Ch 3: The Thirteen Colonies
Section 1
Roanoke
• 1st attempt at settlement
in North America
• Sir Walter Raleigh
arranged for charter
• 1st attempt: 1585—
abandoned 1 year later
• 2nd attempt: 1587—
leader left 1 year later to
get supplies, when he
returned, all traces of
colony had disappeared
Jamestown
• Charter: document
issued by gov’t
granting specific
rights to a person or
company
• Virginia Company of
London granted
charter for
Jamestown
• Arrived April 1607
• First permanent British settlement in North
America
• Located along Chesapeake Bay
• Problems: swampy, caught diseases, men
not farmers—spent all time looking for
gold by the spring 1608, only 38 colonists
still alive
John Smith
• 1608 sent to lead
Jamestown
• “He who works not
eats not”
• Put up buildings &
planted crops
Starving Time
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Fall 1609—Smith had to return to England
Conditions worsened
Problem with Native Americans.
Ran out of food
1610—only 60 colonists still alive
Jamestown Prospers
• Tobacco planted and made $$
• Cash crop: crop grown to make a profit
• House of Burgesses: Representative
gov’t (voters elect people to make laws for
them)
• Elected assembly
• Passed laws & set taxes
• Shared power with governor
1619
• House of Burgesses established
• First group of women arrive in large
numbers
– Meant people were going to settle in VA
permanently.
• First slave ship arrives in the colony
– Before most were hired indentured servants
• Worked for person for 4-7 years in exchange for
passage to America
Plymouth
• Separatists: wanted to separate from the
Church of England & were often
persecuted
• Went to Netherlands but weren’t happy
• Planned to go to Virginia ( oops)
• Pilgrim: person who takes a religious
journey
Mayflower Compact
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Sept. 1620, Pilgrims went to North America
Headed for Virginia but were blown off course
Settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts
Believed they weren’t bound by rules of Virginia
Mayflower Compact: created self-government
for colony
Section 2: New England
Colonies
Geography of New England
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NE corner of the US
MA, CT, RI, NH, ME, VT
Hills, low mountians
Thin, rocky soil (farming difficult)
Some of richest fishing grounds in the
world
• Winters long & snowy
• Summers short & warm
• Caught fewer diseases & lived longer than
colonists in South
Puritans in Mass Bay
• Wanted to reform Church of England
• Persecuted by King Charles I
• Puritan ministers forced to give up
positions
• 1630 left England—formed MA Bay Co
• Led by John Winthrop
• Wanted to provide example to others
• Boston—main town
• General Court—elected assembly
• Voting limited to adult male church
members
• Non-Puritans weren’t given same rights
• Didn’t believe in religious toleration
(recognition that other people have right to
different opinions)
Rhode Island
• Roger Williams believed Puritans should split
entirely from Church of England
• Criticized colony who seized Native American
land
• Said colony should pay for it
• 1635—forced to leave Mass Bay
• Moved to present-day RI
• Founded Providence, given charter 1644
• No established church—religious toleration
• People of all faiths could worship freely
Anne Hutchinson
• Questioned Puritan
teachings
• 1638 expelled from
MA
• Established
settlement in RI
Connecticut
• Minister Thomas Hooker disagreed w/
Puritan teachings
• Founded Hartford 1636
• 1639: Fundamental Orders of CT
• Elected legislature & governor
• Granted charter 1663
New Hampshire
• John Wheelwright forced to leave MA
• Agreed w/ some of Anne Hutchinson’s
views
• 1638 founded Exeter
• 1680 became separate from MA
Growth & Change
• town meeting: assembly of townspeople that decides
local issues
• Restricted to male heads of households
• Set local taxes & elected people to run towns
• Earned livelihoods:
– farming
– Leather-making
– Fishing
– shipbuilding
King Philip’s War
• 1670s Native American population declined
because of European diseases
• Pop 1/10 of 1570s
• 1675 Metacom (King Philip) led Native
Americans & tried to stop Puritan expansion
• Destroyed 12 towns
• Ended 1676 when Metacom was captured &
killed; colonists free to expand
Sec. 3: Middle Colonies
Geography
• 4 states: NY, NJ, DE, PA
• NY-Hudson River, LI (extends 100+ miles into
Atlantic Ocean)
• NYC-most populous city in US
• PA 2nd largest state in region
• SE has lowland
• Philadelphia along Delaware River
• NJ—lowland, Atlantic Coast, DE S of NJ
• Climate warmer & growing season longer than
New England
• Soil fertile—wheat, fruits, vegetables
• Mid colonies most diverse part
• Philadelphia & NYC largest cities &
busiest ports
• Thriving economies
NY
• Under Dutch, economic success in 1660s
• Prosperous farmers, fur trade profitable
• Small Dutch population—many colonists from
other European countries
• Trade rivals with England
• 1664 English King Charles II granted all Dutch
lands to his brother, Duke of York, if he conquer
the territory
• Sent warships & Dutch immediately surrendered
• New Amsterdam became NYC
• Grew slowly
NJ
• Est 1665
• Southern NY split off to form new colony
• Proprietary colony: created by grant of
land from a monarch to an individual or
family
• 1702 became royal colony (directly
controlled by the king)
• NY became royal colony in 1685
Pennsylvania
• Quakers were religous group persecuted in
England
• Believed all people had a direct link (“inner
light”) with God so didn’t need ministers
• All people equal( =) in God’s eyes
• Spoke out against slavery
• Women equal to men in spiritual matters & often
were leaders in Quaker meetings
• Refused to pay taxes to Church of England
• Suffered from persecution
• William Penn was Quaker leader
• Wanted place where Quakers could live safe
from persecution
• Used connections to get charter for colony in PA
• “Holy Experiment”
• Arrived in PA 1682
• Distributed pamphlets to attract settlers
• Goal—create colony in which people from
different religious backgrounds could live freely
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1682—created Frame of Gov’t for PA
Elected an assembly
Allowed for freedom of religion
Tried to deal fairly with Native Americans
Delaware
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Swedes—1st settlers in DE
1650s Dutch took control of colony
1660s turned over to England
Felt Philadelphia too far to send delegates
Given own represenative assembly
1704 became separate colony
Way of Life
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PA known as “breadbasket”
Surplus of crops sold for profit
1700s manufacturing just beginning
Made iron, flour, paper
Artisans—shoemakers, carpenters,
masons, weavers, coopers
Backcountry
• Frontier region extending through several
colonies (PA to GA)
• Many settlers not English
• Scotch-Irish, German (Deutsch—PA
Dutch)
• Traveled south along Great Wagon Rd
• Fought with Native Americans
Sec 4—Southern Colonies
Geography of the South
• 1760 C Mason & J Dixon hired to settle border
dispute between PA & MD
• Conducted survey & drew boundary now known
as Mason-Dixon Line
• Divided line between N & S
• 5 Southern colonies: MD, VA, NC, SC, GA
• Tidewater—flat lowland along coast containing
many swampy areas
• On west blends into rolling hills called
Piedmont region
• Climate warm & humid
• Raised cash crops (grown to make a
profit) like tobacco, rice, & cotton
• Needed many workers which led to
development of slavery
Conflict in VA with Native
Americans
• As population of settlers increased, Native
American population decreased because
of disease & violence
• Farmers took land to grow tobacco
• 2 violent confrontations with Native
Americans (1622, 1644)
• Native Americans defeated both times
Bacon’s Rebellion
• 1660s, wealthy planters bought good
farmland near coast
• No land left for poor colonists who wanted
to start farms
• Young men forced to work for wealthier
farmers
• Couldn’t vote with out owning property
• Moved inland to find farmland
• Had conflicts with Native Americans &
wanted governor to help
• Nathaniel Bacon-leader of frontier settlers
• 1675 org force of 1,000 & attacked & killed
Native Americans
• Gov’t declared they were rebels
• Bacon attacked & burned Jamestown
• Revolt collapsed when Bacon became sick
& died
• Gov’t couldn’t stop settlers from moving
onto Native American land
Religious Toleration in MD
• 1632 Charles I granted charter to George
Calvert, an English Catholic
• Catholics discriminated against
• Calvert set up MD so Catholics could live
safely
• His son, Lord Baltimore became proprietor
when he died
• Proprietor: owner of business or colony
• Tension between
Protestants &
Catholics in colony
• 1649 issued Act of
Toleration
• Welcomed all
Christians & gave
adult male Christians
right to vote & hold
office
N & S Carolina
• 1663 Charles II granted charter for
Carolina
• Northern part developed slowly
– Lacked harbors & rivers
– Small farms raised & exported tobacco
– Lumber led to shipbuilding
• South grew more quickly
– Sugar grew in swampy lowlands
– Slave labor used
– Rice most important crop
– Main city-Charles Town (Charleston)
• Eventually split into 2 colonies because of
differences
– N & S Carolina
Georgia
• Founded because
• 1. England afraid Spain would expand FL
north & colony would be a buffer
• 2. English led by Oglethorpe wanted
colony to protect debtors (people who
owe $)
• In England, debtors could be jailed until
they paid what they owed
• Slavery banned to prevent plantations at
1st
• Slavery allowed beginning in 1740s
Tidewater Region
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Located along Atlantic coast
Plantation: large farm
Grew cotton, sugar, rice
Economy dominated by plantations
Climate hot, humid
Unhealthy working conditions promoted spread
of slavery
• In SC, more slaves than free people
• Whites divided into wealthy & those with little or
no property
Backcountry
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Cut off from coast
Farms isolated
Lived in 1 room shacks
People cared less about rank
Believed colonial gov’t on coast didn’t care
about them
Sec 5—Spanish Colonies in
Borderlands
Florida
• 1565 built fort at St. Augustine
• 1st perm Europena settlement in presentday US
• 1693 announced that slaves who escaped
to FL would be protected & given land if
they helped defend colony
• 1763 only 3 major settlements—colony
grew slowly
Settlements in Borderlands
• Borderlands: lands along a frontier
– Purpose: protect Mexco from other European
powers
– FL, TX, NM, AZ, CO, UT, NV, CA
• Missions: key role in setting up
borderlands
• California colony est 1769
• Junipero Serra established San Diego
• Also established LA & SF
• Presidios: military posts set up to protect
missions
• Pueblos: civilian towns
• Centers of farming & trade
• Plaza in middle of town
Spanish Missions
• Native Americans worked there farming, building
churches, learned crafts
• Worked 5-8 hours aday, 5-6 days/week
• Off on Sun & religious holidays
• Didn’t have control over lives
• Punished if broke rules
• Imprisoned, kept in shackles, whipped
• Often rebelled
• Missions: set up to convert Native
Americans to Christianity (Catholicism)