B2 – Lesson 1
Keeping Healthy
• Brainstorm how we get ill
How do we get ill?
Infections - Objectives and
Outcomes
At the end of the lesson students will be able to:
• State 3 types of micro-organism (D)
• Explain why you get symptoms when you have an
infection or disease (C)
• Discuss the health risks associated with infections (B)
The Importance of Hygiene
Why should you wash your hands after
using the toilet?
What are Pathogens?
Micro organisms that cause disease.
What are Microbes?
• Living things are called __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ .
• Tiny organisms can be made of only __ __ __ cell.
• We call them __ __ __ __ __ organisms.
What are Microbes?
• Micro-organisms are some times called microbes
for short.
• We can not see them with our eyes…
Do we use a microscope or
a telescope to see them?
Telescope
Microscope
What
Diseases do
you know
of?
What causes
Disease?
Different Types of Microbes
There are three types of microbes:
microbes
bacteria
viruses
fungi
What are microorganisms?
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Viruses
Small...
...smaller...
...smallest!
Why do bacteria and viruses make
you ill?
Symptoms of disease are caused by damage done to
cells or by toxins they make.
In suitable conditions micro-organisms can reproduce
rapidly into large numbers!
Which is not a microbe
A, Fungus
B, Bacteria
C, Virus
D, Organ
What do you call a disease
causing microbe?
A, Antigen
B, Pathogen
C, Capsicum
D, Pathostem
What does not cause symptoms
of disease
A, Damage to Cells
B, Toxins
C, Rapid reproduction of the pathogen
D, High temperature
Microbe
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Size
Structure
How
Reproduce
Picture
5 minute breather
• Video of TV ad campaign for Sti’s
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzmWaYHHRPA
True or False?
1.
2.
A person can have an STI and not know it
Once you have had an STI and have been cured, you can’t get it
again
3. A pregnant woman who has an STI can pass it on to her baby
4. Most STIs go away without treatment, if people wait long enough
5. STIs that aren’t cured early can cause sterility
6. Birth control pills offer protection from STIs
7. Condoms can help prevent the spread of STIs
8. If you know your partner, you can’t get an STI
9. A sexually active woman should get an annual pap test from her
doctor
10. Chlamydia is a type of STI
11. Only young people can get STI
What is under your fingernail??
• There are lots of things in the world around us
that you cannot see with your own eyes.
• There are living things made of many cells
• And there are living things made
of only one cell
Microbes are micro organisms that
are too small to be seen. A
pathogen is a microbe that can
cause diseases if it enters the body:
Micro-bugs vs Bacteria
Microbug on a
Human hair
Human hair
Bacteria
Is that as small as microbes get?
Nope: Viruses are even smaller
Lesson 1: Infectious diseases
Copy and complete:
Infections are caused by some ____________
that invade the body. Microorganisms are
______, ________ and _______.
When disease microorganisms get inside your
body, they _______ very quickly. This causes
_______ - the ill feelings. Symptoms can be
caused by
1. ______________________
2.______________________
Virus Reproduction - What’s the Order?
Infect nearby cells and repeat the process.
Use the cell contents to replicate (form thousands
of identical copies)
Viruses are taken into cells in the body
Damage the cell as they burst out and
Virus Reproduction - What’s the Order?
1. Viruses are taken into cells in the body
2. Use the cell contents to replicate (form
thousands of identical copies)
3. Damage the cell as they burst out and
4. Infect nearby cells and repeat the
process.
B2 lesson 2
Microbe attack
LO: to know what parts of your body stop microorganisms getting in [C] and how the body fights
off micro-organisms when they are inside [B]
8C Defence!
Fighting disease
If microbes do enter our body they need to
be neutralised or killed. This is done by
WHITE BLOOD CELLS:
White blood cells do 3 things:
1) They eat the microbe (phagocytosis)
2) They produce antibodies to
neutralise the microbe
3) The produce antitoxins to neutralise
the poisons produced by microbes
Producing antibodies
You’re going
down
Step 1: The white blood cell “sees”
the antigen (microbe)
Step 2: The cell produces
antibodies to “fit” the antigen
Step 3: The antibodies fit onto the
antigens and cause them to “clump”
Step 4: The antigens are “eaten”
by the white blood cells
Brainpop – Immune system
8C Immunity
Quick Questions
White blood cells ready to fight…….......?
Red blood cells carrying…….........?
Story Board Rules
Task : in pairs draw a story board that illustrates the two
methods white blood cells use to fight infection
• 5 mins brainstorm and discuss
• 20 mins
• Must contain GOOD science
• Must use keywords – antigen, antibodies, immune,
phagocytosis,
• Pages 92-93
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Antigen
Infection
Antibody
White blood cell
Immunity
Fungi
Phagocytosis
Engulf
Red blood cell
Memory cell
Lymph nodes
Pathogen
Virus
Bacteria
Microorganism
BINGO
In GCSE science exams they like to
test your MATHS skills...
Calculate the population growth of
microorganisms given appropriate data
EXAMPLE:Revisium biologus is a bacterium that reproduces every 20 minutes. If 10
R.biologus bacteria are left for 2 hours, how many bacteria will there be at
the end of this period?
There are some simple steps to work this
out...
Immune System
LO: to understand the different roles white blood cells can play in
fighting off disease [C] calculate population growth of microorganisms
[B] explain why white blood cells create
antibodies [A] (STS: 2)
Mix and match
•
•
•
•
•
I cause thrush
I provide antibodies
I cause AIDS
I am smaller than fungi but
bigger than a virus
I only kill bacteria and fungi
mini test
•
•
•
•
•
6 = A*
5=A
4=B
3=C
2=D
C
A disease
causing microbe
A
A change in the
environment
What is a
pathogen?
D
B
Fungi, Bacteria
and Viruses
A type of
medicine
Which of these is NOT a first line of
defence against disease?
A
C
Mucus
White
blood
cells
B
D
Skin
Stomach
acid
Which picture shows a virus?
A
B
C
A low number
of species which
are adapted to
survive in low
oxygen
concentrations
D
What do ALL microbes need for
optimum growth?
Moisture
Warmth
A
Nutrients
B
Carbon
dioxide
C
Oxygen
Alkali
Nutrients
D
Warmth
Moisture
Moisture
Warmth
Nutrients
What does ‘phagocytosis’
mean?
B
A
Fossilisation
The immune
system
C
A WBC engulfing
(eating) a microbe
D
To get better
quickly after
infection
Fighting disease
If microbes do enter our body they need to
be neutralised or killed. This is done by
WHITE BLOOD CELLS:
White blood cells do 3 things:
1) They eat the microbe (phagocytosis)
2) They produce antibodies to neutralise
the microbe
3) The produce antitoxins to neutralise
the poisons produced by microbes
Producing antibodies
You’re going
down
Step 1: The white blood cell “sees”
the antigen (microbe)
Step 2: The cell produces
antibodies to “fit” the antigen
Step 3: The antibodies fit onto the
antigens and cause them to “clump”
Step 4: The antigens are “eaten”
by the white blood cells
Specific antibodies
Antibodies are specific – they will only neutralise
the microbe they have been made for.
Once we have made an antibody to recognise a particular
microbe, ‘memory cells’ can make that antibody again very
quickly, therefore protecting against that microbe in the future IMMUNITY
20 minutes
fighting off infection
Outcomes: produce a story board that explains how our
white blood cells create antibodies to fight off infection.
Success Criteria:
C – create a labelled diagram for each stage
B – explain in words what is happening
A – use 8 scientific words in your explanation
Stages (not in correct order)
•Antigens eaten
•Antigens seen
•Produces antibodies
•Clump together
EXTENSION
•Draw a diagram to represent
WBC making antitoxins to
neutralise the poisons produced
by microbes
Key Words
White blood cell
Microbe
Antibodies
Antigen
Engulf
Specific
Antitoxins
Pathogen
Phagocytosis
Immune
Memory Cells
Neutralised
8C Immunity
Worksheet - Bacteria and viruses
can grow EXPONENTIALLY ...
reproduction period 1
reproduction period 2
3
4
In GCSE science exams they like to
test your MATHS skills...
Calculate the population growth of
microorganisms given appropriate data
EXAMPLE:Revisium biologus is a bacterium that reproduces every 20 minutes. If 10
R.biologus bacteria are left for 2 hours, how many bacteria will there be at
the end of this period?
There are some simple steps to work this
out...
Exam Question (hard)
3 marks – pick from the following
• number of bacteria after 2 hours is 12 800 (or 1.28 x
104), which is a sufficient number to cause food
poisoning
• idea that if conditions were not optimum the actual
number may be lower than this
• idea that not enough data/evidence/information, or
would need to measure more things, to conclude that
person will definitely get food poisoning
• idea of immune response against bacteria or toxins /
acid in stomach destroying bacteria or toxins
Graphs – yuck!
(but a popular question)
Discuss with your partner what I show.
Concentration
of antibodies in
blood
2nd exposure to the
same MO
1st exposure to MO
10 days
25 days
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (days)
60
70
80
90
End of lesson quiz
Turn to the back of your book and put 1 to 5 in the margin.
The questions will pop up, answer them as quickly as
possible.
Quiz questions
1. Name the 3 main types of microbes
2.
3.
Which organ uses acid to kill microbes?
What do white blood cells make to fight microbes?
4.
What P is a disease causing microbe?
5.
What does engulf mean?
5 correct
A
4 correct
B
2-3 correct C
1 correct
D
Drug Testing
LO To know the main stages of drug testing and the ethical and
validity issues of being in a drugs trial
STARTER
If you were ill and you were asked to take
part in a trial for a new drug what
questions would you ask before deciding if
you would be involved.
write three questions
spiders on drugs video
Drug Testing Leaflet
Create a leaflet that is all about testing new drugs.
On it describe the 3 main stages of testing a new drug
On your leaflet explain the following key terms in clinical trials and why
they are important:
a. double blind trial
b. blind trial
c. a placebo.
d. random groups
e. the control group
C
A disease
causing microbe
A
A change in the
environment
What is a
pathogen?
B
Fungi, Bacteria
and Viruses that
do not cause
disease
D
A type of
medicine
What is a double blind trial?
A
C
Even the
scientist
don’t know
who got the
real drug
The patients
are testing
eye drops
B
D
The
scientists
know who
gets the real
drug
Both the
scientists
and the
patients
know the
treatment
being used
What is a blind trial?
A
The trial has
psychological
effects
B
The patients don’t
know if they have
been given the real
drug
C
A low number
Even
the scientist
of species
which
aredon’t
adapted
knowto
survive in low
who
got the
oxygen
concentrations
real drug
D
The patients
are testing
eye drops
What is a placebo?
A
C
An 90’s indie band
A fake
treatment to
eliminate
psychological
effects
B
D
A real
test drug
used in
medical
trials
A type of
white
blood cell
What is an open-label trial?
A
A fake
treatment to
eliminate
psychological
effects
B
Both the scientists
and the patients
know the treatment
being used
C
An unethical trial
D
Even the scientist
don’t know who got
the real drug
Heart Disease
LO - To know the risk factors associated
with heart disease.
You are part of a double blind
trial for a new drug and you are
given the placebo. Explain
what this means in words a
year 7 would understand.
Task: create an informative poster for use in a doctors
surgery on how to reduce your risk of heart disease.
• Include information on:
– Diet
– Smoking
– Drugs
– Stress
– Alcohol
– Epidemiological Studies - extension
HEART DISEASE (T or F)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heart attacks are common in the UK
Only men have heart attacks.
Young people don’t have heart attacks.
Smoking increases your risk of heart attack.
Heart attacks happen when arteries to the heart are blocked.
Heart attacks are always fatal.
When you have a heart attack, some of your muscle dies.
Heart muscle dies when it doesn’t get oxygen.
Any fat in your diet is harmful.
Being overweight puts a strain on your heart.
Calculating Microbial Growth and
Antimicrobial Resistance
Starter - Which is riskier?
Nuclear Power or Peanut Butter?
HEART DISEASE (T or F)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Heart attacks are common in the UK
Only men have heart attacks.
Young people don’t have heart attacks.
Smoking increases your risk of heart attack.
Heart attacks happen when arteries to the heart are blocked.
Heart attacks are always fatal.
When you have a heart attack, some of your muscle dies.
Heart muscle dies when it doesn’t get oxygen.
Any fat in your diet is harmful.
Being overweight puts a strain on your heart.
Worksheet - Bacteria and Viruses
can grow EXPONENTIALLY ...
reproduction period 1
reproduction period 2
3
4
In GCSE science exams they like to
test your MATHS skills...
Calculate the population growth of
microorganisms given appropriate data
EXAMPLE:Revisium biologus is a bacterium that reproduces every 20 minutes. If 10
R.biologus bacteria are left for 2 hours, how many bacteria will there be at
the end of this period?
There are some simple steps to work this
out...
EXAMPLE:Revisium biologus is a bacterium that reproduces every 20 minutes. If 10
R.biologus bacteria are left for 2 hours, how many bacteria will there be at
the end of this period?
• Step 1:
work out how many minutes there are!
2 hours = 120 minutes
• Step 2:
work out how many reproduction periods that will be!
120 minutes÷20 minutes = 6 reproduction periods
• Step 3:
work out the number of bacteria after the first reproduction
period
10 R.biologus (at start) x 2 = 20 R.biologus
• Step 4:
work out the number of bacteria you’d have after the second
reproduction period
20 R.biologus x 2 = 40
Step 5: keep going until you have done all 6 reproduction periods!
You could use a table...
EXAMPLE:Revisium biologus is a bacterium that reproduces every 20 minutes. If 10
R.biologus bacteria are left for 2 hours, how many bacteria will there be at
the end of this period?
Reproduction period
Number of bacteria
1 10 R.biologus x 2
= 20
2 20 R.biologus x 2
= 40
3 40 R.biologus x 2
= 80
4 80 R.biologus x 2
= 160
5 160 R.biologus x 2
= 320
6 320 R.biologus x 2
= 640 <<< ANSWER!!!
Exam practice 1
Huguntis flavis is a bacterium that reproduces every 30 minutes. If 5 H.flavis
bacteria are left for 3 hours, how many bacteria will there be at the end of
this period?
Exam practice 2
Vicitus diosilus is a bacterium that reproduces every 10 minutes. If 12
V.diosilus bacteria are left for 40 minutes, how many bacteria will there be at
the end of this period?
EXTENSION - Exam practice 3
Krispeecremus donutus is a bacterium that reproduces every 45 minutes. If
15 K.donutus bacteria are left for 4.5 hours, how many bacteria will there be
at the end of this period?
Exam Question (hard)
3 marks – pick from the following
• number of bacteria after 2 hours is 12 800 (or 1.28 x
104), which is a sufficient number to cause food
poisoning
• idea that if conditions were not optimum the actual
number may be lower than this
• idea that not enough data/evidence/information, or
would need to measure more things, to conclude that
person will definitely get food poisoning
• idea of immune response against bacteria or toxins /
acid in stomach destroying bacteria or toxins
Antibiotic Resistance
Superbug Video
15 mins to make a postcard for a
doctors surgery on antibiotic
resistance
Circulation and the Heart
LO - To know the role of the heart and how it works
You are part of an open label trial
for a new drug. No one is given a
placebo. Explain what this means
in words a year 7 would
understand. Give an ethical
reason why open label trials are
used in developing new drugs.
The heart
Double circulatory system
Our circulatory system is in two parts. It is in fact called a double
circulatory system.
This section of the system
including the right side of
the heart, deals with the
deoxygenated blood.
Lungs
Body cells
This section of the
system including the
left side of the heart,
deals with the
oxygenated blood.
Blood from
the lungs
pulmonary
vein
Atrium
Blood from
the lungs
Blood squeezed
through valves
into…
Blood from
the lungs
…the
ventricle
Blood from
the lungs
…goes to
the body
Blood from
the lungs…
Aorta
Aorta
pulmonary
vein
Blood from
the body
Vena cava
Atrium
…to the
lungs
Aorta
Vena cava
Copy picture
Aorta
Vena Cava
The human circulatory system
Video and Dissection
Valves
These valves are rather like doors that only open in one
direction.
blood
valve
The main valves in the heart
The Circulatory System
There are 3 types of blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Blood vessels
• This is a system of tubes that transport
blood around the body.
• Vein – carries blood towards the heart
• Artery – carries blood away from the
heart
• Capillaries – really small blood vessels
Arteries and Veins
Artery
thick layer of
muscle and elastic
fibres
thick outer layer
Vein
thin outer wall
thin layer of
muscle and elastic
fibres
Arteries
• These carry blood AWAY from the heart
(Think Arteries Away = AA)
• They are buried deep in the body
• They carry oxygen rich blood (except
for the pulmonary artery!)
Veins
• These carry blood IN to the heart
• (Think veINs=IN)
• They carry oxygen poor blood (except
for the pulmonary vein!)
Capillaries
• These carry blood to the cells
• They are narrow vessels running
throughout the body
• They carry oxygen rich blood from the
arteries, past the cells. The oxygen
poor blood is then carried to the veins.
Can you label the blood
vessels?
1. Artery, capillary, vein,
2. small lumen, large lumen, very small
lumen
3. Single cell wall, thick elastic wall, thin wall
Plenary - The Circulatory
System
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Which of these blood vessels:
1.
Takes blood away from the heart?
2.
Carries oxygenated blood?
3.
Contains blood under high pressure?
4.
Is only 1 cell thick?
5.
Contains valves?
What is the effect of alcohol on the heart
rate of Daphnia?
Starter – label your Daphnia diagram
What is your
independent variable?
What is your dependent
variable?
What variables will
you keep the same?
Why?
What will you do to make
your results reliable
(repeats)?
What will you do to make
your results accurate
(measurements)?
How many results will
you need to collect to
make the investigation
valid?
What is the effect of
alcohol on people?
What effect do you
think the alcohol will
have on the heart
beat of Daphnia?
What equipment
will you need?
What is the effect of alcohol on Daphnia?
Planning
My independent variable that I will change is ______ .
My dependent variable that I will measure is _______.
To make it a fair test I will keep ______ , __________,
_____________ , and __________ the same.
Results
Alcohol %
Attempt
1
Attempt
2
Attempt
3
average
The equipment that I will need is _________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
Method
I predict that ________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Conclusion
As the amount of alcohol in the water increased ________________________________________________
When there was the most alcohol in the water _________________________________________________
When there was the least alcohol in the water _________________________________________________
My conclusion about the effect of alcohol on Daphnia is __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
I think in humans alcohol __________________________________________________________________
Who’s urine? MATCH UP!
Normal diet
Drunk plenty
of water
Has been exercising but
not drunk anything
Title - Homeostasis
Learning Objective
To be able to explain how our
bodies control water content.
Learning Outcome
• Homeostasis involves making sure that
our bodies have the correct levels of 4
key things.
• Can you name two of them?
What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis involves maintaining a
constant environment in the body
• Homeostasis makes sure our body has
the correct levels of;
Temperature
Water
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
B2 : How does the body control water balance?
In
Out
Food
and drink Breath
Our bodies need a balanced water level to keep the
Water
madeconcentration
in respiration Sweat
internal
of our cells at the correct level for
them to work properly.
Faeces
Urine
The kidneys
Kidneys do two main jobs:
1. Remove waste urea from the blood.
2. Keep a balance of other chemicals in the blood – including water.
How kidneys work
Filtering all small molecules from the blood.
Reabsorbing all of the glucose.
Reabsorbing as much salt as the body needs.
Reabsorbing as much water as the body needs.
Excreting the remaining urea, excess water and salt as urine, which is stored in
the bladder.
Water balance
The concentration of blood plasma is monitored as it passes through the
brain.
If the blood is too dilute then kidneys excrete more water in the urine.
If the blood is too concentrated then kidneys excrete less water in the
urine.
The amount of water in the blood depends on: external temperature, exercise,
intake of fluids and salts.
ADH and water balance.
The concentration of urine is controlled by a hormone
called ADH (anti-diuretic hormone).
It is released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland.
Blood too
concentrated –
detected in
brain
ADH secreted
by pituitary
gland
ADH causes
kidneys to
reabsorb more
water to blood
Water Balance
Normal blood
concentration
Blood too dilute
– detected in
brain
Normal blood
concentration
ADH not
secreted by
pituitary gland
kidneys
reabsorb less
water to blood
TITLE: Controlling Water Content
Outcomes: create a think board on homeostasis and
water balance.
Which hormone controls water
content in the body?
How do the Kidneys help keep water
in the body balanced?
Where is it released from?
(C)
What 3 main things can effect the
concentration of urine?
(D)
Draw a flow diagram of how the
concentration of urine is
controlled by a hormone
Explain in as much detail as possible
(use as many science key words as
you can) how Alcohol and Ecstasy
affect ADH production
(B)
(A)
True/False Quiz!
FALSE
• Your urine is always the same.
TRUE
• The pituitary gland monitors blood plasma.
• Homeostasis maintains a constant internal
environment.
• The liver helps balance water and TRUE
waste
in the
Dehydration
body.
TRUE Drowning
• Alcohol suppresses ADH production.
• Ecstasy increases ADH production.
TRUE
FALSE
Which is the odd one out?
bacteria
virus
fungus
B2 past EXAM questions!
• I will be round to mark them as you go ready to
put into your progress folder.
ALL must do 2 exam questions
SOME will do more so can pick their highest grade for progress
folder
FEW will do all exam questions for a PRIZE!
Exam Question (hard)
3 marks – pick from the following
• number of bacteria after 2 hours is 12 800 (or 1.28 x
104), which is a sufficient number to cause food
poisoning
• idea that if conditions were not optimum the actual
number may be lower than this
• idea that not enough data/evidence/information, or
would need to measure more things, to conclude that
person will definitely get food poisoning
• idea of immune response against bacteria or toxins /
acid in stomach destroying bacteria or toxins
Testing Urine
• Draw the following table in your books neatly.
Sample
Protein
Sugar
A
B
C
• Test the 3 urine samples for protein and for sugar
using the equipment available.
• EXTENSION: explain in as much detail as possible what
homeostasis is and how water content is controlled in the
Drug Trials
• Outcomes: create a Powerpoint on the use of
drug trials in medical science.
Include information on the following:
- Laboratory testing on human cells [C]
- Laboratory testing on animals [C-B]
- Human clinical trials [A]
- ‘blind trails’ (you’ll need to know what a placebo
is)
- ‘double blind trials’
Starter – Describe what this
image below shows
An antibody can only bind to a specific type of
antigen
Exam Question (hard)
3 marks – pick from the following
• number of bacteria after 2 hours is 12 800 (or 1.28 x
104), which is a sufficient number to cause food
poisoning
• idea that if conditions were not optimum the actual
number may be lower than this
• idea that not enough data/evidence/information, or
would need to measure more things, to conclude that
person will definitely get food poisoning
• idea of immune response against bacteria or toxins /
acid in stomach destroying bacteria or toxins
Describe the peer review process
and explain why it is important
• Scientists in the same field check the validity of
research
• Work is only published if it is found to be
trustworthy /reliable
• Important because only trustworthy/reliable
science is published
• Information will not mislead the public
How will alcohol in the beer affect the amount of
ADH release into Damon’s bloodstream and how
will this affect the volume of Damon’s urine?
• Alcohol suppresses ADH production
• Damon will have a greater volume of urine
Why is there no vaccine for the
HIV virus?
• HIV does not have a protein coat so cannot be
recognised by antibodies
• HIV seeks out and actively attacks WBCs
therefore weakening the immune response
• HIV makes your own body start to destroy its
own WBCs
Arteries and Veins
Artery
thick layer of
muscle and elastic
fibres
thick outer layer
Vein
thin outer wall
thin layer of
muscle and elastic
fibres
Arteries
• These carry blood AWAY from the heart
(Think Arteries Away = AA)
• They are buried deep in the body
• They carry oxygen rich blood (except
for the pulmonary artery!)
Veins
• These carry blood IN to the heart
• (Think veINs=IN)
• They carry oxygen poor blood (except
for the pulmonary vein!)
Capillaries
• These carry blood to the cells
• They are narrow vessels running
throughout the body
• They carry oxygen rich blood from the
arteries, past the cells. The oxygen
poor blood is then carried to the veins.
Can you label the blood
vessels?
1. Artery, capillary, vein,
2. small lumen, large lumen, very small lumen
3. Single cell wall, thick elastic wall, thin wall
Antibiotic Resistance
Superbug Video
15 mins to make a postcard for a
doctors surgery on antibiotic
resistance
Plenary - The Circulatory
System
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Which of these blood vessels:
1.
Takes blood away from the heart?
2.
Carries oxygenated blood?
3.
Contains blood under high pressure?
4.
Is only 1 cell thick?
5.
Contains valves?
• Name an organism that has a cell wall
• What is the advantage of having a cell
wall?
• If penicillin prevents bacteria forming
peptide cross-linkages in cell walls, how
does penicillin work?
Starter- B2 lesson 3
Immunity
Discuss with the person next to you.
(at your discretion)
• What is the worst illness you’ve ever had?
• Have you ever been into hospital (apart from
birth)
• Have you taken medicine for an illness (what
was it)
• How did it work?
Ways to fight diseases
• Antibiotics
• Read together pg 40 and 41 – summarise
in your own words
• Question 1 - 5
Vaccine
• Draw diagrams from page 44 showing how
a vaccine works
SMALL POX – WHY
VACCINATED AND
ERADICATED
Smallpox is a serious, contagious,
and sometimes fatal infectious
disease (30% of infected people
died). There is no specific
treatment for smallpox disease,
and the only prevention is
vaccination. The name smallpox is
derived from the Latin word for
“spotted” and refers to the raised
bumps that appear on the face and
body of an infected person.
Smallpox
Click
What is the…
What is the…
BENEFIT
• WS AB2_11 Is it worth it
Flu
Why can you
catch this again?
AIDS
Why can you not
fight this off?
WS AB2_9 What if everyone did that
Susan and June are both young mothers with babies. They are in the park watching their
older children play.
June:
We’re taking little April for her MMR jab tomorrow. I hope she’ll be alright.
Susan: You’re mad! Why are you even risking it?
June:
We’d rather risk her having a bad reaction to the jab than getting one of those
diseases.
Susan: But those old diseases have almost disappeared now. There’s hardly any chance of her
getting one of them.
June:
But the diseases have only disappeared because people get their children vaccinated.
Susan: Yes, but they have disappeared. So now there’s no need to worry.
June:
But if people don’t get their babies vaccinated the disease will come back.
Susan: Yes, but that’s people, not you. There’ll always be plenty of goody-goodies who do what
the doctors say. So why should you risk April’s health when you’ve no need to?
June:
Well, we’re not risking it very much. The doctor told us that the chances of her being
badly affected, or affected at all, are very low indeed.
Susan: Yes, but why take any risk at all? As long as other people are having their babies done,
why take the chance? I’m certainly not going to risk my Danny.
Susan thinks that it’s stupid to vaccinate your baby. There is a small risk of the baby being badly
affected by the vaccine.
She thinks that this is OK because enough other people are getting their babies vaccinated. So
it’s unlikely that her baby will get the disease.
Whooping cough
• Rd pages 47 and 48
Cut and stick viewpoints
Whiteboard quiz
Whatcha know now eh??
10 mins to finish a postcard for a
doctors surgery for mums awaiting
an MMR jab
Which is riskier?
Nuclear Power or Peanut Butter?
How would you know?
• When people talk about risk what do
they say?
Rank these in order of highest to
lowest risk
•
•
•
•
travelling in a plane
cycling
driving a car
living near a nuclear power
plant
• living in Cornwall
• living in a city
• smoking
Rank these in order of highest to
lowest risk
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
travelling in a plane
cycling
driving a car We’ll find out later
living near a nuclear
youpower
were right!
plant
fall-out from a nuclear
accident such as Chernobyl
living in Cornwall
living in a city
smoking
if
An example about perception of risk…
People are still very frightened
about BSE as they did not
volunteer to take a risk of
catching disease when they
bought the food. However,
some people will volunteer to
aid refugees in war.
Who perceives that the risk is
larger?
Whether or not you volunteer
for the risk affects your
perception
3 other things that affect your
perception…
• Can you think of a risk that does not affect
people or an area equally?
• Can you think of a risk that results from a
man-made rather than a natural source?
• Can you think of a risk where there is a
threat of death in some form?
Some hints…
• Can you think of a
risk that does not
affect people or an
area equally?
• Can you think of a
risk that results from a
man-made rather
than a natural
source?
• Can you think of a
risk where there is a
threat of death in
some form?
Bird flu
Mobile
phone
masts
Climate
change
All these risks give an equal probability
of increasing your chance of death by
one part in a million:
Activity
Smoking just 14 cigarettes
Travel 10 miles by bicycle
Travel 1000 miles by jet plane
Have 1 chest x-ray
Drinking 30 cans of a diet drink
Living for 2 days in a polluted city such as
New York
Living 150 years within 20 miles of a nuclear
power plant
Cause of death
Cancer or heart disease
Accident
Accident
Cancer
Cancer (from saccharin)
Air pollution
Cancer
Is this better?
Activity
Smoking 10 cigarettes a day
Being 15% overweight
Moderate alcohol consumption
Working in agriculture
Working in construction
Working in a nuclear plant (10 mSv per year)
Activity
Expected reduction in lifespan
6 years
2 years
1 year
320 days
227 days
51 days
Expected reduction in lifespan
Is this better?
Activity
Smoking 10 cigarettes a day
Being 15% overweight
Moderate alcohol consumption
Working in agriculture
Working in construction
Working in a nuclear plant (10 mSv per year)
Activity
Expected reduction in lifespan
6 years
2 years
1 year
320 days
227 days
51 days
Expected reduction in lifespan
Were you right?
So what is risk?
risk = probability x consequence
risk = probability x consequence
Apply this equation to bungee jumping
risk = probability x consequence
Apply this equation to
driving a car
risk = probability x consequence
Apply this equation to having a swimming
pool in your back garden and having
small children
risk = probability x consequence
Apply this equation to
getting out of bed in
the morning
X-rays… Are they safe?
Another way of expressing risk…
• In the 1980s the following research was
published:
– Women who take the contraceptive pill have a
50% increased risk of cervical cancer.
Another way of expressing risk…
• In the 1980s the following research was
published:
– Out of 100,000 women not on the pill 4 are
likely to get cervical cancer.
– Out of 100,000 women on the pill 6 are likely
to get cervical cancer.
– This is a increase of 50%.
…. What do you think now?
Arteries and veins
Brainpop
Coronary Arteries
• How the heart itself lives??
• Bring oxygen and glucose to the heart
muscles
• Fatty lumps can block it and bring on a
heart attack
Video IB.2
As the atrium fills
with blood, the
valves are closed.
When the atrium
contracts and squeeze
the blood, the valves
are pushed open.
These valves are connected to the side wall of the heart
by tough tendons.
These tendons allow the valves to close but not invert.
valve
tendon
wall of
ventricle
These tendons can be compared to an arm holding
onto the handle of a door.
The arm
bends
as the
door is
opened.
When the
door is
closed
the arm is
fully
extended.
It would be impossible for the door to open in the
other direction without the person moving with it.
The tendon (represented by the arm) is held in a fixed
position and therefore the valve (door) can only open
in one direction.
The blood will
naturally push
against the valve.
However, the
valves remain
firmly shut.
In this way, the blood can be moved from chamber to
chamber quite efficiently.
The valves prevent the blood from moving in the wrong
direction.
we also find
valves here
...and here!
These extra valves stop the blood from re-entering the
heart when it is pumped from the ventricles.
When the blood knocks against the first heart valves, it
makes a ‘lub’ like sound.
When the blood knocks against the second set of
heart valves, it makes a ‘dub’ like sound.
artery
ventricle
The blood ‘slaps’ against
the valve and then passes
along the artery.
valve
These two sounds – lub and dub – are actually what we
hear as our heartbeat. So our heartbeat is in fact the
sound of the valves opening and closing.
Heart disease
• AB2.9 Video Cholesterol and the heart
1 min talk about healthy hearts
Plenery
HEART DISEASE (T or F)
1.Heart attacks are common in the UK
2.Only men have heart attacks.
3.Young people don’t have heart attacks.
4.Smoking increases your risk of heart attack.
5.Heart attacks happen when arteries to the heart are blocked.
6.Heart attacks are always fatal.
7.When you have a heart attack, some of your muscle dies.
8.Heart muscle dies when it doesn’t get oxygen.
9.Any fat in your diet is harmful.
10.Being overweight puts a strain on your heart.
!!! BREAD IS DANGEROUS !!!
Research on bread indicates that:
1. More than 98 percent of convicted felons are bread users.
2. Fully HALF of all children who grow up in bread-consuming households score
below average on standardized tests.
3. In the 18th century, when virtually all bread was baked in the home, the average
life expectancy was less than 50 years; infant mortality rates were unacceptably
high; many women died in childbirth; and diseases such as typhoid, yellow fever,
and influenza ravaged whole nations.
4. More than 90 percent of violent crimes are committed within 24 hours of eating
bread.
5. Bread is made from a substance called "dough." It has been proven that as little
as one pound of dough can be used to suffocate a mouse. The average American
eats more bread than that in one month!
6. Primitive tribal societies that have no bread exhibit a low incidence of cancer,
Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and osteoporosis.
7. Bread has been proven to be addictive. Subjects deprived of bread and given
only water to eat begged for bread after as little as two days.
Videos
Epidemiological studies
1.
Describe the correlation between smoking and
lung cancer.
2. Is one case of a smoker dying of lung cancer
enough to prove a link?
3. How big was the study by Doll and Hill which
gave more evidence that smoking caused lung
cancer?
4. What was the final piece of the puzzle that
confirmed smoking causes lung cancer?
Page 58
• Read page and do Q 1-6
Starter - What are the 7 life
processes ? (things that all living
things do)
Use MRS GREN to help you…
1. M =
2. R =
3. S =
4.
5.
6.
7.
G=
R=
E=
N=
Life Process
M
Movement
R
R _ pr _ d _ _ t _ _n
S
S _ n _ it _ v _ _ _
What it Means
M _ _ _ all or parts of
themselves.
Make m_re living
th_ _ gs like themselves
Se _ se and re _ c _
to things around them
Life Process
G
G_ _ wt _
R
Respiration
E
Excretion
N N _ tr _t _ _ n
What it Means
Increase in cell
n_ m _ _ r and/or
s_ z _ .
Use a chemical reaction to
release e_ _ _ g _ from
f _ _ d.
Get rid of w_ _ t _
materials they make
Need various substances
to help them r _ p_ _ r
and g _ _ _.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaYHR
x9-v2M
Introduction
• The oldest preserved
medical document is
from Egypt.
• It was written in 1570
and is 20 metres long.
• Over 700 remedies are
included.
• Many diseases are
described, including
diabetes and arthritis.
• There have always
been medical experts.
• In 1804 bloodletting
was used to treat many
illnesses.
• This 18th century kit was used for drilling a hole into
the patient’s skull.
• This treatment was used for centuries before this.
• But anaesthetics weren’t introduced until 1846.
• This picture shows the first public operation with
anaesthetic.
• New technology has
helped doctors make a
better diagnosis.
• For example, X-rays
show bones.
MRI scans give
information about soft
parts of the body.
So do ultrasounds.
• Now doctors can get a
lot of information
without having to go
into the patient’s body.
• Treatments have also
changed as scientists
have learnt more about
how the body works.
• There are many medical challenges still to
overcome.
• Perhaps one of the most difficult is how to give
expensive treatment to everyone who needs it.
Some very large microbes
• You may have seen pictures of bugs living
in your house before. These bugs
although scary looking are much, much
larger than what we will talk about
Imaginary
Animals?
Bee mites. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM)
of bee mites on the body of a bee. These parasites feed by
cutting into the surface membranes of the bee. In large
numbers they can devastate colonies of bees.
Dust mites. Coloured
scanning electron micrograph
(SEM) of two dust mites on
fabric fibres. Millions of dust
mites inhabit the home,
feeding on shed skin cells.
They mainly live in furniture,
and are invisible to the naked
eye due to their size. The
excrement and dead bodies
of these mites may cause
allergic reactions in
susceptible people.
Magnification: x150
Follicle mites. Coloured
scanning electron micrograph
(SEM) of follicle or eyelash
mites These harmless
parasites infest hair follicles
(holes in the skin which
contain the roots of hairs)
around the eyelids, nose and
in the ear canals of humans.
One follicle may contain
up to 25 growing mites.
They feed on oily secretions
from the glands, as well as
dead skin cells.
Magnification: x180 at 6x7cm
size.
Lice. Two lice, Phthirus pubis, also known as crab lice, hanging from human hair.
An adult louse and infant louse are seen. An infestation of P. pubis causes
pediculosis, the symptoms of which are severe itching and a rash. The lice suck
blood, feeding five times a day. Each of the louse's six legs terminates in a
massive claw, which folds inward to meet a thumb-like projection on the opposite
side. The louse climbs & swings through its habitat, locking into position when
disturbed. Magnification: x20 at 6x7cm size.
Head louse and egg.
Coloured scanning electron
micrograph (SEM) of a
human head louse (Pediculus
humanus capitis) and an egg
attached to a strand of
human hair. The louse ranges
in size from 2 to 3 millimetres
in length. Each of its six legs
end in a claw. Adult lice live
for approximately 30 days,
and during this time a female
may lay 100 eggs (nits),
which are glued to the
bottom of hair shafts. An
infestation of lice causes
itching due to an allergic
reaction to louse saliva.
Bed bug. Coloured scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of 2 parasitic bed
bugs, on fabric. The head has a pair of eyes (red), two antennae, and
piercing mouthparts. A regular diet of blood is necessary for bed bugs to
reach maturity. A parasite of humans, this species feeds at night and after a
blood meal the body becomes quite swollen. The bite of a bed bug produces
swellings on the skin. It is painful and may be lasting in some cases. During
the day the bed bug lives in mattresses, floors, or in tears in furniture.
Magnification: x10 at 6x7cm size.
Dog tick, seen from the front. This blood- sucking parasite of dogs can transmit to
humans a bacteria which causes spotted fever or tick fever, a form of typhus. The
tick's specialised mouthparts are adapted to pierce the skin of the host. It has a
flattened body which swells after a meal.
Magnification: x22 at 5x7cm size.
Feeding tick. Coloured scanning
electron micrograph of a tick
feeding head-down in human skin.
Ticks are arachnids which
parasitise mammals, birds and
reptiles, feeding on their blood.
In the feeding process, they cut
through the skin with the scissorlike action of their modified
mouthparts, and thrust their
hypostome (feeding tool) through
the lacerated skin, and lock into
the surrounding tissues.
Ticks can transmit diseases such as
relapsing fever and Lyme disease,
and their bites may become
infected. Magnification: x30 at
6x7cm size.
Deer tick. Coloured scanning electron micrograph of a deer tick. This is a
bloodsucking parasite of animals and humans. Its sensory pedipalps (lower left) are
seen shielding its specialised mouthparts, which are used to pierce the host's skin.
Hairs on the pedipalps locate the host by detecting air-borne vibrations.
Magnification: x27 at 6x7cm size.
• Even smaller…..
• So what is Bacteria???
Bacteria is a single cell
organism about 100
times smaller than a
human cell.
Bacteria can reproduce
outside of a human and
are used to create
cheese.
They can also cause the
food poisoning and tooth
decay.
Bacteria
Chicken skin infected with bacteria
Bacteria found in water
Bacteria on human skin
• So what is a Virus???
A virus is another microbe. It is
about 100 000 smaller than a
human cell.
A virus needs another cell (a
host cell) in order to
reproduce.
Viruses are responsible for
causing HIV, common cold and
chickenpox.
8C Even smaller!
Fungus
Fungi are another form of microbe. There are many different
varieties ranging from bread mould to mushrooms.
Yeast is a type of fungus that we use everyday to make bread
penicillin
fungus - yeast