Plagiarism, MLA Formatting
and Embedding Quotes
(Concrete Details)
Plagiarism Video
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gC2ew6qLa8U
 INTENTIONAL plagiarism
What is Plagiarism?
 Check for Understanding: Take 3 minutes (quietly
with a partner if needed), to create a working
definition of what plagiarism is and how to recognize
it.
What is Plagiarism?
 pla·gia·rism (noun)
 1. an act or instance of using or closely imitating the
language and thoughts of another author without
authorization and the representation of that author's work
as one's own, as by not crediting the original author
 Synonyms: appropriation, infringement, piracy,
counterfeiting; theft, borrowing, cribbing, passing off.
 2. a piece of writing or other work reflecting such
unauthorized use or imitation: “These two manuscripts are
clearly plagiarisms,” the editor said, tossing them angrily on
the floor.
Many Ways of Categorization /
Types of Plagiarism
 Plagiarism
according to
Turnitin.com:

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
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


Cloning
CTRL – C
Find – Replace
Remix
Recycle
Hybrid
Mashup
404 Error
Aggregator
Re-tweet
Why is avoiding plagiarism
important?
 There are many ways in which different high schools,
universities, businesses and other similar institutions
define the term, “plagiarism”.
 Ultimately, they all honor the belief in “intellectual
property” (which means that if you create it, it belongs to
you or your employer in the eyes of U.S. law)
 Plagiarism policies, academic honesty codes, intellectual
property rights all additionally recognize that for
something to be yours and be of value to you, you need to
have put in most if not all of the work. “Copying” teaches
nothing and adds nothing to a topic or endeavor.
Four Major Forms of Plagiarism:
Word for Word Plagiarism: Source material is copied word for word
without citation or alteration.
Ex: Beware the Ides of March. [No quotation marks / text note]
Paraphrasing Plagiarism: You rephrase words or sentence structure,
but essentially add nothing to the content
Ex: Look out for March 15th! [Nothing added / no text notes]
Mosaic / Patchwork Plagiarism: “Stitching together” many different
sources without adding significant new content or a text note.
Ex: Et tu Brute? Look out for March 15th! [No original content or proper
text notes]
Self Plagiarism: Rephrasing or re-presenting work you have done
yourself elsewhere in an essay.
Ex: The ides of March are important to Caesar. [later in the
essay…]Caesar believes the ides of march are important.
What do you think the four major
types of plagiarism are?
 Check for Understanding: Take 3 minutes to define
what you think these types of plagiarism represent:
 Word for Word Plagiarism:
 Paraphrasing Plagiarism:
 Mosaic / Patchwork Plagiarism:
 Self Plagiarism:
Intentional Versus Unintentional
 Some plagiarism issues are matters of intentional, deliberate
misrepresentation, where the person doing the plagiarism was
well aware of what they were doing
 Ex: Buying essay on line, using someone else’s research, cutting and
pasting chunks of someone else’s work
 Other examples of plagiarism might be unintentional due to
ignorance about citing outside sources, accident or oversight.
 Missing text notes, sources cited incorrectly, paraphrasing that is
too close to the original
 Regardless of reason, you are responsible for avoiding
plagiarism in your own work.
Summary: What is the difference?
 Check for Understanding: What is the difference
between INTENTIONAL and UNINTENTIONAL
plagiarism? Take 3 minutes to summarize what you
think these terms mean.
Plagiarism and Jane Schaffer
 As we will see in coming slides, using two items in a
Jane Schaffer chunked paragraph goes a long way
towards assuring that you are not guilty of plagiarism.
These are:
 TEXT NOTES
 A WORKS CITED PAGE
 Generally speaking, if information does not come from
your own head, you must either discard it or cite it.
Plagiarism and Jane Schaffer
 Quotations you take from the play; Julius Caesar
should be considered Concrete Details in Jane Schaffer
language and should be cited properly in your paper.
 Quotes are one example of how you can use
information from a source to support your argument.
This is also called: TEXT-BASED EVIDENCE.
Using 2-Chunk Format to construct
a body paragraph
 “2 Chunk Format” body paragraph:
 Topic Sentence (TS)
 1st Concrete Detail (CD) – In this case, a quote from the
passage
 Commentary (CM) – Your reflections / explanation of
quote
 Commentary (CM)
 2nd Concrete Detail (CD)
 Commentary (CM)
 Commentary (CM)
 Concluding Sentence (CD)
Using 2- Chunk Format to construct
a body paragraph
 Shorthand structure of 2 chunk paragraph:
 TS – Topic Sentence
 CD – Concrete Detail (Quote)
 CM - Commentary
 CM - Commentary
 CD – Concrete Detail (Quote)
 CM - Commentary
 CM - Commentary
 CS – Concluding Sentence
Using 2-Chunk Format to
Construct a body paragraph
 Check for Understanding: How many quotes (direct or
paraphrased) should a Jane schaffer 2-chunk
paragraph have? What J.S. term is used to describe
them?
 Check for Understanding: What does ANY quote
(direct or paraphrased) need to have to avoid
plagiarism?
Consequences of Plagiarism
 Shakespeare plagiarized,
but you are not
Shakespeare!
 We live in a day where
there are computers,
printing presses and MOST
people are literate (can
read and write).
 Modern people CARE
about whether their ideas
are being “stolen”
intentionally or
unintentionally. Plagiarism
is a considered dishonest
and a type of fraud.
Consequences of Plagiarism
 Like any dishonesty, there are consequences for
plagiarism:
 In an academic setting, you could fail an assignment and
as a result an entire class. In college, you could be
expelled!
 In a business setting, you could lose your job and
possibly be vulnerable to lawsuits regarding your
dishonesty.
 Bottom line: Don’t do it!
Consequences of Plagiarism
 Check for Understanding: Why is avoiding plagiarism
so important both in the world of academics and the
world of work?
PRACTICE
 Here is an original quote:
 “Selling a product successfully in another country often
requires changes in the product.”
 Here is a student’s use of that quote:
 To sell a product successfully in another country, you
need to change the product.
 Is this plagiarism? Explain why or why not.
Practice
 It is plagiarism (intention unclear).
 The ideas are the same… almost identical.
 The wording is too similar (“successfully,” “in another
country”).
 The length is too similar to the original.
 Only minor changes were made.
 It lacks a proper text note to indicate the author /
source.
What is the “MLA”?
 M.L.A. stands for “Modern Language Association”
 The M.L.A. consists of academics and writers who set
uniform standards for academic writing (style guides)
 They insure uniformity and clarity when teachers and
academics are judging your work.
 M.L.A. is not the only citation / attribution system.
There are others such as “Chicago Style” or “APA Style.”
Always follow the style specified by your teacher!
MLA Format for Citing Sources
 We will focus on the two forms of MLA formatting that
you will need to know to avoid plagiarism:
 Books


There are many subsets of books (anthologies, books by
multiple authors, multi-volume books, etc.)
Each type of book has different MLA expectations in terms
of style
 Internet

There are many variations on internet resources, so be sure
you are citing the one you are using properly (Ex: databases,
metasites, 2nd party publishers, etc.)
MLA Format for Citing Sources
 With a “Works Cited” page, formatting is important!
 Be sure to put proper punctuation where it belongs
(periods, commas, etc.)
 Style guides change over time, so always be sure that
you have either your teacher’s expectations or the most
current version of the MLA style guide.
 For example, the internet is not uniform in how it
represents authorship and origin, so you might need to
omit some information if it is missing.
Books

Minimally, you will need the following information:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Author(s)
Book title
Publisher
Date of publication
Page number(s) / Line number(s) if appropriate.
A “Works Cited” citation might look like this:
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York:
Penguin, 1987. Print.
Internet

Minimally, you will need the following information:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Author and/or editor names (if available)
Article name in quotation marks (if applicable)
Title of the Website, project, or book in italics.
Any version numbers available, including revisions, posting dates, volumes, or issue
numbers.
Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
Take note of any page numbers (if available).
Medium of publication.
Date you accessed the material.
URL (if required, or for your own personal reference; MLA does not require a URL).
A “Works Cited” citation might look like this:
The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U,
2008. Web. 23 Apr. 2008.
Text Notes
 When using a quote from a source, it MUST be
followed by a TEXT NOTE
 A Text Note is a short-hand reference to where the
information came from and usually keys into a
WORKS CITED PAGE at the end of your essay /
written work.
Text Notes
 A text note for a book might look like this:
 Ex: “Beware the ides of March.” (Shakespeare 716).
 Note: No commas, “#” signs, or “Pg.” – Just the author
and page number
 A text note for an internet site might look like this:
 Ex: “Beware the ides of March.” (“Julius Caesar”)
 Note: The title in parentheses should match the title of
the webpage on your “Works Cited” page
Resources
 If you are not sure what to do:
 Ask an English teacher (follow the rules of each teacher)
 Visit the Theme Readers in the LRC
 Use an on-line resource such as the On-line Writing Lab
(O.W.L.) offered by Perdue University
 Buy / use an MLA style guide
 CAUTIOUSLY use internet resources such as “Citation
Machine,” “Son of Citation Machine,” or “Easybib”. Be
sure they are accurate before you use them to make a
Works Cited page!
Embedding Quotations
 When paraphrasing an outside source, you do not
need quotation marks, but you DO still need text
notes.
 When using a direct quote in a sentence, you should
include it in your sentences in a way that it:
 Doesn’t seem to stand by itself without context and,
 Blends seamlessly with your own previous and following
thoughts related to the quote as they appear in the
sentence.
Embedding Quotes
 Here are six useful rules for embedding your quotes:
 You should generally start the sentence with your own
words.
 You should use present tense verbs

Ex: “Antigone shows” instead of “Antigone showed”
 You may need to use transitional words / phrases to lead
into the quoted portion of your sentence.
 Don’t use unclear pronouns if avoidable (he/ she / it)
 Use third person point of view (no “I” or “You”)
 It should be clear through the use of quotation marks
what is yours and what belongs to your source.
Embedding Quotations
 If a quotation is less than three lines long, place it
within the paragraph. Make sure your punctuation for
it follows this pattern, with the notation of your source
within the sentence: "Quotation," (Author 3)—”3”
indicating page number.
 If the quotation is over 3 lines long, indent the whole
passage five spaces from the margin. In this case, do
not use quotation marks and make sure your notation
of author and page number within parenthesis is
placed outside the sentence
Embedding Quotations
 If you use an ellipsis (...) to conclude a sentence, which
indicates that text has been left out from the source,
you must include a period to end the sentence. Cassius
demonstrates his dishonesty when he states,“Well,
Brutus, thou are noble… who so firm who cannot be
seduced?" (4).
 Use brackets if you add information to the quote for
clarity. “The author [of Julius Caesar] often plagiarized
his sources.”
 Make sure to cite your quotations on a Works Cited
page.
Using Transitional Words
 Many verbs can be used to introduce summaries,
paraphrases and quotations. Some are comments,
describes, explains, reveals, proposes, reports, thinks,
writes, considers, concludes, claims, contends, insists,
admits, concedes, concurs, derides, laments,
speculates, warns, etc.
Embedding Quotes
 An embedded quote should NOT look like:
 “Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world like a
Colossus, and we petty men walk under his huge legs
and peep about to find ourselves dishonorable graves”

No text note / no surrounding sentence
 An embedded quote SHOULD look like:
 In Act I, scene ii, Cassius paints an image of Caesar
“bestride the narrow world like a Colossus,” where he is
represented as a giant that towers over Cassius and
Brutus while they are like insects beneath him
(Shakespeare 720).
Practice:
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I know that virtue to be in you, Brutus,
As well as I do know your outward favour.
Well, honour is the subject of my story.
I cannot tell what you and other men
Think of this life; but, for my single self,
I had as lief not be as live to be
In awe of such a thing as I myself.
I was born free as Caesar; so were you:
We both have fed as well, and we can both
Endure the winter's cold as well as he:
For once, upon a raw and gusty day,
The troubled Tiber chafing with her shores,
Caesar said to me 'Darest thou, Cassius, now
Leap in with me into this angry flood,
And swim to yonder point?' Upon the word,
Accoutred as I was, I plunged in
And bade him follow; so indeed he did.
The torrent roar'd, and we did buffet it
With lusty sinews, throwing it aside
And stemming it with hearts of controversy;
But ere we could arrive the point proposed,
Caesar cried 'Help me, Cassius, or I sink!'
I, as Aeneas, our great ancestor,
Did from the flames of Troy upon his shoulder
The old Anchises bear, so from the waves of Tiber
Did I the tired Caesar. And this man
Is now become a god, and Cassius is
A wretched creature and must bend his body,
If Caesar carelessly but nod on him.
He had a fever when he was in Spain,
And when the fit was on him, I did mark
How he did shake: 'tis true, this god did shake;
His coward lips did from their colour fly,
And that same eye whose bend doth awe the world
Did lose his lustre: I did hear him groan:
Ay, and that tongue of his that bade the Romans
Mark him and write his speeches in their books,
Alas, it cried 'Give me some drink, Titinius,'
As a sick girl. Ye gods, it doth amaze me
A man of such a feeble temper should
So get the start of the majestic world
And bear the palm alone.
Shout. Flourish
Cassius’ monologue delivered to Brutus
from Act I, Scene ii
Practice:


BRUTUS
Another general shout!
I do believe that these applauses are
For some new honours that are heap'd on Caesar.
CASSIUS
Why, man, he doth bestride the narrow world
Like a Colossus, and we petty men
Walk under his huge legs and peep about
To find ourselves dishonourable graves.
Men at some time are masters of their fates:
The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,
But in ourselves, that we are underlings.
Brutus and Caesar: what should be in that 'Caesar'?
Why should that name be sounded more than yours?
Write them together, yours is as fair a name;
Sound them, it doth become the mouth as well;
Weigh them, it is as heavy; conjure with 'em,
Brutus will start a spirit as soon as Caesar.
Now, in the names of all the gods at once,
Upon what meat doth this our Caesar feed,
That he is grown so great? Age, thou art shamed!
Rome, thou hast lost the breed of noble bloods!
When went there by an age, since the great flood,
But it was famed with more than with one man?
When could they say till now, that talk'd of Rome,
That her wide walls encompass'd but one man?
Now is it Rome indeed and room enough,
When there is in it but one only man.
O, you and I have heard our fathers say,
There was a Brutus once that would have brook'd
The eternal devil to keep his state in Rome
As easily as a king.
Cassius’ monologue delivered to Brutus
from Act I, Scene ii
Practice:
 Using embedded quotes and text notes, create a
“two chunk” paragraph based on Cassius’ speech
in Act I, Scene ii.
Works Cited
 The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2010. Web.
2/1/13.
 "plagiarism." The American Heritage® New Dictionary
of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company, 2005. 11 Feb. 2013. <Dictionary.com