Bell Ringer
What were the causes for exploration? List 2
What were the effects of exploration? List 2
Causes of Exploration
• Traders want faster TRADE routes to ASIA
• Explorers search for adventure, glory and
riches
• Spanish desires to spread Christianity
• Increase in knowledge and education sparks
curiosity about the rest of the world, especially
Asia
Effects of Exploration
• The search for the fabled Northwest Passage
will lead to European control of all of North
America
• European settlements are founded
• Trade and mercantilism grows
• European nations compete for colonies
• Conflicts with Native Americans develop
• Slavery is introduced to the Americas
• Three Cultures Clash--- NA/African /European
T-Chart (Know)
What do you know about Christopher
Columbus? List anything…and
everything you know!
Exploration & Colonization
European Colonization
European Colonization
• Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four (plus one)
European countries begin competing for control of North
America and the world….
– Portugal
– Spain
– France
– England
+ the weaker Netherlands
• This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars
Portugal
• The Portuguese were the
first to begin searching for
an all water route to
Asia…..
– Prince Henry the Navigator
– 1450’s
• Colonized the South
America in the area of
what would become Brazil
European trade routes
Spain
• Spanish first to pursue colonization
• Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most
important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by
Pizzaro (1531)
• First permanent colonies in what will become United States are
founded by Spain
– St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish
treasure fleets
Spain’s Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Christofo Colon [1451-1506]
Reject of Portugal & Italy
• 1: Bahamas & Hispaniola
• 2: Caribbean Islands and
return to Hispaniola
• 3: Venezuela
– Arrested by Spain
• 4: Convinced King to
return
– Spanish rescue boat
returned to save crew
Impact of Columbus
• Opened Americas to
European colonization
• Destruction of Natives on
Islands
• No Northwest Passage
• Set in motion the
Colombian Exchange
Colombian Exchange
• The transfer of various plants, animals,
diseases between Western and Eastern
Hemispheres
• Helped Europe’s population increase
• N.A. populations decreased
The “Columbian Exchange”

Squash

Avocado

Peppers

Sweet Potatoes

Turkey

Pumpkin

Tobacco

Quinine

Cocoa

Pineapple

Cassava

POTATO

Peanut

TOMATO

Vanilla

MAIZE

Syphilis

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Olive

COFFEE BEAN

Banana

Rice

Onion

Turnip

Honeybee

Barley

Grape

Peach

SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits

Pear

Wheat

HORSE

Cattle

Sheep

Pigs

Smallpox

Flu

Typhus

Measles

Malaria

Diptheria

Whooping Cough
Spain’s Cycle of
Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
•Spanish soldiers who came to the New
World to help conquer and settle the
Americas for Spain
•Some methods were harsh and brutal
to the Native American population.
•With every Spanish explorer were
conquistadors and members of the
Catholic Church to convert Native
Americans
Religious Divisions Emerge in
Europe
• (1517) Protestant Reformation spread across Europe
– Start of new religious era in Europe
• Martin Luther questioned authority of the Pope and the
Catholic Church.
– Protestants = protested the corruption and materialism of church
– Believed in individual’s right to seek God through direct teachings from
Bible and ministers that preached evangelical sermons
– Without a unifying Pope, the protestants formed into many different
denominations
• Religious rivalries grow and help shape the development of the
colonies in America
Spain’s Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Development of New Spain (since 1492)
• Spain wanted to change policy and sent priests
and missionaries to:
– Establish order, maintain a peaceful control, and
convert the NA to the Catholic Church.
• Many Spanish colonizers realized the
remoteness and isolation of the New World so
chose not to come
• The religious missionaries, or friars, were the
most successful colonizing force for Spain
Spain’s Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony
New Spain’s Treatment of
Native Americans
• Spanish colonists needed workers for their ranches,
farms, and mines.
• To help them Spain gave them encomiendas –
– land grants that included the right to demand labor or taxes
from the Indians
• Death toll continued to rise so the Spanish looked
across the Atlantic to Africa (slave trade)
• French saw success of the Spanish and wanted to make own claim in
America (in the North)
• Explorers not as interested in setting up colonies
– More interested in the Northwest Passage and TRADE
– New France had little gold or silver
• Profited from fishing, trapping, and trading
• Brought Catholic missionaries who taught Native Americans about
Christianity
Development of New France
(early 1500’s)
• Founded small settlements along the St. Lawrence
River and fortified forts as trading posts for the fur
trade
• New France was very slow to develop
– Dense forests
– Long winters
– Iroquois raids
• Mississippi River allowed French to lay claim to
the Louisiana Territory
– New Orleans set up as a way to keep out the English
settlers and seaport to ship goods back to France
Treatment of Native Americans
in New France
• French traded with the Native Americans
– Traded knives, kettles, and cloth for furs and skins
– Native Americans even taught the French survival
skills
– Some French men married Native American
women
• Iroquois tribe did hate the French and spend
many years raiding forts and fighting influx of
French trappers and their NA allies
New France
• The Dutch – New Netherlands
• Exploration occurred accidentally
• The Dutch sustained their way of life through the fur trade and
from having ports
• One of the most famous ports was that of New Amsterdam
(NYC).
Treatment of Native Americans
in New Netherland
• Dutch traded with the Native Americans
• They sought alliances with the Native Americans so
they could control the fur trade
– Dutch – Iroquois