Developing Through the Life Span
I.
II.
Developmental Issues
A.
Developmental Psychology—
B.
Nature vs. Nurture–
C.
Continuity or Stages–
D.
Stability or Change–
Prenatal Development and the Newborn
A.
Conception (Union of egg and sperm cells)
1.
Zygote—
2.
Embryonic Stage—
a. Prenatal Stage –
b. Neonatal Stage (Birth to 1 month) –
c. Infancy (1 month – 24 months) –
3.
Fetal Stage—
4.
Teratogens
1. Definition 2. List them (there are 4)
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome—
5.
The Competent Newborn
Reflexes
a. Rooting Reflex—
b. Grasping Reflex (a.k.a. Palmer Reflex)–c. Stepping Reflex—
d. Sucking Reflex—
e. Moro (Startle reflex)-f.
Babinski (a.k.a. Plantar Reflex)–
g. Blinking
2.
Sensory Development
a.
Visual Acuity–
b.
III.
Depth perception–
1.
Visual Cliff–
2.
Habituation–
Infancy and Childhood
A.
Physical Development
1.
Brain Development
a. Maturation and Infant Memory
1. Maturation—
2. Infantile Amnesia–
B.
2.
Motor Development–
3.
Developmental Norms–
Cognitive Development
￢
Jean Piaget–
1.
Cognition–
2.
Schemas–
3.
Assimilation–
4.
Accommodation–
C.
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
1.
Sensorimotor –
2.
3.
a.
Object Permanence–
b.
Stranger Anxiety–
Preoperational–
a.
Egocentrism—
b.
Theory of Mind–
c.
Inner Speech (Lev Vygotsky)–
Concrete Operational–
a.
4.
E.
Conservation–
Formal Operational–
Critique of Piaget’s Theory
1. Problem with his research method
2. Problem with formal operations
3. Underestimates children’s abilities
*Autism and Mind Blindness –
E.
Sexual Development (Sigmund Freud)
Psychosexual Stages–
1.
Oral Stage–
2.
Anal Stage–
3.
Phallic–
4.
Latency–
5.
Genital–
F.
Social Development
1. Origins of Attachment (Mary Ainsworth)–
2.
●
Separation Anxiety—
●
Stranger Anxiety--
Body Contact (Harry Harlow)–
a.
Familiarity
1.
Critical Period—
2.
3.
b.
Temperament--
c.
Responsive Parenting
1.
Secure Attachment—
2.
Insecure Attachment—
3.
Responsive Mothers—
Effects of Attachment
a.
Secure Attachment Predicts Social Competence
1. Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)—
b.
Deprivation of Attachment–
c.
Disruption of Attachment–
1.
Day Care –
2.
4.
Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz)--
Self-Concept–
Parent Care –
5.
Authoritative -
Child Rearing Practices (Diana Baumrind)
a.
Four parenting styles
Child Rearing Practices
Parent
Authoritative -
Authoritarian –
Authoritarian -
Permissive –
Permissive –
Reject/Neglect –
Reject/Neglect –
IV.
Adolescence
A. Adolescence–
B. Physical Development
1.
Puberty–
2.
Primary Sex Characteristics–
3.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
a.
What –
b.
Male secondary sex characteristics -
c.
Female secondary sex characteristics -
4.
Menarche–
5.
Spermarche –
6.
Growth Changes–
7.
Early and Late Maturation Changes–
Child
C. Cognitive Development (Lawrence Kohlberg) –
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Six Stages fall into three basic levels:
1.
Preconventional Level– Individuals make moral decisions on the basis of
what is best for themselves, without regard for the needs or feelings of others
Step 1:
Step 2:
2.
Conventional Level– Individuals make moral decisions on the basis of what
actions will please others, especially authority figures
Step 3:
Step 4:
3.
Postconventional Level– Individuals recognize that rules represent an
agreement among many people about appropriate behavior
Step 5:
Step 6:
C.
Social Development (Erik Erikson)
1.
Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
a.
Trust vs. Mistrust (1st year)–
b.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler)–
c.
Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschooler)–
d.
Competence vs. Inferiority (6 yrs - puberty)–
e.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence)–
f.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood)–
g.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)–
h.
Integrity vs. Despair–
2.
Identity–
3.
Social Identity–
4.
Intimacy–
5.
Emerging Adulthood–
V.
Adulthood
A.
Physical Changes
1. Physical changes in Young Adulthood (20-40 years old)
a.
Top Physical shape
1. Problems
2. Women – best time to have children
b.
Intimacy and Relationships
1. Types
- Intimate
- Stereotyped
- Pseudo intimate (fake intimacy)
c.
Marriage
1. Conflict
2.Sexual Adjustment
-Keeping an Active sex life
-Fidelity
50-75% of men (1-5 years)
25-45% of women (15-20 years)
1 out of every 5 find out
d.
Divorce
- Easy to get
- Believe that the marriage won’t last
- Needs unmet
2. Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood (40-60 years old)
a.
Start to (characteristics of aging)
b.
Sexual Changes
1. Men –
2. Women–
c. Intergenerational relations
1. With adolescent children – help them establish an identity
2. With adult children – accepts children as adults
3. With ages parents – Now you are the caretaker
3. Physical Changes in Later Adulthood (60+ years old)
a.
Life Expectancy–
b.
Sensory Abilities
1. Vision –
2.Hearing –
3. Taste and smell –
4. Health–
5. Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease–
B.
Cognitive Changes
1.
Aging and Memory–
2.
C.
Aging and Intelligence
a.
Cross-sectional studies–
b.
Longitudinal studies–
c.
Crystallized Intelligence–
b.
Fluid Intelligence–
Social Changes
1.
Adulthood’s Ages and Stages
a.
2.
Social Clock–
Adulthood’s Commitments
a.
Intimacy & Generativity–
b.
Love & Marriage (John Gottman)–
c.
Work–
3.
Death and Dying
a.
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
a.
Stage One:
b.
b.
Stage Two:
c.
Stage Three:
d.
Stage Four:
e.
Stage Five:
Hospice–