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INTRODUCTION ,
DEFINITION & BACKGROUND
OF
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
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 Orthostatic (postural) hypotension (OH) is a common disorder.
 Frequently under diagnosed.
 Frequent cause of syncope.
 Contributes to morbidity, disability and even mortality.
 It is a SYNDROME , and its prognosis depends on :
 Its Specific Cause
 Its Severity
 The Distribution of its Autonomic or Non-Autonomic involvement.
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 ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION is a reduction of …
 Systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg OR
 Diastolic blood pressure of at least 10 mm Hg
 Within 3 minutes of standing.
 An acceptable alternative to STANDING :
 Demonstration of a similar drop in blood pressure within 3 minutes
 Using a tilt table in the head-up position
 At an angle of at least 60 degrees
Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. The
Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1996;46:1470
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 Limitations:
 Does not take into account :
 The possibility that different blood pressure declines may have different clinical significance.
 Blood pressure changes that may occur after 3 minutes of standing.
Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. The
Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1996;46:1470
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 Should be considered before making the diagnosis :
 Food ingestion
 Recent recumbency
 Time of day
 State of hydration
 Ambient temperature
 Postural deconditioning
 Hypertension and anti-hypertensive medications
 Gender
 Age
Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. The
Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1996;46:1470
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
OF
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
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 One Study to “Determine Patterns Of Within-day Orthostatic Blood Pressure Changes”
 Cross Sectional study with 911 residents from 45 nursing homes .
 Aged 60 years or older, able to stand for at least 1 minute.
 Supine ,1-minute and 3-minute standing BP + HR were measured.
 Before and after breakfast and before and after lunch.
 No OH = 48.5%
 Only once = 18.3%
 2-3 times = 19.9%
 4 or more times = 13.3%
 Most prevalent before breakfast, especially 1 minute after standing (21.3%)
 Least prevalent after lunch, after 3 minutes of standing (4.9%)
Ooi WL, Barrett S, Hossain M, Kelley-Gagnon M, Lipsitz LA. Patterns of orthostatic blood pressure change and their clinical correlates in a frail, elderly population. JAMA. 1997 Apr 23-30; 277(16):1299-304.
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 A study to “Assess Prevalence of Orthostatic Hypotension and its Associations”.
 A multicenter, observational, longitudinal study .
 Enrolled 5,201 men and women aged >65 yrs.
 Prevalence 14.8% for those age 65 to 69 and 26% for those age >85
 OH was associated significantly with :
 Difficulty walking (odds ratio, 1.23)
 Frequent falls (odds ratio, 1.52)
 H/o MI (odds ratio, 1.24)
 H/o TIA (odds ratio, 1.68)
 Isolated systolic hypertension (odds ratio, 1.35)
 Major EKG abnormalities (odds ratio, 1.21)
 Presence of carotid artery stenosis based on ultrasound (odds ratio, 1.67)
 Negatively associated with weight
.
Hypertension. 19(6 Pt 1):508-519, June 1992

PATHOGENESIS
OF
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
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 Normal BP response on moving from a supine to a standing position :
 Small reduction (<10 mm Hg) in SBP & increase in DBP (~ 2.5 mm Hg).
 Gravity Induced Drop  Approximately 500 to 1000 ml of blood is pooled in the lower extremities and in the splanchnic and pulmonary circulations.
 Response (Baroreflex) :
 Gravity Induced Drop
 Decreased venous return to the heart
 Transient reduction in CO and BP
 Stimulation of the baroreceptors in carotid arteries and aorta
 Reflexively increased sympathetic tone  Increased PVR (Vasoconstriction)
 Inhibits parasympathetic activity  Increased HR
 Restoration of CO and BP by an increase in HR and PVR.
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 “ Age-Related Changes ” that can effect normal BP Regulation :
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ETIOLOGY
OF
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
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Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007 Oct; 120 (10):841-847.

Figueroa JJ, Basford JR, Low PA, Preventing and treating orthostatic hypotension: As easy as A, B, C.
Cleve Clin J Med, 77:2010, 298-306
.
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CLINICAL FEATURES
OF
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
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 Symptoms that develop …
 On assuming erect posture, OR
 Following head-up tilt, and usually
 Resolve on resuming the recumbent position.
 Symptoms include :
 Lightheadedness, dizziness, blurred vision, weakness, fatigue, cognitive impairment, nausea, palpitations, tremulousness, headache, and neck ache
(Coat Hanger Ache)
Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. The
Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1996;46:1470.
 In Elderly, disturbed speech, visual changes, falls, confusion, and impaired cognition are more common.
Rutan GH, Hermanson B, Bild DE, et al. Orthostatic hypotension in older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Hypertension.
1992; 19:508-519.
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 A cohort of 3522 Japanese American men 71 to 93 years old.
 Total of 473 deaths in the cohort over 4 years.
 52 of those who died had orthostatic hypotension
 4 year all cause mortality = Relative Risk 1.64 ( 95% CI 1.19 to 2.26 ** )
**
With the use of Cox proportional hazards models, after adjustment for age, smoking, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, physical activity, seated systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medications, hematocrit, alcohol intake, and prevalent stroke, coronary heart disease and cancer
Masaki KH, Schatz IJ and Burchfiel CM. Orthostatic hypotension predicts mortality in elderly men: the Honolulu Heart Program.
Circulation. 1998; 98: 2290-2295
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 In patients who have extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders (eg, PD , MSA)
 The earlier and the more severe the involvement of the autonomic nervous system, the poorer the prognosis
- Sandroni P, Ahlskog JE, Fealey RD, Low PA. Autonomic involvement in extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders. Clin Auton Res
1991; 1:147–155.
- Saito Y, Matsuoka Y, Takahashi A, Ohno Y. Survival of patients with multiple system atrophy. Intern Med 1994; 33:321–325.
 In hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus, the risk of death is higher if they have orthostatic hypotension.
Luukinen H, Koski K, Laippala P, Kivelä SL. Prognosis of diastolic and systolic orthostatic hypotension in older persons. Arch Intern
Med 1999; 159:273–280.
 Diastolic OH is associated with a higher risk of vascular death in older persons.
Hoeldtke RD, Streeten DH. Treatment of orthostatic hypotension with erythropoietin. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:611–615.
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EVALUATION
OF
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
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 Syncope may be the initial presentation.
 A study to evaluate cause of syncope in 611 patients presenting at the ER.
 24 % had orthostatic hypotension.
Sarasin FP, Louis-Simonet M, Carballo D, et al. Prospective evaluation of patients with syncope: a population-based study.
Am J Med. Aug 15 2001;111(3):177-84
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 The annual nationwide inpatient sample (NIS), sponsored by the AHRQ
 During 2004, 80,095 orthostatic hypotension- related hospitalizations.
 OH listed as the primary diagnosis in 28,073 (35%) hospitalizations.
 Most frequent secondary diagnoses were :
 Atrial fibrillation (10.7%)
 Hypertension (8.9%)
 Syncope (8.2%)
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (7.7%)
 Congestive heart failure (6.7%)
 Urinary tract infection (4.6%)
Shibao C, Grijalva CG, Raj SR, Biaggioni I, Griffin MR. Orthostatic hypotension-related hospitalizations in the United States.
Am J Med. 2007 Nov;120(11):975-80
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 More likely to have Chronic Etiologies
 Referred from the ER or hospital upon discharge for further testing.
 Usually have vague/ undifferentiated symptom description.
 Discontinuing vs changing medications
 MRI can be used to assess for possible etiologies of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension.
 Further testing as indicated.
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 Evaluation Of Suspected OH
 Begins by identifying reversible causes
 Underlying associated medical conditions.
 In addition to assessing for symptoms of orthostasis
 Elicit symptoms of autonomic dysfunction involving the GI and GU tract.
 Detailed assessment of the motor nervous system should be performed to evaluate for signs of parkinson’s disease, as well as cerebellar ataxia.
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Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007 Oct; 120 (10):841-847.

HISTORICAL FEATURES
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Fatigue, Rectal Bleeding
Amaurosis Fugax, Aphasia, Dysarthria, Unilateral Sensory & Motor
Symptoms
POSSIBLE ETIOLOGY
Anemia
Stroke
Bradykinesia, Pill-rolling Tremor, Shuffling Gait
Burns
Chest Pain, Palpitations, Shortness Of Breath
Parkinson Disease
Intravascular Volume Depletion
CHF, MI, Myocarditis, Pericarditis
Chills, Fever, Lethargy, Nausea, Vomiting
Extremity Swelling
High-risk Sexual Behavior
Progressive Motor Weakness
Gastroenteritis, Sepsis
CHF, Venous Insufficiency
AIDS, Neurosyphilis
GBS , Multiple System Atrophy
Relapsing Neurologic Symptoms In Various Anatomic Locations Multiple Sclerosis
Symptoms After A Meal Postprandial Hypotension
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Evaluation and Management of Orthostatic Hypotension ; American Family Physician Volume 84, Number 5 ; September 1, 2011

 Obtain Orthostatic Vital Signs.
 Supine Blood Pressure and pulse after 3 minutes
 Standing Blood Pressure and pulse after 3 minutes
 As many as 2/3rd of patients may go undetected if BP is not measured while supine.
Carlson JE. Assessment of orthostatic blood pressure:measurement technique and clinical applications. South
Med J 1999; 92: 167–173.
 One retrospective review of 730 patients found that vital signs had poor test characteristics when compared with tilt-table testing for the diagnosis of OH.
 PPV = 61.7 %
 NPV= 50.2 %
Cooke J, Carew S, O’Connor M, Costelloe A, Sheehy T, Lyons D. Sitting and standing blood pressure measurements are not accurate for the diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension. QJM. 2009;102(5):335-339.
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EXAMINATION FINDINGS
Aphasia, Dysarthria, Facial Droop, Hemiparesis
POSSIBLE DIAGNOSIS
Stroke
Cogwheel Rigidity, Festinating Gait, Lack Of Truncal
Rotation While Turning, Masked Facies
Gummas, Unequal Pupils (Argyll Robertson Pupil)
Loss Of Position And Vibration Senses
Parkinson Disease
Confusion, Dry Mucous Membranes, Dry Tongue,
Longitudinal Tongue Furrows, Speech Difficulty, Sunken Eyes,
Upper Body Weakness
Decreased Libido, Impotence In Men; Urinary Retention And
Incontinence In Women
Dehydration (In Older Patients)
Pure Autonomic Failure.
Dependent Lower Extremity Edema, Stasis Dermatitis Right-sided Congestive Heart Failure,
Venous Insufficiency
Tabes Dorsalis
Early Satiety, Postprandial Fullness, Constipation,
Incontinence, Exercise Intolerance
Diabetic Neuropathy
Smooth Beefy Red Tongue, Lemon Pallor, Recent Loss Of Pernicious Anemia
Mental Capacity, Paresthesias, Ataxia
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Evaluation and Management of Orthostatic Hypotension ; American Family Physician Volume 84, Number 5 ; September 1, 2011

Ancillary Tests
BASIC
METABOLIC PROFILE
BUN & Cr
Electrolytes
Conditions Suspected
Intravascular volume depletion
Electrolyte abnormalities from vomiting or diarrhea, or as cause of cardiac conduction abnormalities; clues to adrenal insufficiency (Dec Na & K)
IMAGING
COMPLETE
BLOOD
COUNT
Serum Glucose
CT +/- MRI
White Count
H&H
Platelet Count
ECHO
EKG
Hyperglycemia
Neurodegenerative disease, stroke
Infections
Anemia
Sepsis
CHF, Structural heart disease
Cardiac arrhythmia, myocardial infarction
MORNING SERUM CORTISOL LEVELS
SERUM VITAMIN B12 LEVEL
TELEMETRY MONITORING
Adrenal insufficiency
Neuropathy from vitamin B12 deficiency
Cardiac arrhythmia
RPR/ VDRL Syphilis
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Evaluation and Management of Orthostatic Hypotension ; American Family Physician Volume 84, Number 5 ; September 1, 2011

 Indications for Head-up tilt testing
 High probability of OH despite an initial negative evaluation (e.g., PD)
 Patients with significant motor impairment that precludes them from having standing vital signs obtained.
Lahrmann H.; Cortelli P.; Hilz M.; Mathias C.J.; Struhal W.; Tassinari M. EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of orthostatic hypotension. Eur. J. Neurol. 2006, 13, 930-936
 To monitor the course of an autonomic disorder and its response to therapy.
Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007 Oct; 120 (10):841-847
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 Perform tilt-table testing in a quiet room with a temperature of 68°F to 75°F.
 The patient should rest while supine for 5 minutes before testing is started.
 Continuous HR monitoring and blood pressure monitoring at regular intervals.
 The table should be slowly elevated to an angle between 60 to 80 * for 3 minutes.
 The test is considered Positive if systolic blood pressure falls 20 mm Hg below baseline or if diastolic blood pressure falls 10 mm Hg below baseline.
 Measurement of plasma noradrenaline levels while supine and upright may be of some value.
 If symptoms occur during testing, the patient should be returned to the supine position immediately.
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 The procedure is generally considered safe, but serious adverse events such as syncope and arrhythmias have been reported.
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Condition
Normal
Response
HR increases by 10 to 15 beats per minute
DBP increases by 10 mm Hg or more
Dysautonomia No increase in heart rate
Immediate and continuing drop in systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Neurocardiogenic syncope
( Occurs after 10 minutes or more of testing )
Orthostatic hypotension
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Bradycardia Symptomatic, sudden drop in blood pressure
SBP decreases by 20 mm Hg or more or
DBP decreases by 10 mm Hg or more
Heart rate increases by at least 30 beats/ minute or
Persistent tachycardia of more than 120 beats/ minute
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 DO NOT CHASE THE NUMBERS ….!!!!
 Goals should be directed towards :
 Ameliorating symptoms
 Relieving orthostatic symptoms
 Improving the patient’s functional status
 Improving standing time
 Reducing the risk of complications.
 Improving OH without excessive hypertension
 Correcting any underlying cause
 No specific or single treatment is currently available that achieves all these goals.
 Drugs alone are never completely adequate.
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 Supine hypertension is a problem.
 Resulting from medication and/or being part of the disease.
 24 h measurement of BP is best if diagnosis uncertain.
 After starting a new therapy.
 Patients may self-monitor BP, daily at about the same time, and when they experience symptoms.
 Pressor medications should be avoided after 6pm and the bed head elevated
(20–30 cm).
 On occasion, short acting antihypertensive drugs may be considered (e.g.
Nitro-glycerine sublingual).
Lahrmann H.; Cortelli P.; Hilz M.; Mathias C.J.; Struhal W.; Tassinari M. EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of orthostatic hypotension. Eur. J. Neurol. 2006, 13, 930-936
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A B C D E F
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


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 A : Abdominal and Lower Extremity Binders
Podoleanu C, Maggi R, Brignole M, et al. Lower limb and abdominal compression bandages prevent progressive orthostatic hypotension in elderly persons: a randomized single-blind controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(7):1425-1432.
 B : Upto 1 to 2 L of fluid/ day to balance expected 24-hour urine losses  increase standing SBP by > 20 mm hg for approx. two hours.
Shannon JR, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I, et al. Water drinking as a treatment for orthostatic syndromes. Am J Med. 2002;112(5):355-360
 B : Raise the head of the bed 10 to 20 degrees (~ 4 inches )  pts with autonomic failure and supine hypertension  reduce nocturnal hypertension and diuresis
 helps restore morning blood pressure upon standing.
Van Lieshout JJ, Ten Harkel AD, Wieling W. Fludrocortisone and sleeping in the head-up position limit the postural decrease in cardiac output in autonomic failure. Clin Auton Res 2000; 10:35–42.
 C : - Isometric exercises involving the arms, legs, and abdominal muscles.
- Active standing with legs crossed, with or without leaning forward.
Low PA, Singer W. Management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: an update. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(5):451-458.
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 D :
D/c culprit medications  If unable to D/C culprit medications; advise patient to take at bedtime such as anti-hypertensives.
Freeman R. Clinical practice. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(6):615-624 .
 E : Education
 Symptom diary  avoid identified precipitating factors
 Avoid large carbohydrate-rich meals (to prevent postprandial hypotension)
 Limit alcohol intake
Lahrmann H.; Cortelli P.; Hilz M.; Mathias C.J.; Struhal W.; Tassinari M. EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of orthostatic hypotension. Eur. J. Neurol. 2006, 13, 930-936
 E : Exercise programs improves conditioning.
 Squatting has been used to alleviate symptomatic OH
 Toe raises, thigh contractions, and bending over at the waist are recommended
Low PA, Singer W. Management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: an update. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(5):451-458
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 F : Fluid & Salts
 Upto 1 to 2 L of fluid/ day  increase standing SBP by > 20 mm hg.
Shannon JR, Diedrich A, Biaggioni I, et al. Water drinking as a treatment for orthostatic syndromes. Am J Med. 2002;112(5):355-360

Sodium supplementation  adding extra salt to food or taking ~ 1 to 2 gms of salt tablets TID.
 A 24-hour urine sodium level can aid in treatment.
 Value of <170 mmol per 24 hours, should be placed on 1 to 2 g of supplemental sodium three times daily
 Reevaluate in one to two weeks
 Goal of raising urine sodium to between 150 and 200 meq.
 Patients should be monitored for weight gain and edema.
Low PA, Singer W. Management of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension: an update. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(5):451-458
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 A synthetic mineralocorticoid.
 Reducing salt loss and expanding blood volume.
Hussain RM, McIntosh SJ, Lawson J, Kenny RA. Fludrocortisone in the treatment of hypotensive disorders in the elderly.
Heart 1996; 76:507–509.
 Sensitization of alpha-adrenoceptors.
 First line therapy (monotherapy) approved by FDA in 1955.
 Initial dose is 0.1 mg per day with increments of 0.1 mg every week.
 May be increased to 0.4 to 0.6 mg/day in refractory cases.
 Dose titration needed until :
 Resolution of the symptoms
 Patient develops trace peripheral edema
 Weight gain of 4 to 8 lbs
 The maximum dose of 1 mg per day is reached.
Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007 Oct; 120 (10):841-847.
42

 After oral administration,
 Peak plasma levels ~ 45 min
 Elimination half-life ~ 7 h.
 Adverse effects include :
 Headache
 Supine hypertension
 Congestive heart failure
 Hypokalemia
 Dose-dependent
 In one study, hypokalemia in 24% of patients with mean onset at 8 months.
Hussain RM, McIntosh SJ, Lawson J, Kenny RA. Fludrocortisone in the treatment of hypotensive disorders in the elderly
[published correction appears in Heart. 1997;77(3):294]. Heart. 1996;76(6):507-509 .
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 Prodrug with an active metabolite, Desglymidodrine.
 Peripheral selective alpha-1 adrenergic agonist; cause vasoconstriction.
 Absolute bioavailability ~ 93%
 The elimination half-life ~ 2–3 h
 Duration of action ~ 4 h.
 First approved by FDA in 1996.
 Significantly increase systolic BP  avoid last dose after 6 pm to avoid supine HTN.
 Improve symptoms in patient with Neurogenic Hypotension.
 Synergistic effect when combined with fludrocortisone.
 Starting dose = 2.5 mg 3 times per day.
 Then 2.5 mg weekly increments until a max. of 10 mg TID is reached.
 Before arising from bed in morning ---- Before lunch ---- Mid-afternoon
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 Adverse effects :
 Supine Hypertension (25%)
 Piloerection/ goose bumps (13%)
 Pruritis (scalp-10% & general- 2%)
 Paresthesia (9%)
 Contraindications :
 Coronary Artery Disease
 Urinary Retention (worsens urinary retention)
 Thyrotoxicosis
 Acute Renal Failure (Excreted in urine)
 FDA has issued a recommendation to withdraw midodrine from the market because of a lack of post-approval effectiveness data.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug safety and availability. Midodrine update. September 2010.
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 Block the vasodilating effects of prostaglandins  raise the BP in some patients.
Gupta V, Lipsitz LA. Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med 2007 Oct; 120 (10):841-847.
 In elderly patients, indomethacin should be avoided because of associated confusion.
 All NSAIDS should be used with caution due to gastrointestinal and renal side effects.
46

 Adenosine-receptor blocker .
 Inhibits adenosine induced vasodilatation by blocking these receptors.
 Methylxanthine Caffeine
 Administered in a dose of 200 mg every morning as 2 cups of brewed coffee or by tablet.
 May attenuate symptoms in some patients.
 To avoid tolerance and insomnia, caffeine
more then once in the morning.
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 Exact mechanism of action is unknown
 Effect is probably due to increased red cell mass and blood volume.
 Shown to be effective in a subgroup of patients with anemia and autonomic dysfunction.
Hoeldtke RD, Streetan DHP. Treatment of orthostatic hypotension with erythropoietin. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:611-615.
 Principal disadvantage of this drug is the Parenteral route of administration.
 Serious side effects include:
 Hypertension
 Stroke
 Myocardial infarction
48

 Cholinesterase inhibitor
 Potentiates sympathetic baroreflex pathway.
 Approved by FDA :
 Myaesthenia Gravis (1955)
 Bioterrorism  Increase survival after exposure to Soman "nerve gas" poisoning
(2003)
 Off-Label use for Orthostatic Hypotension
 Used for patients with mild to moderate hypotension due modest pressor effect.
 Does not aggravate supine hypertension.
 Enhanced effect when taken with Midodrin 5 mg.
 Starting Dose : 30 mg TID  increased to 60 mg TID.
 180 mg slow release pyridostigmine (Mestinon Timespan) can be taken once a day.
49

 Adverse effects :
 Loose stools
 Diaphoresis
 Hypersalivation
 Fasciculations
50

 Somatostatin Analogue
 Inhibits release of gastrointestinal peptides, some of which cause vasodilation.
 Administered subcutaneously starting with 25–50 mcg.
 In patients with pure autonomic failures :
 Reduces postural, post-parandial and exertional hypotension.
 Does not cause or increase nocturnal hypertension.
51

 CLONIDINE
 Peripheral – alpha 2-adrenergic agonist
 May improve OH in patients with CNS causes of autonomic failure :
• By promoting peripheral venoconstriction.
• Thereby increasing venous return to the heart.
 YOHIMBINE
 Central –alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist.
52

Referral Specialist
Geriatrician
Cardiologist
Neurologist
Indications
Multiple comorbid conditions
Failure of standard therapy to alleviate symptoms
Complications, including recurrent falls, fracture, functional decline, ischemic events, decreased quality of life
Cognitive decline and confusion
Frail elderly patients
Uncontrolled supine hypertension despite standard therapy
Advanced coronary artery disease or severe ischemic symptoms
Severe left ventricular diastolic or systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction30%)
Recent onset of tachy-/bradyarrhythmia
Specialized diagnostic testing for autonomic failure
Chronic and progressive autonomic failure 53

 Regardless of whether OH is symptomatic or asymptomatic, the elderly patient remains at significant risk for future falls, fractures, TIA and MI.
 The diagnostic evaluation of OH should include a comprehensive history and physical examination, careful blood pressure measurements, and laboratory studies.
 Goals of treatment in the elderly patient include ameliorating symptoms, correcting any underlying cause, improving the patient’s functional status, and reducing the risk of complications, rather than trying to attain an arbitrary blood pressure goal.
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 In most cases, treatment begins with nonpharmacological interventions, including withdrawal of offending medications (when feasible), physical maneuvers, compression stockings, increased intake of salt and water, and regular exercise.
 If nonpharmacological measures fail to improve symptoms, pharmacologic agents should be initiated. Fludrocortisone, midodrine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, caffeine, and erythropoietin have all been used to treat orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic failure.
55

 Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system atrophy. The Consensus Committee of the American Autonomic Society and the American Academy of
Neurology. Neurology. 1996;46(5):1470.
 Ooi WL, Barrett S, Hossain M, Kelley-Gagnon M, Lipsitz LA. Patterns of orthostatic blood pressure change and their clinical correlates in a frail, elderly population. JAMA. 1997;277(16):1299-1304.
 Rutan GH, Hermanson B, Bild DE, Kittner SJ, labaw F, Tell GS. Orthostatic hypotension in older adults. The
Cardiovascular Health Study. CHS Collaborative Research Group. Hypertension. 1992;19(6 pt 1):508-519.
 Freeman R. Clinical practice. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(6):615-624
 Sandroni P, Ahlskog JE, Fealey RD, Low PA. Autonomic involvement in extrapyramidal and cerebellar disorders. Clin Auton Res 1991; 1:147–155.
 Saito Y, Matsuoka Y, Takahashi A, Ohno Y. Survival of patients with multiple system atrophy. Intern Med
1994; 33:321–325.
 Uukinen H, Koski K, Laippala P, Kivelä SL. Prognosis of Diastolic and systolic orthostatic hypotension in older
Persons. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:273–280.
 Davis BR, Langford HG, Blaufox MD, Curb JD, Polk BF, Shulman NB. The association of postural changes in systolic blood pressure and mortality in persons with hypertension: the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up
Program experience. Circulation 1987; 75:340–346.
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