Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican Republic
Indigenous Taino people (4 million 1492
(1000s by 1540s)
Encomienda system?
Gold, some silver NOT silks and spices
Taino populations gone by mid 16 th C
Culture preserved through language

 fire consuming the temple of
Huitzilopochtli
 the appearance of streaking fire across the sky,
 the “boiling,” and later flooding, of a lake nearby Tenochtitlan,
 a woman weeping in the middle of night
 the capturing of an unknown creature with a fishing net,
 and the sightings of strange monsters having two heads and only one body throughout the city.
 God Quetzalcoatl (bearded, fair skinned
Toltec god) was to return from the East
 The emperor Montezuma was said to have consulted fortune tellers to determine the causes of these omens; but they were unable to provide an exact explanation until after the arrival of the Spaniards

Hernan Cortes
Montezuma II
Malinche interprets
Tlaxcala
Spanish arrive
Messengers killed

1520: Death of Montezuma II
1520: Fall of the Aztec Empire
100-200,000 Aztecs killed: battle of Tenochtitlan

Florentine Codex
1547-1558
Bernardino de Sahagun:
Father of modern enthography
Bartolome de las Casas:
Wrote about abuse of native populations
Initially suggested imported Africans for labor

Bishop Diego de Landa
Relación de las Cosas de Yucatán 1566
During a ceremony on July 12, 1562, a disputed number of Maya codices
(or books; Landa admits to 27, other sources claim "99 times as many") and approximately 5,000 Maya cult images were burned. The actions of
Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the Americas.

Francisco Pizarro and Atahualpa:
The Fall of the Inca Empire 1532-1533
Pizarro had 180 soldiers
60 reinforcements
Atahualpa and Huascar
Inca army = thousands
(Submit and Live,
Resist and Die)
Battle of Cajamarca 1532
Francisco Pizarro and
Atahualpa, in 1532, drawing by Felipe Guamán Poma de
Ayala, c. 1600.
1572: Spaniards executing Tupac Amaru
Last Inca emperor

Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala
Guaman Poma's great work was the
(The First New Chronicle and Good
Government), a 1,189-page document.. His book remains the longest sustained critique of
Spanish colonial rule produced by an indigenous subject in the entire colonial period. Written between
1600 and 1615 and addressed to
King Philip II of Spain, the
Corónica outlines the injustices of colonial rule and argues that the
Spanish were foreign settlers in
Peru. The king never received the document.

Similarities and
Differences
?

Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of social hierarchy established in colonial America.

Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of social hierarchy established in colonial America.
Differences: S:
Peninsulares
Creoles (Crillos)
MESTIZOS
RIGID Hierarchy
P:
Pensinsulares
MESTIZOS
Mulattos
Zambos
Peninsulares owned all the land and power
-More male dominated
85% of migrant population was male
- more African slaves (1518: first slaves imported to New Word- to Brazil
-Portuguese planters and owners of sugar mills were a privileged class
- acted like the landed nobility
- as long as they contributed to royal revenues, they were left alone Similarities:
People of varied ancestry lived together under European rule
Mixed race performed much of the manual labor
Members of native European countries were the pinnacle of the social ladder
Mixed races below on the social hierarchy
Slaves at the bottom

Born in America/
Iberian parents
Spanish
+
Natives
African
+
Spanish/
Portugese

Miguel Cabrera: 18 th century Zapotec artist…

Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administration established in colonial America.

Compare the Spanish and Portuguese systems of colonial administration established in colonial America.
Differences: S:
- initially ruled by conquistadores
- semi-private regimes that gave way to the Spanish crown
-administrative centers in Mexico and
Peru governed by viceroys
- viceroys were reviewed by audencias haciendas
encomienda system eventually replaced by the repartimiento system quinto: Spanish crown claimed 1/5 of all silver produced
P:
Sugar plantations
Portuguese king granted large territories to nobles
Expected nobles to develop their holdings
Dispatched a governor to oversee affairs and enforce
Imperial policy
Similarities:
-Imperial rule/ royal backing and oversight
-European style society in the cities
-Both developed colonies for economic gain’
-Tried to gain control of as much land and territory as possible
-Tried to make sure officials remained loyal to their respective governments
-- generally saw this land as a place to exploit rather than as a place to settle

Potosi

1572

8000000
7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
North American Populations
1500 1800
Native
European
African

300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
Pounds
1616 1624 1638

Spanish fort in Florida

S
P
I
Social:
Development and
Transformation of social structures
90% of native pop
Lost in Latin Am
North Am = mostly displacement
Political:
State-building, expansion and conflict
Spanish: introduced smallpox, reduced native pop by 90% (~ 4 million to 2000) imposed strict system of social hierarchy based on race (peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos, zambos)/ harsh treatment of natives: encomienda system
repartimiento system, mita service)/ established capitals in European style:
Mexico City (New Spain), Lima (New Castile)./early settlers mostly single men
Portuguese: no forced labor for natives, imported African slaves for sugar mills, similar social hierarchy to the Spanish/ early settlers mostly single men: social classes created from offspring of Europeans and Africans (mulattos) and natives and
Africans (zambos) (BOTH social systems based on race)
French: mostly single men come over to Americas: enter into relationship with native women = metis
English: families come over- less interaction with natives
Spanish/ Portuguese: viceroyalties, audencias check the power of the viceroys,
encomineda system serves as mechanism for control
Brazil: given to nobles by the king
Iberian royal crowns controlled the colonies to a greater degree than the
British or French
C
E
Interaction
Between humans and the environment
British/ French: more independent, backed by support of some private investors as well as the crown under a mercantilist model
Latin America: Plantations/ haciendas/ mining/ gold and silver / sugar/ introduction of smallpox and huge population loss
North America: originally intend to live off the land and import goods/ later become settled agriculturalists- learn from natives
New England: refine sugarcane into molasses for export
French: exploit fur resources

S
Culture:
Development and interaction of cultures
Spanish/ Portuguese: intentionally do not encourage cultural exchange or diffusion, tried to eliminate native beliefs and replace with
Roman Catholicism. Missionaries present early on:
Bartolomeu de las Casas, Bishop Diego de Landa- Virgin of
Guadalupe represents support for Christianity among natives
English/ French: neither had much interest in converting natives to Christianity more cultural diffusion with the French/ English resisted mixed relationships the most / Africans in French colonies = voodoo
P Native resistance: try to retain cultural identity but largely unsuccessful- some revolts in North America/ African slaves attempted revolt but not successful
I
C
Economic:
Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems
Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala: native Incan who protested to the king to no avail
Tupac Amaru rebellion (Inca) 1572 : led a rebel state, last Inca ruler, executed by the Spanish
Spanish/ Portuguese: first looked for finished products/ spices/ gold/ finding none set up plantation economies (mostly sugar cane)
Spanish: silver mines (Zacatecas, Mexico/ Potosi), Peru/ Manilla galleons
EMCOMIENDA/ REPARTIMIENTO/ FREE LABOR qunito tax
Brazil: engenhos
E
English: mercantile system/ Atlantic Slave trade/ sugar = molasses and rum indentured servants as labor pool did not enslave the natives cash crops = cotton, tobacco, southern plantations
French: in North America = fur trade, timber, fish
in Caribbean colonies = horrible plantation conditions, sugarcane

Vasco da Gama
Alfonso d Albuquerque
Ferdinand and Isabel
Christopher Columbus
Taino
Hispaniola
Motivations for exploration?
Columbian Exchange
Seven Year’s War
Manila Galleons
James Cook
Martin Luther
Protestant Reformation
John Calvin
Henry VIII
Council of Trent
Louis XIV
English East India Company
United East India Company (VOC)
Indulgences
Divine Right of Kings
Adam Smith
Mercantilism
Spanish Inquisition
Copernicus
John Locke
Thirty Years’ War
Peace of Westphalia
Balance of Power
Hernan Cortes
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa/Huascar viceroys audencias quinto
Potosi
peninsluares/mestizos/crillos mulattos/ zambos
North America: royal backing encomiendas mita indentured servitude

Compare the forced labor systems utilized by the Spanish, Portuguese and the English in colonial America.

Compare the indigenous response to the Spanish, French and English in colonial America.

S
Social:
Development and
Transformation of social structures
P
Political:
State-building, expansion and conflict
I
C
E
Interaction
Between humans and the environment

S
Culture:
Development and interaction of cultures
P
I
C
Economic:
Creation, expansion and interaction of economic systems
E

th

POV?