Great Depression
Brother can you spare a dime?
(1)Crisis of Democracy in the
West
• Problems After the war:
1 Jobs for Veterans
2 Rebuilding
3 Debt
4 Socialism + Nationalism=radical ideas
5 Peace Settlements unfair
6 Lack of Strong Leaders
(2)Treaties Drafted to
Encourage International Peace
• Locarno Treaty-settled borders btwn
Germany, France, Belgium,
Czechoslovakia, Poland
• Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928-Renounced
War-Disarmament for U.S., Britain, Japan,
France, etc.
• League of Nations-Nations cooperate
(3&4)Weak Spots in the World
Economy
• America-overproduction, decreased
demand, pricesfor raw materials+goods
• Great Depression-affected world
economy, banks stopped loans abroad,
demand for repayment of foreign lands,
tariffs=“snowball effect
OBJ #1 - Describe the CAUSES and SPARK of the Great Depression. How did
Overproduction affect both farmers and industry? What system collapsed and caused
millions to lose their savings? Explain how buying on Margin created the Spark. How did
people lose money because of the spark?
I. OBJ #1- Cause & Spark of the Depression
A. Causes of the Depression
1. Overproduction, too much stuff (Factories and Farms)
a. Factory Workers begin to get layed-off
- Workers cannot buy goods, even more goods are overproduced
b. Farmers Can’t Survive
-low prices (can’t pay loans / make a living)
c. Supply & Demand- Prices Drop
2. Bank Failures
a. Banks close and loose $$$
b. People default on loans (Can’t pay Back)
c. Banks cannot cover their deposits, because it was lent out to
bad creditors **5,000 banks close between 1929-1932**
d. People loose entire LIFE SAVINGS
1920’s
Problems
Factories making Too
Much, Farms
growing too much
BANKS Have NO $$
PEOPLE LOST
SAVINGS & JOBS
Factories Fire Workers
(Don’t need them)
NO ONE TO HELP!
Farm Prices fall
(Farmers can’t make $$)
Banks Close because
they have no money:
Loans have not been
paid back, can’t give
people their savings
Farmers & Factory Workers
can’t pay back loans to
Banks: DEFAULT!!
People Default
on Loans
+
Banks have
no money to
give people
Banks Close
=
People Loose
savings
OBJ #1- Cause & Sparks of Depression
B. SPARK!!! Of the Depression
1. Stock Market Crash, Black Thur. Oct. 29, 1929
a. Summer 1929, Investors begin to sell stocks
b. Supply & Demand Again – Massive Sell-Off and prices begin to ______
2. How???
a. Buying on Margin (Borrowing $$)
- Buy stock by just paying a small portion of what the stock is
worth
ex.- 100 shares at $10= $1000 only pay $300
still owe $700
-Problem, stock crashes and you loose your money and
can’t payback stock broker
- stock broker can’t pay back bank
OBJ #1- Cause & Sparks of Depression
QUICK REVIEW:
Causes: 1. Overproduction
2. Bank Closings
Spark: 1. Stock Market Crash
Results: 1. Unemployment
2. Life Savings Lost
(5) Countries Disagree on
Policies
• British wanted to “relax” harsh treatments
of Versilles treaty-fearing power of USSR
• France did not.
(6) Reactions to Depression
• Coalition governments-merging of political
parties.
• France, 1936-Leon Blum-Socialist Leader,
Popular Front Government,Tried to solve
labor problems and pass social legislation.
• Germany-Weimar Republic-political
division, competition for power, plagued by
corruption.
• Britain,1926-general strike, Labour Party +
Conservative Party gain support in
Parliament.
(7 & 12)Prosperity + Depression
• U.S.A. returns to isolation-does not join
League
• Limited Immigration “Red Scare”
(Russians, Chinese, Japanese)
• Presidents during this time: Wilson,
Coolidge, Hoover, FDR
• New Deal 1932-Get out of Depressiongov’t more involved, jobs, social security,
bank insurance
(9&10)Countries want
Independence
• Commonwealth of Nations: formed by
British after WWI, Canada, New Zealand,
Australia, South Africa
• Ireland-I.R.A. (Irish Republican Army),
used guerilla warfare against British
• 1916 Easter Rising-revolt against British
1922 gains freedom except in Northern
Ireland
(11)France Pursues Security
• Maginot Line: “Wall”/fortification along
border between France and Germany.
A Culture in Conflict
Section 2
• Changes in Society: womens’suffrage,
rejection of tradition, prohibition, Christian
fundamentalism spreads in rural areas,
Popular culture spreads.
• Cultural Changes: Jazz, Literature,
Harlem Renaissance, Abstract Art,
Scientific Discoveries, Architecture
influenced by design
(1-3) Science
• Marie Curieradioactivity
• Albert Einsteinrelativity
• Sigmund Freudpsychoanalysis
(4-6) Art
• Pablo Picasso-cubism (3 dimentional)
• Georges Braque
• Dada artists revolt against civilization and
shock viewers
• Henri Matisse-unlike real life
• Paul Klee-abstract
• Vasily Kandinsky-abstract
• Salvadore Dali-dream-like
PabloPicasso
Massacre at Korea 1951
Georges Barque
• Violin and Candlestick
1910
Henri Matisse
• Woman with Hat 1905
• Dessert Harmony in
Red 1908
Paul Klee
Vasily Kandinsky
• Composition VII
• Composition X
Salvador Dali
Soft Construction with Boiled Beans
Salvadore Dali
The persistence of memory
Dadaism
Architecture
Frank Lloyd Wright
(7&8) Literature
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Eric Remarque-All Quite on the Western Front
T.S. Elliot-The Waste Land
Ernest Hemingway-The Sun Also Rises
F. Scott Fitzgerald-The Great Gatsby
Virginia Woolf-To the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway
James Joyce-Finnegan’s Wake
Writers experiment with the stream of
consciousness-character’s inner thoughts
explored
(9&10)Popular Culture
• Radio-creates mass culture through sound
• Jazz music-pioneered by African
Americans combines western harmonies
w/African rhythms, symbolizes the 1920s
Louise Brooks
(11&12) Society
• 1920s women defy tradition-> Flappers
• Women won the right to vote, access to
higher education, admittance to art and
science.
Alice Joyce
OBJ #2- Affects of the Great Depression
Wizard
C. Escaping the Depression
1. Radio- Comedies, Soap Operas
of
2. Movies- Shirley Temple, Child Actors
a. Snow White (first full-length animation)
b. Wizard of OZ
OZ
*Small girl escaping the Dust Bowl
3. Literature
a. Steinbeck, Grapes of Wrath
*About a family of ‘Okies’ escaping the Dust Bowl and how
horribly they were treated
Benito Mussolini
Victor Emmanuel III
Mussolini
Benito Mussolini
(A) Fascism in Italy
• Mussolini’s Rise to Power-1919 organized
Veterans and angry Italians in the fascist
party.
• Organized “Black Shirts”-Violence
• King Victor Emmanuel III gives control
after March on Rome
• Italy becomes dictatorship and economy is
brought under control.”Cooperate State”
(fascist party controlled all)
(B) Fascism in Italy
• Men, women + children make sacrifices for
nation
• Youth = obey military discipline and glorify
Mussolini
• Mussolini= IL Duce “The Leader”
• “Machines and Women = Unemployment
• Influenced Hitler and Stalin
(C) What is Fascism?
• While both fascism and communism were by their
appeal during economic hard times and by dictators who
imposed totalitarian gov’ts, the 2 idealologies pursued
different goals and found support among different
groups.
• Fascism appealed to many Italians because it promised
a strong, stable government, an end to political feuding,
and an awakening of national pride.
• 3 systems of gov’t competed for influence in postwar
Europe: democracy (B&F) Communism (USSR) and
fascism (Italy
What is Fascism?
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Values
No unifying set of beliefs
Extreme nationalism
Discipline
Loyalty to state
Anti-democratic
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Characteristics
Centralized
Authoritarian
Noncommunist
Pursued aggressive
foreign expansion
Fascism Vs. Communism
Differences with
Communism
• Works for nationalist
rather (power for the
party) than international
goals.
• Dictator takes all-don’t
share the wealth.
• Supports a society with
defined classes.
Similarities with
Communism
• Terror, blind devotion to
state
• Totalitarian governments
to control nation and
make rapid changes
Totalitarian Government
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Single party dictatorship
State control of economy
Censorship
Obedience to single ruler
Schools and Media used to force ideals
Adolf Hitler
Germany after World War I
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Under Weimar Republic
Blamed for Versailles Treaty
French occupation of Ruhr
leads to economic crises.
Inflation spirals out of control
Economy improves in late
1920s
Great Depression hits 1930s
Tumultuous times stimulates
new cultural movements
Berlin attracts writers and
artists from around the world
Rise of Nazi Party
• 1919 leader of Nazi Party
(Nationalist Socialist German
Workers)=Hitler
• 1923 Hitler wrote- Mein Kampf
(My Struggle)
• Hitler’s ideas rooted in antisemitism and a superior race
Lebensraum-”living space”
Germany for Aryans
• Nazi membership as
unemployment
• Hitler promised to end
reparations, create jobs, rearm
Germany
• Elected Chancellor 1933
Germany Under Nazi Control
• Totalitarian State = Third Reich
• Rule through Terror-””Storm Troopers”,
Gestapo. Propaganda
• Launched Public Works program-got out
of depression
• Ideas spread to youth-burned books
• Single State Church
• Campaigned against Jews-Kristallnacht
11/10/38, concentration camps
Vocabulary
• Dawes Plan: 1924 agreement in which France withdrew its troops from the
Ruhr, and American loans helped the German economy recover.
• Mein Kampf: book written by Hitler while in jail that details Nazi goals and
idealology
• Third Reich: Hitler’s name for the period in which he ruled Germany as had
past emperors such as Charlemagne and Bismarck
• Kristallnacht: “Night of Broken Glass” in which nazi led mobs attacked
Jewish communities across Germany.
• Concentration Camp: Detention centers for civilians considered to be
enemies of a state