The War of 1812
and the Rise of Nationalism
• Nationalism (n.) – loyalty or devotion to a nation,
especially an attitude, feeling, or belief characterized
by a sense of national consciousness; an exaltation of
one nation above all others, and an emphasis on
loyalty to and promotion of national culture and
interests as opposed to subordinate areas or other
nations.
• Sectionalism (n.) – devotion to one’s region;
holding the interests of a region over the interests of
the whole nation.
Post-War Nationalism
• Nationalism was reflected in the post-War
period through increased national pride, an
emphasis on national issues, an increase in the
power and scope of the national gov’t, and a
growing sense of American identity.
• In what ways was nationalism present after the War
of 1812?
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Patriotism
Political
Economic
Cultural
• Economic Nationalism
– The War of 1812 illustrated problems with roads
and transportation in the west
– 1807-1814 – years of Embargo and blockades had
enabled American manufacturing to develop.
– 1815 – cheap British goods flood the American
market
– Henry Clay calls for an “American System”
Mechanization
• Samuel Slater
– 1791 - establishes first textile mill in Rhode Island
– Textile factories emerge slowly, but boom from 18071814
– After Treaty of Ghent, 150 of 151 mills close in Rhode
Island…
– Tariff of 1816 implemented to protect textiles.
• Eli Whitney
– 1793 patents the Cotton “Gin” – device for removing
seeds from cotton; leads to cotton “kingdom” in deep
south and a renewed commitment to slavery.
– 1798 – interchangeable parts – contract for gun
manufacturing for the US Gov’t
“American System”
Proposal
Action
Protective Tariff
•Adopted 1816; 20-25%
National Bank
•BUS Rechartered in 1816
Road / Canal Building
•National Road (aka Cumberland Road)
construction begins
•Bonus Bill (1817) vetoed by Madison;
”internal improvements” seen as
unconstitutional
•States must undertake their own
projects:
•Erie Canal (1817/1825); Ohio & Erie
Canal (1832)
Cumberland Road
Erie Canal (1817-1825)
• 363 miles; connects Lake Erie to the
Hudson
• Impact of the Erie Canal
– Cost of shipping 1 ton of grain from Buffalo to NYC
drops $100 to $5; time from 20 days to 6.
– Food prices drop as a result; potato prices drop 50%
(hurts New England farmers, who move west).
– Towns and cities emerge on the canal; transforms the
Trans-Allegehny west into a center of commercial
agriculture.
How Locks Work
IMPROVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION
(ROADS, CANALS, STEAMSHIPS, AND
RAILROADS) LEAD TO THE
DEVELOPMENT OF A:
NATIONAL
MARKET
ECONOMY !!!!!
Cultural Nationalism
• Literature
– Webster’s New American Dictionary
– North American Review (1815)
– Knickerbocker School – group of NY writers who
gain recognition
• Washington Irving – The Sketch Book (1819)
– Rip Van Winkle; Legend of Sleepy Hollow
• James Fenimore Cooper
– Writer from frontier NY
– The Spy (1821); The Leatherstocking Tales; The
Last of the Mohicans
– Themes explore the contrast between the
“natural men” of the American wilderness v. the artificial men
of the “civilized” world
• William Cullen Bryant
– First American poet to gain recognition
– Thanatopsis (1817)
• Art
– Hudson River School
• American landscape artists
• Romanticized images of the American West
Thomas Cole “The Oxbow” (1836)
Asher B. Durand “Kindred Spirits” (1845)
Politics
• Death of the Federalist Party
– “Era of Good Feelings” / One party rule
emerges
– James Madison elected 1816 / 1820
• Makes “tour” of the nation on 1817
• John Marshall & Judicial Nationalism
– Decisions increase the power of the federal
gov’t and expand its authority
Marshall’s Decisions
Fletcher v. Peck
States cannot override contracts
Marbury v. Madison
Judicial Review
McCulloch v. Maryland
National bank is constitutional.
Upholds “loose construction”
Dartmouth v. Woodward
Upholds contracts against state actions
Cohens v. Virginia
Judicial review applies to state court decisions as
well…
Gibbons v. Ogden
Only federal gov’t can regulate interstate trade
Nationalism in Foreign Policy