want one
overall leader.
Impact of this party:
As a result of their
extreme tactics
from 1901-1905 they
killed 2,000
government workers.
OCTOBRISTS (Liberal)
Why they
formed/what they
wanted:
Set up as a result of
the 1905 revolution.
Supported the Tsars
October Manifesto
and believed the
Tsar would follow
through on his
promises.
Impact of this party:
None really.
The Tsar did not
mind them making up
the majority of the
Duma as he could
trick them into
believing he would do
the right thing by
the people of Russia,
SOCIAL DEMOCRATS (Extremists)
Why they
formed/what they
wanted:
Set up in 1898 to
represent the people
of Russia.
They believed there
would be a revolution
to remove the Tsar
and Russia would
become Communist.
Impact of this party:
As some members were
more extreme than others
in 1903 the Social
Democrats split into two
groups – the Bolsheviks and
the Mensheviks.
The Bolsheviks wanted a
revolution as soon as
possible but the
Mensheviks were willing to
wait for change to come.
Exam Practice
• Question 1 – 3 marks
– You will be asked to put 5 events in the correct CHRONOLOGICAL
(time) order – so learn the timeline you have at the front of this
pack!
• Question 2 – 4 marks
– You will be asked to give one EFFECT of an event, which you need to
explain. Examples are below;
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
of the reign of Alexander II.
of the reign of Alexander III.
of the reign of Nicholas II.
of Pobedonostsev.
of Witte.
of Bloody Sunday.
of the Russo-Japanese war.
of the 1905 revolution.
of the October Manifesto.
of the Fundamental Laws.
of Russification.
of the Potemkin mutiny.
of the setting up of Soviets.
of Stolypin.
of the Lena Goldfield strike.
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
of the first Duma.
of the second Duma.
of the third Duma.
of the fourth Duma.
of the Cadets.
of the Octobrists.
of the Social Revolutionaries.
of Social Democrats.
Exam Practice
• Question 3 – 8 marks
– You will be asked WHY something happened. Give two reasons,
explain them separately in two paragraphs and link them at the end
in another paragraph. Examples of these questions are below;
Why did Alexander II introduce reforms?
Why was Alexander III a repressive leader?
Why did Nicholas II rule Russia in the manner he did?
Why did the 1905 Revolution take place?
Why was the October Manifesto introduced?
Why were the Fundamental Laws passed?
Why did Witte transform the Russian economy?
Why did Stolypin transform the Russian economy?
Why was the Duma set up in Russia?
Why did Nicholas shut down the first two Dumas?
Why did opposition groups in Russia form?
Why did the Social Democrats split?
Why did the Lena Goldfield strike take place?
Why were Soviets set up?
Why did the Potemkin mutiny take place?
Why was the policy of Russification implemented in Russia?
Why was Russia a difficult country to rule?
Why did discontent build up in the years 1906-1914?
Exam Practice
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Question 4 – 10 marks
– You will be given a statement and a source. Your task is to use the source
AND your OWN KNOWLEDGE to EXPLAIN the role of someone OR why
something happened/changed.
– To answer this question you MUST:
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Pick two parts (quotes) of the source and use them with your own knowledge to explain WHY
they are important and what they led to. THIS MUST BE TWO LARGE PARAGRAPHS as you
must pick two parts (quotes) of the source and use your own knowledge to explain everything you
know which links to the source.
After this you MUST then explain how these two factors LINK in detail – explain in detail what
they both happened OR led to together.
Finally, you MUST explain which of the factors was the most important and why in detail.
Then overall sum up your argument in your conclusion.
AN EXAMPLE QUESTION IS BELOW;
Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
“The Duma (parliament) met in 1906 but was closed by Nicholas after seventy-two days.
Three more Dumas met in the next ten years, but each had fewer powers and each time
fewer people were allowed to vote. At the same time, Nicholas retained the title of
Autocrat in 1906 and continued to appoint and dismiss ministers.”
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain why Nicholas II became more
unpopular in the years 1906–14.
USA
1945-74
REVISION
USA Timeline
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1947 – FBI investigated Communists
1947 – Hollywood 10
1948 – Alger Hiss arrested
1950 – Alger Hiss imprisoned for 5 years
1950 – Rosenbergs accused of being spies for Russia
and passing over secrets of the atomic bomb
1950 – McCarran Act passed
1950 – McCarthy claimed he had a list of 205
government workers who were Communists
1951 – Rosenbergs put on trial – found guilty
1953 – Rosenbergs executed
1954 – McCarthy accused the army of being
Communist and falls from power
1954 – Brown V Topeka
1955-56 – Montgomery Bus Boycott
1957 – McCarthy died
1957 – Little Rock 9
1959 – SDS set up
1960 – Sit-ins
1960s – Women’s Lib Movement
1960s – Student/Hippy Movement
1960s – Women’s Movement
1961 – Freedom rides
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1961 – JFK became President
1962 – James Meredith
1963 – March on Birmingham
1963 – March on Washington
1963 – Betty Friedan published ‘The Feminine
Mystique’
1963 – Equal Pay Act
1963 – JFK assassinated, LBJ became President
1964 – Freedom Summer
1964 – Civil Rights Act
1965-68 – Riots
1965 – Malcolm X assassinated
1965 – March on Selma
1966 – NOW set up
1968 – Martin Luther King Junior assassinated
1968 – LBJ ended his Presidency, Nixon became
President
1970 – Kent State University shootings
1970-73 – Roe V Wade case
1970s – STOPERA set up
1972 – Watergate Scandal began – CREEP
1974 – Nixon resigned as President, several Acts
passed
What happened/effects:
. By 1952 6.6million had been checked,
3,000 forced to resign and 200
sacked. Created the Red Scare in the
USA.
What happened/effects:
Was imprisoned for 5 years.
Led to the passing of the McCarran Act.
Led to McCarthyism.
Why it happened:
President Truman was scared of
Communism spreading to the USA.
Truman had to be seen to protect the
people of the USA as he wanted to stay in
power so he got the FBI to investigate all
government workers.
Why it happened:
Was accused of being a spy. As he
worked for the government, they had to
act quickly and harshly.
This all happened due to Russia being
Communist and America being scared of
Communism.
1947: FBI investigates
Communists
Why it happened:
Passed due to the FBI investigations, the HUAC
investigations, the Hollywood 10, the Alger Hiss
case and the accusations made against the
Rosenbergs.
1950: The McCarran Act
1948-50: Alger Hiss
1947: HUAC/Hollywood Ten
Why it happened:
Due to US fear of Communism.
HUAC was asked in late 1947 to look
into Communism in the film industry
because of fear that films were being
made to send Communist messages.
What happened/effects:
10 writers & directors were put on trial,
they refused to answer and were thrown in
jail – the Hollywood 10 were sacked and
kept in prison for 1 year
What happened/effects:
Said all Communists had to be registered, none
could have a US passport and they could be
held in a detention camp if necessary.
This all added to the Red Scare and caused
McCarthyism.
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THE RED
SCARE
1950-1957: McCarthyism
1950-53: The Rosenbergs
Why it happened:
Fear of Communism.
As were scientists working for the government,
they had to act quickly and harshly.
This all happened due to Russia being
Communist and America being scared of
Communism.
What happened/effects:
Julius and Ethel were found guilty in
1951 executed in 1953.
Them being accused led to the
McCarran Act.
Why it happened:
McCarthy needed votes to be voted as a Senator
again in an upcoming election so he needed support
and a way to gain support was by using the fear of
Communism.
McCarthy also wanted fame and to be known as an
anti-Communist hero.
What happened/effects:
In 1950 he accused 205 government workers of
being Communist to the American public. He went on
TV and radio stations claiming to know there were
Communists in the US government.
Finally, in 1954 he accused the army of being
Communist which led to the American people turning
against him. He fell from power and died in 1957.
What happened/effects:
The NAACP represented her parents and in
May 1954 the Supreme Court announced that
the education system was unequal and should
be integrated. However, the judge did not
say how to integrate schools, some areas did
integrate but the southern states kept
schools separate
Why it happened:
Black and white people were segregated in
the southern states by the Jim Crow laws.
In 1953 Linda Brown’s parents wanted her
to attend a school closer to home rather
than the black school which was miles
away.
What happened/effects:
The next day Faubus removed the National Guard and the 9
children were abused by the crowds outside and inside the school,
the 9 children were sent home for their own safety. Press
coverage around the world led to embarrassment for the USA and
so President Eisenhower sent the National Guard and federal
troops to protect the 9 children for the rest of the school year.
One year later Faubus closed all schools to prevent integration.
Schools reopened in 1959 after being closed for 1 year
1955-56 Montgomery Bus
Boycott
Why it happened:
Freedom rides were arranged to check the
Supreme Court’s ruling was put into place
that all buses and bus stations should be
integrated. Freedom riders were attacked
and abused by angry white people.
Why it happened:
The school decided to allow 9 black children to attend the
school. When they tried to enrol at the school the 9 children
were blocked by Governor Faubus who sent the National
Guard to stop the children getting into the school.
1954: Brown V Topeka
What happened/effects:
More than 300 freedom riders were
arrested for sitting in “white” seats and
using “white” toilets at stations. President
Kennedy avoided complete chaos by
announcing there was to be no more
challenges to de-segregating interstate
travel.
1961: Freedom rides
1957: Little Rock 9
THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT:
PART 1
Why it happened:
The town of Montgomery in Alabama had a law which stated
black people had to sit in the back rows of a bus which
angered black people.
Also the laws stated that if the bus filled up then the black
people sitting at the back of the bus would have to stand and
give up their seats for white people. These laws made Rosa
Parks angry and she decided to make a stand by refusing to
give up her seat for a white man.
What happened/effects:
She was arrested and thrown in prison and given a fine for her
crime. MLKJ then organised a bus boycott of the buses of
Montgomery, where black people did not use the buses. This
lasted for 11 months and the bus companies lost 75% of their
income. The NAACP took the case to Supreme Court who ruled
the bus laws in Montgomery were illegal.
1960: Sit-ins
Why it happened:
In Greensboro in 1960 students arranged sit-ins in
the local branch of Woolworth’s in the white only
lunch counter to test laws and stop desegregation in
lunch counters.
What happened/effects:
On the first day there were 4 protesters, on the
second day 27, third day there was 80 and by the fifth
day there were 300 protesters. The protesters went
on to arrange sit-ins and boycott any restaurants which
had segregated lunch counters. Restaurants suffered
financially and so ended segregation in their lunch
counters. Peaceful protest worked again to change the
law.
1962: James Meredith
Why it happened:
The Supreme Court ruled that
Mississippi University was to
accept him (its first black student).
At this news protests broke out at
the University. President Kennedy
sent in federal marshals to escort
Meredith to university.
What happened/effects:
2 people were killed and 70
wounded. Soldiers stayed at the
university for the 3 years he
studied there.
What happened/effects:
MLKJ was arrested for organising a march and thrown into
prison – this gained the publicity he wanted. Upon his release
from prison it was decided that women and children should
also join the demonstrations in Birmingham. The Police Chief,
Bull Connor used dogs on protesters and powerful water
hoses. 2,000 were arrested and thrown into jail. The events
and tactics used by the police were shown on TV across the
USA and around the world. President Kennedy got involved
and eventually the city of Birmingham was desegregated.
Why it happened:
Birmingham in Alabama closed all public facilities so
the city did not have to desegregate public facilities.
MLKJ organised sit-ins to gain desegregation and to
gain publicity.
THE CIVIL RIGHTS
MOVEMENT:
PART 2
Why it happened:
The march began as a cry for jobs for black
people but it covered the whole of the civil
rights movement.
Black people wanted the passing of the Civil
Rights Bill which Kennedy had just suggested.
What happened/effects:
The march involved 250,000 people –
around 80,000 were white.
It was during this march that King gave his
“I have a dream” speech which gained
publicity around the world.
Led to the passing of the Civil Rights Act.
What happened/effects:
The Act said all people in the
USA had to right to vote fairly
and to not be discriminated
against.
As a result after 1965 five major
cities in the USA elected black
mayors.
Why it happened:
Many Southern States had literacy tests which
people had to pass in order to be able to vote. To
try and make it possible for more black people in
the South to vote many Civil Rights campaigners
from the North travelled to the South to teach
black people how to read.
1964: Freedom Summer
1963: Birmingham
1963: Washington
What happened/effects:
Three of the Civil Rights Campaigners from
the North were kidnapped and murdered by
the KKK. As a result of their work in the
South by 1966 430,000 black people had
registered to vote in the South.
1964: Civil Rights Act
Why it happened:
Was passed due to bus boycott, Brown V
Topeka, Little Rock 9, James Meredith, sit-ins
and freedom rides. All of which showed
inequality in basic civil rights.
Passed due to Kennedy writing the Civil Rights
Bill, LBJ had no choice but to pass this act.
Why it happened:
Due to the Freedom Summer.
Also due to events in Selma.
1965: Voting Rights Act
1965: Selma
Why it happened:
In Selma, Alabama only 335 of the 15,000
black people could vote because the locals
prevented them from registering. A march
was arranged by MLKJ and his followers to
stop this.
What happened/effects:
What happened/effects:
Said black people were equal in terms of
education, housing and job opportunities. All of
these led to an improvement in the lives of
black people.
The authorities of the town banned the
march as the Sheriff was extremely racist.
As a result the march was cancelled by
MLKJ but 600 still marched and they were
brutally attacked. As a result LBJ passed
the Voting Rights Act.
What happened/effects:
In 1965 they rioted and caused
$40 million of damage. More riots
followed – in Detroit in 1967 a
riot saw 7,000 arrested. There
were more than 100 riots which
resulted in 130 deaths and $700
million in damages.
Why it happened:
Anger about employment, housing,
education and general
discrimination.
Effects of what he did:
Led to him gaining more support from black
supporters.
A lot of black people began to feel they were
finally gaining politically.
Some believe it led to his assassination in 1963.
What he did and why:
Wrote the Civil Rights Bill due to Martin
Luther King Jnr, to gain votes from black
people and events such as the marches on
Birmingham, and Washington.
1965-68: Riots
1966: Black Panthers &
the Black Power Movement
Effects of what he did:
Led to victories in education.
Gained publicity for the Civil Rights Movement.
Led to the passing of the Civil Rights Act and Voting
Rights Act.
Led to black people gaining equality in all aspects of their
lives.
Became a hero.
“I have a dream speech”.
What he did and why:
Peacefully protested for civil rights.
Methods used included; marches, boycotts, speeches, etc.
JFK (Civil Rights Bill)
THE CIVIL RIGHTS
MOVEMENT:
PART 3
Martin Luther King Jnr
LBJ (1964 Civil Rights Act
& 1965 Voting Rights Act)
Malcolm X
Why it happened:
Black Panthers came from California and
wanted full employment, good housing and
education and were willing to revolt to get
what they wanted.
Black Power began because they were angry
about unemployment and discrimination.
What he did and why:
Passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964.
Passed the Voting Rights Act in 1965.
Both were introduced to give black people civil
rights and voting rights to make them equal
and stop segregation.
What he did and why:
MLKJ believed in peaceful protest, MX
wanted quicker change. He and
thousands of others joined groups such
as the Nation of Islam who believed in
keeping races separate but equal.
What happened/effects:
The Black Panthers wore uniforms and were
prepared to use weapons, they even trained
members on how to use them. By 1969 they had
5,000 members. They rioted in the 60s.
Black Power Movement led to riots in the 60s.
Effects of what he did:
Led to black people getting more/better job
opportunities leading to higher pay which in
turn improved their housing/living standards.
Led to black people being able to vote fairly
and choosing politicians who represented them.
Effects of what he did:
he increased membership to 100,000
because of his speeches. He believed in
using violence to get a black separate
nation. Led to riots. Malcolm X eventually
changed his views and was assassinated.
What happened/effects:
Led to protests against lifestyle. Led to hippy movement. Led to younger people gaining more of
a voice within society. The SDs formed groups in 150 colleges and universities and had 100,000
members by the end of the 1960s.
Why it happened:
The 1950’s had been an angry period and the students wanted to rebel against everything. Teenage gangs
formed and heavy drinking amongst the youth began. Films such as Rebel Without A Cause emerged. Rock
‘n’ Roll music spreads across the USA – parents hated it which meant it appealed even more to the young.
The youth demanded greater freedom than before. The introduction of the pill gave females more choice
over whether and when to have children and led to greater sexual freedom. Wider use of recreational
drugs
Explosion in pop music and protest music emerged – Bob Dylan. Many had seen the protesters for the Civil
Rights campaign and MLKJ – these proved inspirational.
Many were angry about the USA’s war with Vietnam – many were dying
Why it happened:
A protest was organised against the Vietnam
War because;
• Young men being forced to fight which
they did not want to do.
• Thousands of men were dying due to the
Vietnam War.
1970: Kent State shootings
1959: SDS set up
1960s: Student protests
against the Vietnam War
What happened/effects:
When the students refused to end their
protest the National Guard used tear gas to
move them and fired shots at them – 4 were
killed and 11 injured.
THE STUDENT
MOVEMENT
Why it happened:
Many were angry about the USA’s war with Vietnam due to;
• Young men being forced to fight which they did not want to do.
• Bob Dylan’s songs against the war.
• Thousands of men were dying due to the Vietnam War.
What happened/effects:
Many young men burnt their draft cards.
Protests broke out across the USA. In the first half of 1968 there
were over 100 demonstrations against the war involving 400,000
students. In 1969 700,000 marched in Washington against the
Vietnam War. Both demonstrations led to angry clashes with the
police.
Led to LBJ pulling out of the Vietnam War.
1960s: Hippy movement
Why it happened:
Rock ‘n’ Roll music spreads across the USA – parents hated it
which meant it appealed even more to the young. The youth
demanded greater freedom than before. The introduction of the
pill gave females more choice over whether and when to have
children and led to greater sexual freedom. Wider use of
recreational drugs
What happened/effects:
Led to many dropping out of society. They grew their hair long, wore
colourful clothes, did not wash often, took drugs, attended music
festivals, travelled across the USA and did not work.
Effects of what she did:
Wrote the Feminine Mystique in which
she said women should be given more
employment opportunities and bringing
up a family should be a shared role.
This inspired women to fight for
equality.
What she did and why:
Media influence
encouraged women to
adopt their traditional
role as wife and mother.
Women were used as
cheap labour on lower
wages than men.
What happened/effects:
1963: Equal Pay Act – women to be paid the same as men. 1964: Civil Rights
Act – made it illegal to discriminate on the grounds of gender. 1966: National
Organisation for Women (NOW) – set up to attack discrimination against
women. Challenged discrimination in courts. Between 1966-71 they secured
$30 million in back pay for women.
Why it happened:
WWII had made some progress for women but not enough.
Media influence encouraged women to adopt their traditional role as wife and mother.
Women who went out to work instead of getting married were treated with suspicion.
Social problems such as teenage drinking and bad behaviour were blamed on career
women. Middle-class women began to challenge their traditional role, they were
frustrated at playing housewife and mother. The pill gave women more sexual freedom.
Women were used as cheap labour on lower wages than men. Women were held back in
jobs 95% of company managers were men. Started due to Betty Friedan’s book.
1963: Equal Pay Act
THE WOMEN’S
MOVEMENT
Why it happened:
Passed due to protests across the USA.
Women were paid 50-60% of the pay men
were given for doing exactly the same job.
What happened/effects:
Said women to be paid the same
as men which meant women were
equal in the workplace.
Why it happened:
Abortion was illegal in the
USA and feminists called for
it to be made legal.
Women wanted more rights –
in particular the right to
control their own bodies.
1970-73: Roe V Wade
1966: NOW
1963: Betty Friedan
What happened/effects:
A pregnant woman wanted an
abortion as she had already had 3
children who were all in care – she
was granted an abortion and the law
was changed – abortion was made
legal.
This gave women more rights.
Women’s Lib Movement
Why it happened:
Women’s Liberation Movement were set up and
had more radical aims than NOW, they called
for all signs of male supremacy to be removed.
What happened/effects:
Women’s Liberation Movement became known as ‘feminists’.
They burned their bras as these were seen as a symbol of
male domination.
They picketed the 1968 Miss World competition and
crowned a sheep Miss World.
The Women’s Lib Movement gained more ridicule than
anything – for burning bras.
STOP ERA
Why it happened:
Some women were against giving women
equal rights as they believed women
should not be equal to men and women
should not be allowed the right to an
abortion as it took away the rights of
the unborn child.
What happened/effects:
Was set up by Phyllis Schlafly. She
campaigned to the government. As a
result the Equal Rights Amendment was
not passed in 1982.
What happened/effects:
5 CREEP members broke into the Watergate offices and were caught and arrested. It was obvious they were not ordinary burglars but were
trying to plant bugging devices. No one at this stage knew the 5 men had anything to do with President Nixon or CREEP.
2 reporters from the Washington post carried out their own investigations and found out some interesting facts. Firstly, one of the burglars was
an ex-CIA member and all 5 men were employed by CREEP and CREEP was funded and controlled by the White House.
The FBI became involved and carried out an investigation of CREEP. The FBI discovered CREEP was spying on Nixon’s opponents. Nixon denied
any involvement. Few of the public took much notice of the story and Nixon went on to win the 1972 election..
Why it happened:
In 1968 Nixon became President, Nixon set up CREEP to ensure he would be re-elected in 1972 including dirty tricks or illegal methods. $60
million were illegally collected to help Nixon, $350,000 was set aside for dirty tricks including the bugging of the Democrat offices which were
inside the Watergate building.
1972: CREEP and its actions
THE WATERGATE
SCANDAL
1974: Resignation of Nixon
Why it happened:
In Jan 1973 the 5 burglars (CREEP members) were put on trial and were all convicted. In March they were sentenced, one of them claimed there had been
a White House cover-up. Throughout the summer of 1973 the Senate held its own investigation and found that senior White House officials had been
involved. One of the Senate claimed there had been a cover-up and Nixon was behind it. Nixon denied all involvement.
Finally, the Senate were informed that in 1971 Nixon had installed a tape-recording system in the White House and that all the President’s conversations
had been taped. The Senate asked Nixon to hand over the tapes but he refused. Eventually, Nixon handed over only 7 of the 9 tapes and they had been
heavily edited – one had 18 minutes missing. Under order of the Supreme Court Nixon then had to hand over all the full tapes.
The tapes revealed Nixon had been involved in the dirty tricks campaign and had given the orders to the 5 CREEP members to plant the bugging devices.
The Senate decided to put the President on trial for obstructing justice, using the FBI and CIA to harass critics and defying Congress.
What happened/effects:
Powers of the President were reduced – limits were set on campaign contributions for those running to be President to avoid corruption, the
President had to consult with Congress over war decisions, US citizens were allowed access to files and the President was not allowed to use
government money for his own purposes.
All American scandals since have had the word ‘gate’ at the end of them, Nixon’s reputation was destroyed, 31 advisors were imprisoned for their
part in the Watergate scandal shattering the American’s trust in the government, the USA was made to appear a laughing stock around the world.
Exam Practice
• Question 1 – 3 marks
– You will be asked to put 5 events in the correct CHRONOLOGICAL
(time) order – so learn the timeline you have at the front of this
pack!
• Question 2 – 4 marks
– You will be asked to give one EFFECT of an event, which you need to
explain. Examples are below;
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
of the FBI investigating Communists.
of the HUAC investigating Communists.
of the Alger Hiss case.
of the Rosenbergs.
of Joseph McCarthy.
of the McCarran Act.
of Brown V Topeka.
of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
of the Little Rock Nine.
of James Meredith.
of the march on Birmingham.
of the march on Washington.
of the Freedom Summer.
of sit-ins.
of freedom rides.
of the Civil Rights Act,
of the Voting Rights Act.
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
Explain
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
one effect
of the events in Selma.
of the race riots.
of the Black Panthers.
of the Black Power Movement.
of JFK as President.
of LBJ as President.
of MLKJ in the Civil Rights Movement.
of Malcolm X in the Civil Rights Movement.
of the assassination of MLKJ?
of the setting up of the SDS.
of the hippy movement.
of the Kent State University shootings.
of Betty Friedan.
of the Equal Pay Act.
of NOW.
of the formation of NOW.
of the Women’s Liberation Movement.
of Roe V Wade.
of STOPERA.
of the Watergate Scandal.
Exam Practice
• Question 3 – 8 marks
– You will be asked WHY something happened. Give two reasons,
explain them separately in two paragraphs and link them at the end
in another paragraph. Examples of these questions are below;
Why did the FBI investigate Communists?
Why did the HUAC investigate Communists?
Why did the Alger Hiss case happen?
Why did the Rosenberg case happen?
Why did the McCarthyism happen?
Why was the McCarran Act passed?
Why did the Brown V Topeka case happen?
Why did the Montgomery Bus Boycott take place?
Why did the events at Little Rock High School happen?
Why did the James Meredith case happen?
Why was there a march on Birmingham?
Why was there a march on Washington.
Why did the Freedom Summer take place?
Why did sit-ins happen?
Why did freedom rides take place?
Why was the Civil Rights Act passed?
Why was the Voting Rights Act passed?
Why did the events in Selma happen?
Why did the race riots take place in the USA?
Why did the Black Panthers form?
Why did the Black Power Movement begin?
Why was the SDS set up?
Why was there a hippy movement in the USA?
Why was there a student movement in the USA?
Why did the events at Kent State University happen?
Why did Betty Friedan write the Feminine Mystique?
Why was the Equal Pay Act passed?
Why was NOW set up?
Why was there a Women’s Movement in the USA?
Why did the Women’s Liberation Movement emerge?
Why was STOPERA set up?
Why did the Red Scare take place in the USA?
Why did the Civil Rights Movement begin?
Why did the Student Movement begin?
Why did the Women’s Movement begin?
Why did the Watergate Scandal happen?
Exam Practice
•
Question 4 – 10 marks
– You will be given a statement and a source. Your task is to use the source
AND your OWN KNOWLEDGE to EXPLAIN the role of someone OR why
something happened/changed.
– To answer this question you MUST:
•
•
•
•
•
Pick two parts (quotes) of the source and use them with your own knowledge to explain WHY
they are important and what they led to. THIS MUST BE TWO LARGE PARAGRAPHS as you
must pick two parts (quotes) of the source and use your own knowledge to explain everything you
know which links to the source.
After this you MUST then explain how these two factors LINK in detail – explain in detail what
they both happened OR led to together.
Finally, you MUST explain which of the factors was the most important and why in detail.
Then overall sum up your argument in your conclusion.
AN EXAMPLE QUESTION IS BELOW;
Study the source below and then answer the question that follows.
“Martin Luther King was a Baptist minister who believed in using non-violent protest. He
was a leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and organised the
Montgomery Bus Boycott. By 1961 he was the most important figure in the Civil Rights
movement and was able to influence President Kennedy.”
Use the source, and your own knowledge, to explain the part played by Martin Luther
King in the Civil Rights campaign of the 1950s and 1960s.