Systemic requirement
for
school infrastructure
• Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) project is based on
unique philosophy which is different that other projects.
• Under SSA, the civil works are executed through
community participation, where as in all other
engineering departments, the civil works are executed
through contract.
• Under SSA, implementation of civil works is done by
community i.e. School Management Committee (SMC).
• Engineers work has facilitator and not has inspector.
• All funds are released as advance as provided in manual
on financial management and procurement.
• RTE act 2009, has come into force from 1st April 2010.
• The schedule period for completion of school
infrastructure as per RTE act is 31.03.13.
• Schedule to the RTE act 2009 lays down norms and
standards for school building as under:
All weather building consisting of:
• at least one class-room for every teacher and
• An office cum store cum head teacher’s room
• barrier-free access;
• separate toilets for boys and girls;
• safe and adequate drinking water facility to all
children;
• a kitchen where mid-day meal is cooked in the school;
• playground;
• arrangements for securing the school building by
boundary wall or fencing.
• There shall be a library in each school providing
newspaper, magazines and books on all subjects,
including story-books.
• Systemic requirements are:• Community Participation through (SMC): School Infrastructure is to be under taken by SMC or
equal bodies. No contractor can be engaged except
in the rare cases of such buildings as in the opinion
of PAB, requires special designs and skills.
• Community construction manual: - This manual is
required with SMC, with all engineers, at block level,
district level for reference.
• Community training: - Before start of construction
community/ members of SMC need training and can
be imparted at cluster/block level. Training need to
be given in between the construction.
•
Ensuring land: - Before planning any component
in AWP&B, land has to be ensured by the
planner. If land is not ensured, the consequences
can be damaging for the SSA as well for State.
• Memorandum of under standing (MoU): Before the funds are released, MoU has to be
signed by SMC and district level functionaries as a
legal document, which should have :
a) Name of the component
b) Amount of the component
c) Time for completion
d) The other details
• Fund Flow: - This has to be as per manual on
financial management and procurement item 116.6
(e)
• Mobilisation advance upon start up= 75% of cost
• Plastering and completion
=25% of cost
• Planning Process: - The Process has to start at
school/habitation level. It is understood that school
mapping is available in the school. The balance
required components need to be planned with in the
civil works ceiling..
• Transparency and accountability: - A very
important requirement. The funds received and
community contribution received to be accounted
and transparency maintained through daily
expenditure register, daily cement register and
site order book.
• Maintenance of daily expenditure register: - For all
purchases relating to civil works such as, building
material, must-roll/labor employed and any other
expenditure incurred, it is necessary for social audit of
gram Sabha besides regular financial audit. .The daily
expenditure register is to be maintained with minutest
details like, date of purchase, Voucher no, name of
the agency, description of material, quantity of
material, unit rate of the material, mode of payment
(By cheque or cash) and amount paid. The register
should be available to SSA functionaries visiting
school for check.
• Daily cement register: - For any infrastructure, cement
is vital and most important item for quality assurance.
To ensure quality in civil works, maintenance of daily
cement register, giving detail of cement received,
Contd.
detail of cement bags consumed every day, with
description of item of construction such as Brick
masonry, plaster, lintel, slab, flooring etc. and balance
at the end of the day. Daily cement balance must tally
with the physical balance lying in the store.
• Site order book: - All instruction/ direction in respect of
civil works are given in site order book. Any SSA
functionaries visiting the school infrastructure during
construction must record his comments with dated
signature.
• Transparency Board:- For community and Gram
sabha
• All the documents mentioned above are essential
for social audits, quality assurance and shall be
reviewed and signed by all functionaries visiting
the school.
Daily Expenditure Register for civil works only
Date
V. No
Name of
the
agency
Description
of material
Quantity
of
material
Unit
cost/
rate
amount
Mode of
payment
Daily Cement Register for civil works only
Date
Cement
received
Cement
consume
Description
of item
balance
•
a)
b)
c)
d)
Supervision structure: - There is no substitute for
adequate and intensive supervision for civil works.
SSA guidelines have been issued vide letter October
2002, 15th December 2003 and 11th February 2005.
The suggestive supervision structure is:
Block level: - At least one JE at each block. Ideally a
JE can handle 10-15 sites at a time effectively. The JE
must visit sites at important levels.
District level: - One or Two EE/AE with Draftman and
clerk. The district engineer must go to field at least 810 days in a month and must be present at the time of
casting slab.
State Level: - one or more Sr. Engineers supported
with EEs/AE, Draftsmen and Secretarial Staff. The
State engineers must visit field at least 7-8 days in a
month.
For medium and large states there is need for
supervision structure at divisional level.
•
Completion of work: - On completion, the receipt and
expenditure must be reconciled, completion reports as
per designs drawings are prepared, building handed
over and all accounts adjusted and settled.
• Mobility: - For efficient and effective supervision, all
engineers are to be mobile and should remain in field
for sufficient time to facilitate community and resource
support. Similarly liberal norms of TA/DA are provided
for JEs for intensive supervision.
• Quality assurance: - Quality is not achieved by an
accident; it is always the result of intelligent efforts.
The quality can be achieved only if
a) Quality in site selection
b) Quality in design by expert designers, catering for
hazard resistant designs where ever required. (for
odisha state design must ensure for possible cyclones)
c) Selection of appropriate building material
d) Procurement of quality building material as per
State specification/ISI codes.
e) Adopting context specific technologies
f) Adequate training of SMC
g) Intensive supervision at all level of the component
h) Adequate supervision by block, district and state
level engineers
i) In house in built quality control system for
testing of building material
j) Independent third party quality assurance including
checking quality at 4-5 stages of construction
and testing of building material and building
technologies.
• Testing of building
material:
The
suggestive tests are
a) Testing sand by sieve
analysis apparatus:For fine and coarse
sand and comparing
the grading of sand
with
State
specific
grading/IS
code
grading,
and
also
working out fineness
modulus (FM).
Sieve Set
Motorised Sieve Shaker
• Cement water ratio
and
determining
consistency
of
concrete: - The test is
very important as by
adding more water than
required, it reduces the
strength of the cement
concrete. The sample
for test shall be taken
at a mixer and shall be
compacted
in
four
layers by temping rod.
The slump so produce
will be as under.
5
1ODIA
2.5
10
1.3
0.2
THICK
AT LEAST 1.6 mm
THICK
30
0.2 THICK
0.6
ALL DIMENSIONS
ARE IN CM.
2 ODIA
FIG - 1
The following maximum and minimum values of slump are
recommended for various types of construction.
Types of construction
1. Mass concrete in
foundation Footing,
retaining wall & pavement
Slump in mm
Vibrators used
Vibrators not used
10-25
50-75
2. R.C.C. Work(a)
Mass concrete in
foundation, footing
and retaining wall
10-25
80
(b)
Beam, slab,
columns and wall
(simple
reinforcement)
25-40
100-125
(c)
Beam, slab, column,
wall fascia (Thin
section or heavily
reinforced sections)
40-50
125-150
25-40
75-100
3. Thin section of flooring
less than 75 mm thick
• Cement concrete cube test: - cubes of 15 cm X 15
cm X 15 cm are required, which will be filled in layer
of 5 cm deep. These will be compacted either by
hand or by vibrator and shall be tested after 7 days
or 28 days after curing.
Compression Testing Machines
with Load Gauges
Cube Moulds and cube
• Determining compressive strength of bricks: - The
compressive strength of the bricks can be determined
by compression testing machine as shown above.
• Determining water absorption of bricks.
• CEMENT MORTAR TEST: - To assess cement sand
ratio of the mortar used or in use. The representative
sample of the cement mortar shall be taken from 4 to 5
places from the brick or stone masonry already
constructed. Otherwise the sample can also be taken
from the cement mortar being used. The testing of the
mortar will be carried out in the laboratory by chemical
analysis and ratio of cement and sand can be found.
•
a)
b)
c)
d)
The
other
requirements
for
quality
construction and constructing building free of
cracks are:
Bed plates: - Below the beams
Bearing plaster: - Below the slab.
Grooves: - Wherever two different material join
Drip Course: - In projection and sun shades.
• Independent third party evaluation: Quality assurance through third party
evaluation.
The
agency
shall
visit
components 4-5 times at various stages to
ensure that required specification have
been followed and building has been
completed in accordance with design
drawings. The agency also to test the
building material and building technology
and guide the field engineers on quality
construction.
Whole School
Development Plan
(WSDP)
a) Draft guideline issued vide memo dated 16th July
2010.
b) Developing
of
school
infrastructure
is
comprehensive exercise for developing school
building with its indoor and outdoor spaces
c) To contribute goal of universal access/retention
d) To contribute to quality and equity in education
e) To develop well thought out physical learning
environment as seen in integrated system.
f) It is no longer to be visualized as mere physical
structure of collection of rooms.
g) Every school component and space to be seen
from the lenses of right of the child and learning.
• Vision of the school: a) The school has to be inclusive and
pedagogically rich, sustainable eco
system.
b) Safe and secure from hazard
c) Incorporating
elements
of
green
architectural
d) Optimum resource utilization through
culturally and environmentally sustainable
practices.
• The Guiding principals of WSDP: a) Child-centered planning with overall development of
child (physical, social, emotional and cognitive)
addressed
b) Responsive towards needs of all children and the
diversity they bring in a school
c) Entire school space (indoor and outdoor) as
learning continuum for a child and the teacher - this
is to be recognised by all stakeholders while
planning
d) Developing the entire school space as resource for
fun and learning activities using ideas of Building as
Learning Aid (BaLA) and CFE
e) A safe and secure environment for all children
f) Clean and hygienic environment for all children
g) Maximising the whole school as a resource – not
just for children and teachers of that school but
also for the community and neighborhood
schools
h) Respectful towards the local context and
tradition – wisdom, social needs, educational
needs, culture, geology, climate, flora-fauna, etc.
i) Optimum resource utilisation and costeffectiveness
j) Integrates good practices in environmentally
sustainable designs – to demonstrate and
practice them
k) Scope for future expansion
• The aim of this presentation is to accelerate
the pace of the progress of school
infrastructure and meet with the requirement
of RTE act 2009 and complete them before
scheduled period, ultimately developing into
WSDP.