Analyzing Jobs in the Tourism
Sector
•
Describing, analyzing and classifying jobs
•
Job titles in tourism – a group of positions identical with respect to their significant tasks
•
Involves analyzing the work performed, duties and tasks
•
Task inventories for tourism jobs

•
Occupation (class of job)
•
Job (group of positions)
•
Position (tasks and duties)
•
Duty (large segment of work)
•
Task (discrete unit of work)
•
Competency (knowledge and skill)
•
Competency standard (specification)

Food and Beverage
Manager
Restaurant Manager
Head Waiter
Restaurant Captain
Waiter Hostess F&B
Cashier
Bar
Tender

Jobs in the Tourism Sector:
Occupational Divisions

Jobs in the Tourism Sector:
Occupational Divisions?
• Concepts and statistics are immature
•
Based on Standard Industrial Classification categories (SIC)
•
For example the UK occupational divisions:
• hotels and other tourist accommodation
• Restaurants, cafes and snack bars
• Public houses, bars, night clubs/licensed clubs
•
Travel agencies and tour operators
• Libraries, museums and other cultural activities
• Sports and other recreational activities
• Self employed?

The ISIC Approach to
Occupational Divisions
•
International Standard Classification of all Economic
Activities (ISIC):
HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS
– Hotels, camp sites and short stay accommodation
– Restaurants, bars and canteens
TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND COMUNICATIONS
– Land transport
– Water transport
– Air transport
– Activities of travel agencies and tour operators

•
International Standard Classification of all Economic
Activities (ISIC):
RECREATIONAL, CULTURAL AND SPORTING
ACTIVITIES
•
Entertainment (museums etc, sporting and other recreational activities)

Occupational Divisions in
Tourism Satellite Accounts
• Hotels, campsites and other short stay accommodation
•
Restaurants, bars and canteens
•
Travel agents/packagers
•
Retail trade
•
Passenger transport
•
Cultural, attractions and entertainment
•
Sports facility operators

Jobs in the Tourism Sector:
Job Titles

European Vocational
Training Approach to Job
Profiles
Hotel Sector
•
General manager large hotel (190 rooms+)
• General manager medium hotel (45-190 rooms)
• General manager small hotel (less than 45 rooms)
• Front office manager
• Receptionist
•
Head housekeeper
•
Room attendant

Europe Job Profiles continued
Catering Sector
•
Food and beverage manager
•
Head chef
•
Restaurant manager
•
Head bar person
•
Chef
• Bar person
•
Waiter/waitress

Europe Job Profiles continued
Tours and Agencies Sector
•
General manager (tour operation)
•
Technical manager (tour operation)
•
Marketing product manager (tour operation)
• Reservations supervisor (tour operation)
• Resort representative
• Agency manager (retail)
•
Agency counter clerk (retail)

South Asian Study Job
Profiles
Tours and Agencies Sector
•
Travel agency assistant
•
Travel agency reservation clerk
• Travel agency counter clerk
•
Travel agency operations assistant
• Tour operations assistant
•
Tour operations representative
•
Tour operations clerk
• Tour operations assistant organizer

South Asian Study continued
Hotel Sector
•
Front desk clerk
• Receptionist
• Room attendant
• Room maid
• House maid

South Asian Study continued
Catering Sector
•
Waiter/waitress
• Assistant waiter/waitress
•
Commis waiter/waitress
• Assistant cook
•
Commis cook
•
Assistant pastry cook
• Commis pastry cook
• Baker’s assistant
• Assistant baker

Association of British Travel
Agents Study Approach:
Tour Operation
•
New entrant
• Junior ticketing clerk
• Reservations clerk
• Ticketing clerk
• Resort representative
•
Courier
•
Guide
•
Reservations supervisor
•
Ticketing supervisor
• Contracts officer
• Senior resort representative
• Reservation manager
• Ticketing manager
• Contracts manager
•
Resort manager
•
Operations manager

Association of British Travel Agents
Study Approach:
Tour Operation
Travel Agency
•
New entrant
• Junior travel clerk
• Travel consultant
• Senior travel consultant
• Supervisor
•
Assistant branch manger
•
Manager
•
Branch manager
Business Travel
•
Travel consultant
• Senior travel consultant
• Travel executive
• Assistant manager
• Manager
•
Branch manager

Jobs in the Tourism Sector:
Competencies, Standards and
Certification

The Australian Approach
•
Internationally competitive workforce
•
Australian National Training Authority
(ANTA)
•
Built around Training Packages which specify the competencies
•
Industry led
•
Nationally coordinated National Training
Framework

Tourism Training Australia (TTA)
•
Leading national industry training advisory association
•
Established 1982 to create an integrated flexible and effective training system for tourism and hospitality

• Nationally endorsed competency standards and qualifications for recognizing and assessing people’s skills
• Training package describes the skills and knowledge needed to reform effectively in the workplace
•
Widespread consultation with the tourism and hospitality sector
• Available for all jobs in the sector

National Qualification
Framework (NQF)
•
The NQF reflects all jobs on the sector
•
Six levels
–
Certificate I to IV
–
Diploma
–
Advanced diploma
•
Each qualification has a core and a series of electives

Career Path
Manager (department/SME)
Qualification
Advanced diploma
Unit manager (restaurant)
Supervisor
Diploma
Certificate IV
Team leader Certificate III
Multi function (F&B attendant) Certificate II
Single function (room attendant) Certificate I

Tourism Training Australia
Competency Standards
• Specific knowledge and skills required for successful performance
•
Organized into units with a code and title
•
Each covers common competencies (e.g. communication) and sector specific competencies in
– Hospitality
–
Tourism
– Caravans

Tourism and Hospitality
Competencies
Hospitality Tourism
• Common core
•
Hospitality core
• Functional areas
•
General units
• Common core
•
Tourism core
• Functional areas
•
General units

•
The 11 th meeting of the ASEAN taskforce on tourism manpower tabled a set of minimum competency standards within a qualifications framework.
–
Retail and wholesale travel;
– Housekeeping;
–
Front office; and
– Food and beverage service

ASEAN Job Framework:
For Example - Housekeeping
•
Houseman
•
Laundry attendant
•
Room attendant
•
Order taker
•
Supervisor
•
Assistant executive housekeeper
•
Executive housekeeper

Retail/ Wholesale Competency Standard
(example from Indonesia)
III QUALIFICATION
SECTION - RETAIL
WHOLESALE TRAVEL
IV
TICKETING
V
PROFESSIONAL TITLE
VI
DOMESTIC
AFFILIATE
JUNIOR
TICKETING
OFFICER
INTERNATIONAL
CERTIFIED
TRAVEL
CONSULTANT
(CTC)
CERTIFIED
TRAVEL
SUPERVISOR
(CTS)
CERTIFIED
TRAVEL
MANAGER
(CTM)
SENIOR
TICKETING
TICKETING
SUPERVISOR
TICKETING
MANAGER
LOCAL TERM FOR
PROFESSIONAL TITLE
RESERVATION
STAFF
TRAVEL
CONSULTANT
TICKETING
ADMINISTRATION
STAFF
BRANCH
MANAGER