The Human
Body:
Chapters 20-25
Support and Movement:

Endoskeleton: internal
skeleton

Bone: very hard tissue
Cartilage: tough, flexible
tissue (protects ends of bones
from rubbing against each other).

Support and Movement:
 Axial
skeleton:
skull, rib cage,
backbone
 Appendicular
skeleton:
shoulder, hip,
pelvis, arms,
legs
Functions of skeleton:

support + shape body

cover/protect organs

work with muscles
for movement

make blood cells
store minerals
(calcium, phosphorous)

Structure of Bones:
Compact bone: Hard/dense, calcium rich
Spongy bone: Lightweight, spaces/holes
Marrow: Found in the
spaces of bones; soft
Red marrow: makes new
blood cells
Yellow marrow: mostly
fat cells
Support and Movement:

Joints: place where
two bones meet

Ligaments: bands of
tough tissue which
joins bones together

Sprains occur when
ligaments are
stretched too far, or
torn (severe sprain).
Types of joints:
Fixed joints: Do not
move at all.
Hinge joints: allow
movement backward
and forward in only
one direction
(ex: elbow, knee)
Ball + socket
joints:
allow movement
in all directions
(shoulder, pelvis)
Pivotal joints: allows
side to side and up and
down movements
(where skull joins
backbone)
Gliding joints: allow
some movement in all
directions, bones slide
along each other
(wrist, ankle)
Muscle actions:

Muscles change their length by contracting
(or shortening)-this pulls on bones and
causes movement of the body.

A muscle that bends a joint is called a
flexor, while a muscle that extends or
straightens a joint is called an extensor.

Muscles work in pairs; when one
contracts, the other relaxes (ex:
biceps/triceps)
Muscle actions:

Laboratory activity:

What kinds of movements are possible for
human body joints?

Terms to know/learn:
Flexion
 Extension
 Abduction
 Adduction

Bone development:

During development
in the womb, the
skeleton is made of
mostly cartilage
which is then
replaced by bone
when calcium
compounds are
deposited.
Skeletal problems:
Fracture = break in bone
Greenstick fracture:
-Incomplete, common in
kids due to softer bone
Simple fracture:
-Does not pierce the skin
Compound fracture:
-Pierces the skin
Arthritis:
Causes inflamed
joints. Most
common type is
when cartilage
between bone is
destroyed and
replaced with bone
deposits.
Scoliosis (Clip):
-A disorder of the
backbone that causes
unusual curves.
-Can be caused by
disease or injury, or may
be inherited at birth.
-Corrected through
surgery or wearing a
brace.
The Muscular System:
Types of muscle tissue:
A) Cardiac muscle:
makes up the heart
B) Skeletal muscle:
attached to bones by
tendons; make
movement possible
C) Smooth muscle:
walls of blood vessels,
stomach and organs
The Muscular System:
Voluntary muscles:
you can control their
movement (skeletal)
Involuntary muscles:
you cannot control
their movement
(smooth and
cardiac)
Muscle problems:

Muscle cramp: muscle contracts
suddenly and strongly

Sore muscles: overuse or small tear

Muscle strain: large tear requiring rest
and time to heal

Muscular dystrophy (Clip): disease
which gradually destroys muscle (cannot
contract)
The Skin:
 Body’s
largest organ
 Supports
and
protects the body
 A)
Epidemis
(outermost layer):
 -waterproof
(keeps water in)
 -keeps germs out
The Skin:
B) Dermis
(inner layer):

-nerves,
blood vessels,
hair follicles,
oil glands,
sweat glands

Try these questions:
 Page
358:
 A) Matching
B) Applying definitions
 Page
359:
 True and false
 Crossword
Puzzle
Free Space
Biology Bingo:
Endoskeleton
 Cartilage
 Axial skeleton
 Appendicular
skeleton
 Compact bone
 Spongy bone
 Red marrow
 Yellow marrow
 Joints
 Ligaments
 Fixed

Hinge
 Ball and socket
 Pivotal
 Gliding
 Flexor
 Extensor
 Fracture
 Greenstick
 Compound
fracture
 Arthritis
 Scoliosis

Cardiac muscle
 Skeletal muscle
 Smooth muscle
 Voluntary
muscles
 Involuntary
muscles
 Muscular
dystrophy
 Epidermis
 Dermis
 Tendons

Chapter 21: Digestion
Digestion:
Breaking down
food into forms that
your body can use.

Digestion begins
in your mouth with
saliva.

Saliva is one of several
enzymes that your body
uses to break down food.


Mechanical
digestion:
Breaking down
food into smaller
pieces (chewing
and grinding).
Chemical digestion:
Breaking down large food
molecules into smaller,
different molecules

(ex: starch is a large
carbohydrate that becomes a small sugar).
The organs
that make
up the digestive
system form a
long tube-like
structure called
the alimentary
canal.

Parts of the digestive system:
1) Mouth:
4 different kinds
of teeth
(for mechanical
breakdown)
and
Saliva
(for chemical
breakdown)

2) Pharynx:
A passageway for
both air and food

3) Esophagus:
A long muscular tube
that connects the
mouth to the stomach.
The contractions of its
muscles forces the
food downward; this is
called peristalsis.
4) Epiglottis:
Flap of tissue covering the windpipe so
that food enters into
the digestive system
instead of the
respiratory system.
5) Stomach:
Both mechanical
and chemical digestion
takes place here.
Stomach muscles
twist and churn up
food, breaking it
into smaller bits.
During these
movements,
gastric juices
(mucus, pepsin, and
hydrochloric acid) help
with the chemical break
down.
6) Small intestine:

Narrow, coiled tube
where most of the
chemical breakdown
of food happens.

Digestive juices made
by the pancreas and
liver are added here.

After food is changed
into usable forms, it is
ready to be absorbed
into the bloodstream.
7) Large intestine:
Undigested material
enters here; water and
minerals are absorbed
into the blood, whereas
solid waste material
moves into the lower
part of the intestine
called the rectum.
Digestive System Problems:

Tooth Decay:
Plaque (saliva, food
and bacteria) forms on
teeth.
The bacteria make
acids that break down
the outer covering of the
tooth called enamel.
Indigestion:
Discomfort after eating,
normally caused by
poor eating habits
(eating too much, too
little, too quickly).

Heart Burn:
Acidic juices from
stomach go up into
esophagus, causing
a burning sensation.

Ulcer:
Stomach acids digest
away the lining of the
stomach or the small
intestine and a sore or
hole is made.

Diarrhea:
Frequent, strong
contractions move wastes
through large intestine
too quickly for water to be
reabsorbed into blood.

Constipation:
Contractions move wastes
through large intestine
too slowly and too much
water is reabsorbed.
This makes it difficult to
eliminate wastes.

Digestive system diagram:










1. Mouth
2. esophagus
3. liver
4. stomach
5. pancreas
6. large intestine
7. small intestine
8. anus or rectum
9. gall bladder
10. pharynx










1. The esophagus is a long muscular tube that
connects the mouth to the stomach.
2. Bile is produced in the liver.
3. Solid wastes are eliminated from the body through
the anus.
4. Water and minerals are absorbed into the blood in
the large intestine.
5. The pancreas releases digestive juices into the
small intestine.
6. Food enters the digestive system through the
mouth.
7. The gall bladder stores bile.
8. When food is swallowed, it enters the pharynx.
9. Most of the chemical digestion of food and the
absorption of food takes place in the small
intestine.
10. The stomach stores and breaks down food.
Free Space

Bill Nye: Digestion
Digestion Biology Bingo:







Digestion
Saliva
Enzymes
Mechanical
digestion
Mastication
Chemical
digestion
Alimentary
canal









Pharynx

Esophagus

Peristalsis

Epiglottis

Stomach

Gastric juices 
Small intestine 
Large intestine 
Rectum
Pancreas
Plaque
Enamel
Indigestion
Heart burn
Ulcer
Diarrhea
Constipation
Review questions:






Name a bone(s) of the axial skeleton.
Name a function/job of our skeleton.
What does red marrow make for our
bodies?
What is yellow marrow made up of?
What is the name of the injury which occurs
when ligaments are stretched too far?
Where in your body might you find a fixed
joint?






Where in your body might you find a
hinge joint?
Where in your body might you find a pivot
joint?
Where in your body might you find a
gliding joint?
Where in your body might you find a
ball/socket joint?
What kind of muscle bends a joint?
What kind of muscle straightens a joint?






Muscles always work in _______, when
one contracts, the other relaxes.
During development in the womb,______
is replaced with bone.
A ________is the name for a break in a
bone.
A compound fracture pierces the ______.
Arthritis causes ______ between bone to
be destroyed.
Curves in the spine can be caused by a
disorder called __________






What do we call the muscle that makes up
the heart?
What kinds of muscles make movement
possible?
Where in your body might you find
smooth muscle?
Give an example of an involuntary
muscle.
What is the largest organ of the body?
Name something found in your dermis.
•Give an example of mechanical digestion.
•Give an example of chemical digestion.
•What is the scientific name for the long
tube-like structure that forms the digestive
system?
•This structure is a passageway for both air
and food.
•The contractions that push food through
your digestive system is called what?
•What is the name of the flap of tissue that
covers your windpipe when you swallow?
•Things like mucus, pepsin and hydrochloric
acid together make up these juices.
•This is the place where most of the chemical
breakdown of food happens.
•This is the place where water and minerals
are absorbed into the bloodstream.
•Name two things that make up the plaque
which forms on your teeth.
•This is the hard outer covering of your
teeth.
•This happens when wastes are moved
through the digestive system too quickly.
•This happens when wastes move through
the digestive system too slowly.
Chapter 22: Circulation

Bill Nye: Circulation
Circulation Bingo:







Blood
Heart
Plasma
Red blood
cells
White blood
cells
Blood
vessels
Arteries









Veins
Capillaries
Heart attack
Anemia
Leukemia
Septum
Atrium
Ventricle
Valves








Aorta
Pulmonary
Systemic
High blood
pressure
Oxygen
Carbon
dioxide
Lungs
Tissue fluid
Circulation Flipbooks:








Title page
Page 1: Heart
Page 2: Blood
Page 3: Blood vessels
Page 4: Circulation
Page 5: Heart problems
Page 6: Blood disorders
Page 7: True or false
Chapter 22: Circulation









Nick 64
Miranda 58
Matt Z. 55
Ashley V. 84
Mitch 86
John! 83
Kathleen 80
Stefan 60
Dustin 66







Jesse 80
Sarah 114
Jarika 80
Garion 49
Anthony 48
Kristen 56
Ashley R. 80

Our circulatory system is
made up of:
a) Heart
 b) Blood vessels
 c) Blood

Needed to transport
nutrients and wastes, but
especially oxygen through
our bodies.

The Heart:
Septum: separates right and
left sides of heart to keep
oxygen- poor blood from
mixing with oxygen-rich blood.

Each side of the heart has
two chambers:
atrium (receives blood)
ventricle (pumps blood)

Valves: flaps of tissue that
open and close to keep blood
flowing in one direction.

Blood Vessels:
Arteries: Carry
blood away from heart
to body (aorta is largest)

Veins: Return
oxygen-poor blood to
the heart from body

Capillaries:
Small
branches
connecting
arteries and
veins

Blood:
Plasma: makes up 55%
of blood and is mostly
water (also nutrients,
wastes etc)
Other 45% of blood is:
Red blood cells:
Carry oxygen
White blood cells:
Part of immune system;
attack/eat up foreign
substances
Chapter 23: Respiration and Excretion
Respiration: the release of energy due to
the break down of food in your cells.

This process uses a lot of oxygen, which
we breathe in and exchange for carbon
dioxide when we breathe out.

Breathing therefore involves both
respiration and excretion.

Parts of the Respiratory System:
Nose: hairs filter dirt/dust from air.
Nasal cavity: mucus traps particles; cilia
push mucus back toward nostrils.
Pharynx: passageway for air and food.
Larynx: vocal cords(at top of trachea).
Trachea: windpipe (no food should enter).
Bronchi: passageways that lead to lungs.
Lungs: contain air sacs called alveoli
which is where oxygen and carbon dioxide
are exchanged. This process is called diffusion.
The process of breathing:

Inhaling:
-Rib muscles tighten, move
upward and outward
-Diaphragm tightens and
moves downward
-Volume/space of chest
cavity increases
-Air pressure in chest
cavity decreases, air
rushes in

Exhaling:
-Ribs move inward
and downward
-Diaphragm relaxes
and moves upward
-Volume inside chest
cavity decreases
-Air pressure in chest
increases, air is
forced out
Respiratory diseases:
Pneumonia: Caused by bacteria or
viruses. Alveoli fill with fluid, preventing
gas exchange. Symptoms: fatigue,
coughing, tightness in chest.

Bronchitis: Dirt/dust particles become
trapped in bronchioles. Symptoms: bad
cough, difficulty breathing.

Asthma: Dirt/dust particles become
trapped in bronchioles, bronchioles
contract. Symptoms: difficulty breathing.

Body Atlas Video:
1. What percentage of the chest cavity is
occupied by the lungs?
2. What is the function of the blood vessels lining
the lungs?
3. What fraction of the air we breathe is oxygen?
4. How many alveoli do we have?
5. What is the advantage of the thin walls of the
alveoli?
6. How many red blood cells do we have?
7. What is the function of hemoglobin?
8. What organ is most sensitive to fallen levels of
oxygen?
9. How do bodies adapt to high altitudes?
10. Why is the inside of an aircraft pressurized?
The Excretory System:
Organs that remove waste products are
part of the excretory system. Main organs
are therefore lungs, skin, and kidneys.

Kidneys: remove wastes such as excess
water, salts and urea from blood using
filtering structures called nephrons.
Kidneys also return nutrients to the blood
after filtering takes place.
Urination:
Urine leaves each
kidney through a tube
called the ureter.

Each ureter carries
urine to the urinary
bladder for storage.

The urethra is the
tube that carries urine
outside the body.

Excretion through skin:
Sweat glands release waste products
through perspiration.

Perspiration is a liquid waste including
water, salts and some urea.

Each sweat gland has a small tube leading
to an opening on the surface of the skin
called a pore.

Excretory problems:
Kidney stones:
Buildup of calcium,
usually passed
through urethra.
Treatments:
a) Medication to
dissolve or break up
b) Surgically removed
c) Sound waves to
break them up
Excretory problems:
Acne:
Oil clogs the pores creating
whiteheads, blackheads.
If a blackhead becomes
infected with bacteria, it
becomes a pimple.
Prevention:
1) Wash skin
2) Drying lotion
3) Avoid/remove oily cosmetics
4) Healthy diet
5) Rest and exercise
Respiration and Excretion Bingo:








Respiration
Excretion
Inhaling
Exhaling
Nose
Nasal cavity
Mucus
Bronchi








Lungs
Alveoli
Diffusion
Diaphragm
Pneumonia
Bronchitis
Asthma
Kidneys








Nephrons
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
Perspiration
Pore
Kidney
stones
Acne
Review questions:

Handouts R 141-146
Respiration and excretion activity/lab with
BTB solution


Body atlas video
Chapter review questions:
Matching, Identifying relationships,
Completion

Chap 24: Regulation
Nervous system:
 A) Neurons (Nerve cells)
 B) Spinal cord
 C) Brain








Parts of a neuron:
A) Cell Body
(Nucleus and cytoplasm)
B) Dendrites
(receives messages)
C) Axon
(sends messages)
Nerve Pathways:

The ‘messages’ which are sent and
received between neurons are in the form
of electrical impulses (jolts of energy).

Each impulse must cross over a gap
between neurons called a synapse.

Most messages are processed and
responded to by the brain, but some are
automatically processed by the spinal
cord. These are called reflexes.
The Brain:
A) Cerebrum: Controls
movement, speech, senses,
intelligence, personality etc.
B) Cerebellum: Processes
nerve impulses from the
cerebrum, helps with
balance and increased
coordination.
C) Medulla: Controls
involuntary actions such as
breathing, digestion, blood
pressure, heart rate etc.
Split Brain Video
The Endocrine System:

Made up of a group of glands that secrete
hormones into the bloodstream.

Hormones are chemical messengers.
Examples of glands/hormones:
A) Pituitary gland  growth hormone
B) Thyroid gland  thyroxine(controls metabolism)
c) Pancreas  insulin(controls blood-sugar level)

Body
Atlas Video:
“Glands
and Hormones”
Chap 25: Reproduction and Development
Puberty
 Secondary sex characteristics

Secondary Sex Characteristics:

Male
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Growth of body and facial hair.
Greater muscle mass and strength.
Enlargement of larynx (Adam's apple)
Deepening of voice
Increased stature
Heavier bone structure
Broadening of shoulders and chest
Acne and body odor.

Female
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Enlargement of breasts.
Growth of body hair.
Widening of hips
Acne and body odor
Fat deposits mainly around the buttocks, thighs
and hips.
Male Reproductive System:
Testes:
Produce
testosterone
and sperm
 Scrotum:
Support the
testes
 Epididymis:
Coiled tube,
stores sperm
 Vas deferens:
Tube through which
sperm travel

Female Reproductive System:
Ovaries:
Produce estrogen
and eggs
Oviduct:
End of the fallopian tube
that ‘catches’ eggs and
guides them to uterus
Uterus:
Hollow, muscular organ
where baby develops
Cervix:
Narrow end of the uterus
that extends into vagina
Regulation and Reproduction Bingo:








Axon
Cell body
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Dendrites
Growth
hormone
Hormones
Impulses
Insulin
Medulla
Neurons
Reflex
Synapse
Thyroxine

Cervix
 Epididymis














Fertilization
Ovaries
Oviduct
Placenta
Testes
Umbilical
cord
Uterus
Vas deferens
Answers to the handouts:








Label the diagram:
Chart:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1. Pituitary
2. Control growth
3. Thyroid
4. Control metabolism
5. Insulin
6. Adrenaline
7. Ovaries
8. Egg development
9. Testes
10. N/A (not applicable)
Pituitary
Thyroid
N/A (not applicable)
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Male/Female Reproductive Organs:










1. Bladder
2. Vas deferens
3. Urethra
4. Epididymis
5. Testes
6. Oviduct or fallopian tube
7. Uterus
8. Cervix
9. Vagina
10. Ovaries
Short answer questions:






1. Fertilization is the joining of sperm and
egg.
2. Egg forms a barrier.
3. To exchange gases, nutrients, wastes
between baby and mother.
4. Diffusion
5. It can harm the baby’s development
6. 9 months or 38 weeks
Vocabulary blanks:

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
1. Cervix
2. Ejaculation
3. Placenta
4. Menstruation
5. Ovaries
6. Epididymis
7. Puberty
8. Pregnancy
9. Fertilization
10. Amnion








11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Umbilical cord
Penis
Oviduct
Testes
Zygote
Vagina
Uterus
Scrotum