The National Safety Council saves lives by preventing injuries
and deaths at work, in homes and communities, and on the
roads, through leadership, research, education and advocacy.
David Teater
Senior Director, Transportation Initiatives
National Safety Council
Driving or Riding in a
Motor Vehicle
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
• Leading cause of death for people 1 to 35
• 40,000 deaths each year in the U.S.
• Single most dangerous activity we are
regularly involved in
• Safety engineering has made significant
advances
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
2
Cell Phones
How did we live without them?
SAFETY COUNCIL
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
• Late 1980’s – “car phones”
• First portable – “bag phone”
• Today – Four billion world wide cell phones
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
61% penetration
Talk
Text
Internet
GPS
Wi-Fi
Mobile TV
Gaming
• Projected to be primary internet portal – replacing
the computer
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
3
Cell Phones and Driving –
a Dangerous Combination
• The science of distraction
• Visual
• Mechanical
• Cognitive
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
• Inattention blindness
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
• Multitasking society
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
4
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
SAVES LIVES BY
Role of Mobile Phones in Motor Vehicle
Crashes Resulting in Hospital Attendance
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
Suzanne P McEvoy, Mark R Stevenson, Anne T McCartt, et al - 2004
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
• Likelihood of crashing increases by 4x
• Risk was raised irrespective of whether or not a
hands-free device was used
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
5
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
What We Know About
Cell Phone Driving
What We Know About
Cell Phone Driving
100 Car Naturalistic Study
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, NHTSA - 2006
SAVES LIVES BY
• 80% of crashes and 65% of near crashes were
the result of driver inattention
• 35% of secondary tasks (source of inattention)
- use of wireless device
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
6
What We Know About
Cell Phone Driving
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
A Decrease in Brain Activation
Associated With Driving
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging - 2008
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
7
THE NATIONAL
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
Source: http://downloads.nsc.org/pdf/tdd/NSC_Arlington_Oct_2008_for_%20NSC.pdf
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
8
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
SAFETY COUNCIL
What We Know About
Cell Phone Driving
Comparison of the Cell Driver and Drunk Driver
Strayer, Drews, et al, University of Utah - 2004
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
• No difference between hand held and hands free
• Cell phone drivers have slower reaction times
and were more likely to get in a crash than
drunk drivers (at the .08 level)
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
9
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
The Case Against Cell Phone
Driving
SAVES LIVES BY
Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death
for people 1 to 35 years old
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
– Driver inattention causes most crashes
– Cell phones are the #1 driver distraction
– Reaction times slower than .08 BAC
– Hands-free as dangerous as hand-held
– 37% reduction in spatial processing in the part of the brain
used for the task of driving
– Cell phone drivers four times more likely to be involved in a
personal injury accident
– Voluntary compliance is difficult
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
10
Common Misperceptions
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
–
–
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
• Talking on a cell phone is no more dangerous than
putting on makeup, eating fast food, tuning your
radio or reading a map while driving.
Cell phone driving is a visual, mechanical and cognitive distraction.
Must consider duration and frequency.
• There isn't enough evidence to prove that using a
cell phone while driving causes accidents.
–
–
–
ADVOCACY.
Difficult to collect accident data.
We have a plethora of evidence. We don’t have statistics.
An absence of statistics does not prove or even indicate the absence of a
problem.
• It’s no more dangerous than talking to a passenger.
–
–
nsc.org
4/30/09
A passenger in a vehicle is aware of the driving situation and can even
serve as an additional look-out for hazards.
The phone carries a certain obligation of immediacy.
©National Safety Council 2009
11
The Solutions
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
• Education
– Drivers training
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
– Corporate training and education
• Legislation and Enforcement
– Public support
• Engineering and Technology
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
12
NSC Leading the Way
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
13
Sample Cell Phone Policy
SAFETY COUNCIL
We deeply value the safety and well-being of all people who work at our company. Due
to the increasing number of accidents resulting from the use of cell-phones and similar
devices while driving, we are instituting a new policy.
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
1. Company employees are not permitted to use a cell phone, either hand-held or
hands-free, while operating a motor vehicle on company business and/or on
company time.
2. Company employees are not permitted to read or respond to emails or text
messages while operating a motor vehicle on company business and/or on
company time.
3. This policy also applies to use of PDAs.
4. While driving, calls cannot be answered and must be directed to voicemail.
5. If an employee must make an emergency call (911), the vehicle should be parked
in a safe location before making the call.
ADVOCACY.
Employees will be given two warnings. The third time an employee is found to be in
violation of this policy, it is grounds for immediate dismissal.
Your signature below certifies your agreement to comply with this policy.
________________________________
Employee Signature
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
_________
Date
14
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
Policy Implementation Plan
SAVES LIVES BY
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Inform
Educate
Implement
Reinforce
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
NSC Cell Phone
Ban Press
Release
Frequently Asked
Questions
Presentation Script
for Policy
Rollout
Tips for Distraction
Free Driving
Call to Action
Distracted Driving
Top 10 List
Policy
Pocket Policy Card
Article to Inform
Distracted Driving
One Hour
Training
Course
Voice Mail Greeting
Safety Stuffer
Voice Mail to
Employees
Pull Over Poster
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
Focus on Your
Driving Poster
15
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
Survey of AMEC employees one year after
corporate cell phone driving ban
– 97% agreed that talking on a cell phone impacts a person’s ability to
drive safely
– 96% felt that responsible companies should discourage use of wireless
communications while driving
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
– 95% said they did not experience a decrease in productivity as a
result of the ban during work hours
– 83% said they had reduced or quit using wireless devices while driving
outside of work hours.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
16
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
What About Productivity?
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
$21.6 million - A stay-at-home dad received the award for the violent wreck
that killed his wife, after a jury found a driver negligent for either talking on
her cell phone or some other distraction.
$20.9 million - Dykes Industries of Little Rock, Ark., lost a personal injury suit
in which its employee was using a cell phone when the accident
occurred.
$5.2 million -International Paper employee Vanessa McGrogan was using
her company-supplied cell phone when she rear-ended a vehicle driven
by Debra Ford.
$2.5 million - State of Hawaii agreed to pay as its share of liability in an
accident involving a state employee who was talking on her cell phone
when she hit a tourist.
$1.75 million - Tiffany Barrett was on her way to a Christmas party with her
three kids when their minivan was struck by a car that pulled out in front
of her – the driver was on a cell phone.
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
17
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
Employer Liability
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
“Some argue that specific cell phone laws are not needed
because every state has careless driving laws already on the
books. When I was a federal employee, I heard the same
arguments presented by the liquor industry - there are
enough laws, a drunk driving law would be unenforceable,
reasonable people don’t drink and drive.”
THROUGH
Fran Betts, former NHTSA official
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
“When we recognize a specific behavior as being
particularly hazardous we address it
independently.”
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
18
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
Legislation
Current Legislative Landscape
THE NATIONAL
Handheld Cell Phone Bans for All Drivers
Six US states the District of Columbia and the Virgin Islands prohibit
all drivers from talking on handheld cell phones while driving.
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
Source: www.iihs.org/laws/maphandheldcellbans.aspx
Updated: May 2009
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
19
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
SAFETY COUNCIL
School Bus Driver Bans
In 17 states and the District of Columbia, school bus drivers are
prohibited from all cell phone use when passengers are present.
THE NATIONAL
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
Source: www.iihs.org/laws/mapbusdrivercellbans.aspx
Updated: May 2009
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
20
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
SAFETY COUNCIL
Novice Driver Bans
In 21 states and the District of Columbia ban all cell use by
novice drivers.
THE NATIONAL
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
Source: www.iihs.org/laws/mapyoungcellbans.aspx
Updated: May 2009
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
21
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
SAFETY COUNCIL
Text Messaging Bans
11 states and the District of Columbia have a text
messaging ban for all drivers.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
Source: www.iihs.org/laws/maptextingbans.aspx
Updated: May 2009
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
22
Technology
Maybe the Best Solution
SAFETY COUNCIL
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
• Cell Block Telecommunications
– Non-jamming – captures cell signal
• Gab Jammer
– In development – captures cell signal
• Cell Coach
– in-vehicle deterrent
• Key2Safe Driving
– Am in car device that wirelessly connects with a cell phone through
Bluetooth
• Guardian Angel
– Announced in April 2009
– Jamming technology – FCC problems
• DriveAssist
– Wireless network solution using GPS and WiFi
– Partnered with Nationwide Insurance
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
23
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
Public Support
SAFETY COUNCIL
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
Quinnipiac University
•
•
•
1056 Pennsylvania drivers
March 2009, +/- .03
85% support ban on hand held cell phones
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
“It’s hard to understand why the State Legislature
hasn’t banned hand-held cell phone use by
Pennsylvania drivers when nearly every voter in
the state favors the ban”
Clay Roberts, Quinnipiac University Polling Institute
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
24
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
Public Support
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
Scientific research on the subject of wireless phone use
and driving has been conducted worldwide for several
years. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA), the available research indicates
that using a wireless phone while driving degrades a
driver’s performance, whether it is a hands-free or handheld wireless phone.
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
For your well being and the well being of those around you,
you should consider turning your phone off and allowing
calls to go to Voice Mail while you are driving.
-Verizon Website
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
25
What You Can Do
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
• Personal example – stop using cell phone
when driving (change no answer greeting)
• Educate employees, drivers, parents
• Implement cell phone driving bans
• Support legislation and enforcement
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
26
Consequences
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
SAVES LIVES BY
25 people killed when a commuter
train engineer ignored a stop signal
and hit a freight train.
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
Engineer was texting 22 seconds
before crash. (September 2008, CA)
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
27
Frances Schee – 13 year old killed when her
school bus was rear ended by a big-rig driver
distracted by a cell phone. Eight others
injured. (September 2008, FL)
“Frances "Margay" Schee was a wonderful and beautiful child,
Margay only knew friends in her life, if you knew Margay, then
you knew she was your friend.”
The Schee Family
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
Jay & Jean Good – Killed when hit by a
tractor-trailer that swerved to avoid a
minivan that ran a light, 18-year-old minivan
driver talking on a cell phone. (May 2008, PA)
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
28
Erica Forney – Nine year old killed by a cell
phone driver while riding her bicycle home
from school. (November 2007, CO)
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
Jordan Cibley – 18 year old killed after
losing control of his vehicle while talking with
his father who owned a chain of cell phone
stores. (May 2007, MA)
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
"This accident happened because he was talking on the
phone - I was talking to him.”
Jordan’s Dad
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
29
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
“My name is Michelle. I am 36 years old. On Nov. 25, 2008, I
accidentally struck Erica Forney. Although I do not have a clear
memory of the accident, the police tell me I recently finished a
cell phone call and may have been distracted...”
Michelle Smith
Lauren Mulkey – 17 year old killed when
driver ran red light while on cell phone. (June
2007, UT)
"Unfortunately someone wasn't paying attention on a cell
phone, ran a red light, and took my daughter away from me,
and my life will never be the same.”
Lauren’s mom
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
Matt Wilhelm – 25 year old killed by a cell
phone driver while riding his bike. (September
2006, IL)
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
"Drivers need to ask: Is this call worth the risk?”
Matt’s mom
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
30
Bailey Goodman and four friends Killed when their car swerved into the
path of a tractor-trailer. Records show
driver was texting at time of accident. All
were cheerleaders who had just
graduated from high school. (June 2007, NY)
Bailey Goodman, Meredith McClure,
Hannah Congdon, (top)
Sara Monnat and Katie Shirley (bottom)
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
Jason Norling – 38 year old Harris County
(Houston) deputy killed by distracted cell
phone driver. (October 2007, TX)
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
"We're all real numb right now. The numbness is going to
wear off and then the sadness will continue for a long time.”
Pct. 5 Constable Phil Camus, co worker
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
31
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
Joe Teater 4/12/1991 – 1/20/2004
THE NATIONAL
SAFETY COUNCIL
LEADERSHIP. RESEARCH. EDUCATION. ADVOCACY.
SAVES LIVES BY
PREVENTING
INJURIES AND
DEATHS AT WORK,
IN HOMES AND
COMMUNITIES, AND
ON THE ROADS
THROUGH
LEADERSHIP,
RESEARCH,
EDUCATION AND
ADVOCACY.
nsc.org
4/30/09
©National Safety Council 2009
32