QUALITY: - ASSURANCE
(WITH SOME IMPORTANT SPECIFICATIONS)
1 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan ( S.S.A.) is an
effort
to universalize elementary
education
in
the
country
through
community ownership of the school
system. In order to achieve the goal of
universalization of elementary education,
it is essential to provide access to every
eligible child in the age group of 6 - 14
years
in
accordance
with
RTE
requirement.
2 Civil Works Constitute up to 33% of the SSA
allocation.
There
has
been
massive
investment of Rs. 44500 crores and going to
further
investment of more than Rs.20000
Crores to full fill RTE requirement.
The
expenditure so far is 34000 crores
3 For such massive investment still in civil
works in the country, it is important to
utilize every penny effectively with great
care. It is the infrastructure which is going
to be visible for all time to come.
WHAT ARE BASIC REQUIREMENT
FOR QUALITY WORK
•
Adequate Supervision Structure
•
Trained Community
•
Quality Building material
•
Trained Work force
•
Inbuilt
measures
Quality
control
Management/Supervision
Structure
:Deployment of adequate and competent
professionals. Suggestive structure is
• J. E. at each block
• Executive engineer/ Assistant engineer
at District
• Team of senior engineers, Architects
and other experts at States,
• The Strength can be increased or
decreased depending upon Quantum of
work
Community Participation :• community
participation in all civil
work activities is mandatory.
The
contractors have been replaced by the
community,
• Training of community to execute civil
works
successfully
is
essential
requirement.
•SMC shall be trained and shall participate
in civil works.
• As a campaign SMC are imparted training
by
resource
persons
and
technical
personals at Block or cluster level.
•Account keeping:- Account keeping for
procurement of material, deployment of
labour and cement consumption register
etc. are essential requisite for social audit
and transparency in the community
participation.
• Daily Cement register:- To keep watch on
one of the most important item of cement ,
maintaining daily cement register is must.
This register must be signed any one
visiting the site and to be transparent for
social audit
•Site Selection :- Selection of suitable site
for the new school building / building less
schools / BRC is very important not for the
Engineers but for the community also. The
selection of site has to be in accordance
with norms as given in the “A Guide to
Design for better learning environments
published by Ed.CIL, New Delhi”.
 Design
:- Design for whole school
concept
 A team for designing consisting of
professional
like
design
engineer,
Architects, experts on energy efficient ,
green
building,
Structural
engineer,
Pedagogic, gender, CWN expert, child
friendly
element
component
expert,
External and internal element expert
 Disaster management components.
All
factors where ever required.
BUILDING MATERIAL
Natural Building Material :- The material
like sand, aggregate, bricks, stone, timber,
water etc. need to be controlled at
procurement level. Community shall be
trained in the process of procurement of
quality material.
•Another way is to collect quality samples
of these material and keep it at convenient
places for the community. The aim is to
procure best possible quality material at
competitive rates.
Factory Manufactured Material
:The
material like cement, steel, joinery for
doors-windows, doors- windows fitting,
steel sections, sanitary and water supply
fittings, ply and ply boards, paints etc. All
such material shall be ISI or ISO marked as
far as possible. Cement shall be 43 grade
manufactured by major manufacturer like
Gujrat Ambuja, Shree Cement, ACC, L &
T/ultratech, Lakshmi Cement etc.
WORK FORCE : - The work force consists
of skilled & unskilled workers as under:-
(a)
SKILLED:-Masons,carpenter,
plumber, electrician, blacksmith, bar
benders, etc. If these are very well
trained, this can make lot of dent in
quality construction.
(b)
UNSKILLED: - Labour force, which
assist the skilled workers, should
also be trained in order to achieve
quality. (examples)
QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES
•Visual inspection.
•Quantitative Quality measures.
•Testing of building material like;•Sand
•Bricks
•Concrete Mix
•Cement water ratio
•Cement mortar
TESTING OF MATERIALS
Building material play great roll
in
enhancing the life of the structure. By
testing material, the engineers are not
only assured of the quality product but
gain lot of confidence during execution.
Hence testing of material are very
important not for the structure but for the
Engineers confidence as well.
і) Cement :- ISI marked 43 Grade
manufactured by major manufacturers like
Gujrat Ambuja, Shree Cement, Lakshmi
Cement, L & T/ultratech. ACC etc.
ii) Steel : ISI or ISO marked
SAND (fine) : - Fineness modulus (F.M) test
for fine sand (for masonry work, plastering
etc) I / C grading of sand which can be done
in the field and in the Laboratory by I.S.
Sieve IS:2720 (Part IV Designation). For fine
sand, the fineness Modulus (FM) is to be 1.5
and above. Grading of sand is given below.
COARSE SAND (For RCC works and flooring)
Fineness Modulus (F.M) of this sand shall be
2.5 to 3.5. The coarse sand shall have
grading tested in accordance with IS Sieve as
under.
Sieve Set
Motorised Sieve Shaker
REQUIREMENT OF GRADING FOR SANDS
(FOR MASONARY WORK AND
PLASTERING)
I. S. SIEVE
Designation
Percentage by weight
passing I.S. Sieve
4.75 mm
100
2.36 mm
90-100
1.18 mm
70-100
600 micron
40-85
300 micron
5-50
150 micron
0-10
FINE AGGREGATES OR COARSE SAND
(FOR RCC AND FLOORING)
I. S. SIEVE
Designation
Percentage
passing for
10 mm
100
4.75
90-100
2.36 mm
60-85
1.18 mm
30-70
600 micron
15-34
300 micron
5-20
150 micron
0-10
Important : The fine sand in no case shall be
used
for
Reinforced
Cement
Concrete (RCC) for slabs, beams
and flooring
The deleterious material % should
not exceed 5% for natural river
sand and 2% in crushed sand.
iv) Building Stone :- The building stone
shall be obtained from approved
quarries. It shall be of uniform in colour
and texture, sound and durable, free
from decay, flaws, cracks, cavities,
veins and other defects etc. Porous
stones, such as coarse grained sand
stone with close planes of cleavage
such as shale's and slates, shall not be
used for stone masonry
Bricks
: - Besides testing for dimension
of bricks, efflorescence, homogeneous in
texture, uniform in shape and size, the
important test for bricks are:-
WATER ABSORPTION OF BRICKS
Field Test :
The Test specimen shall
consist of five whole dry bricks and shall
be selected at random from the stack. The
apparatus shall consist of a balance
sensitive of within 0.2 to 0.3 per cent of
the weight of the specimen.
The test specimen shall be weighed and
shall then be completely immersed in clean
water at room temperature and allowed to
remain in this State for a period of 24
hours. The specimen shall then be taken
out wiped with a damp cloth and then
weighed immediately.
Percentage of Water absorption :
Weight of bricks after 24 hours immersion
x 100
Weight of dry bricks
WATER ABSORPTION OF BRICKS
Laboratory Test : The Test specimen shall
consist of five whole selected at random
from the lot of bricks obtained.
The
apparatus shall consist of a balance
sensitive to within 0.1 percent of the
weight of the specimen.
The test specimen shall be dried to
constant weight in ventilated oven at 1100
to 1150.
The specimen, shall then be
cooled approximately to room temperature
and weighed.
The dry specimens shall be completely
immersed without preliminary partial
immersion, in clean water at 15.50 to 300
C for 24 hours. Each specimen shall then
be removed, the surface water wiped off
with a damp cloth and the specimen
weighed.
Weighing any one specimen
shall be completed within three minutes
after removing the specimen from the
water.
Percentage of Water absorption :
Weight of bricks after soaking for 24 hours
x 100
Weight of dry bricks
DETERMINATION OF COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF BRICKS
Five bricks shall be immersed in water at
250 to 290 C for 24 hours. They shall then
be removed and allowed to drains at room
temperature for about five minutes and
wiped free from surplus moisture. Their
frogs shall be filled with mortar composed
of one part Portland cement and one and a
half parts clean coarse sand graded to 3
mm and down. The bricks shall then be
stored under damp sack for 24 hours. After
the expiry of this period, they shall be
immersed in water for seven days.
At the end of seven days, the samples of
bricks shall be taken out, wiped dry and
placed with the flat surfaces horizontal and
the mortar filled face up wards between 2
three-plywood sheets each approximately
3mm thick and care fully centered between
the plates of the compression to testing
machine. The load shall be applied axially
at the uniform rate until failure occurs.
Arithmetic mean of the
at failure
Compressive Strength =
Maximum load
Area
of
bricks
TEST DURING EXECUTION
iii) COMPRESSION TEST FOR CEMENT CONCRETE :
6 cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm with CC
shall be filled in layers of 5 cm deep. Each
layer shall be compacted either by hand or by
vibration.
The testing specimen shall be
stored for 24 hours. After this period, the
specimen shall be removed and submerged in
clean fresh water. The compacted cubes are
tested after 7 days or 28 days. The total load
indicated by testing machine at failure shall
be recorded.
The compressive strength will be :
The total load indicated by the testing machine at failure
Area of the block
Compression Testing Machines
with Load Gauges
Cube Moulds
Determining consistency of concrete by slump tests.
This is an important field test for determining of
Cement water ratio (consistency) of concrete
samples
from
the
concrete
being
used
in
construction.
The test specimen shall be formed in a mould made
of brass or aluminum with bottom and top diameters
of 20 cm and 10 cm respectively and height of 30 cm
as shown in the figure. The samples of concrete for
test specimen shall be taken at a mixer or otherwise.
The mould shall be filled in four layers and each layer
tamped 25 strokes of tamping rod.
The above
operation shall be carried out at a place free from
vibration or shock with in a period of two minutes
after sampling. The slump is measured after lifting
the mould vertically. The recommended values of
slumps are given below :
Slump Test Apparatus
5
5
1ODIA
2.5
10
1.3
0.2
THICK
AT LEAST 1.6 mm
THICK
30
0.2 THICK
0.6
ALL DIMENSIONS
ARE IN CM.
2 ODIA
FIG - 1
The following maximum and minimum values of
slump are recommended for various types of
construction.
Types of construction
1. Mass concrete in
foundation Footing,
retaining wall & pavement
Slump in mm
Vibrators used
Vibrators not used
10-25
50-75
2. R.C.C. Work(a)
Mass concrete in
foundation, footing
and retaining wall
10-25
80
(b)
Beam, slab,
columns and wall
(simple
reinforcement)
25-40
100-125
(c)
Beam, slab, column,
wall fascia (Thin
section or heavily
reinforced sections)
40-50
125-150
25-40
75-100
3. Thin section of flooring
less than 75 mm thick
i)
CEMENT MORTAR TEST: - To assess
cement sand ratio of the mortar used
or in use. The representative sample
of the cement mortar shall be taken
from 4 to 5 places from the brick or
stone masonry already constructed.
Otherwise the sample can also be
taken from the cement mortar being
used. The testing of the mortar will
be carried out in the laboratory by
chemical analysis and
ratio of
cement and sand can be found.
(I)
BED PLATES:- Bed plates of cement
concrete or of stone shall be provided
under all beams & joists. Bed plate
must be of such width & depth in order
to smoothly distribute the loads
coming over beams or joists. The base
of the bed plates must be correctly
leveled with cement sand mortar of
1:3. The ratio of cement concrete shall
be nominal concrete of 1:2:4. The
thickness of the bed plate shall be as
equal to the full number of brick
courses. (IS code now provide for
concrete 1:1½ :3)
(II)
BEARING PLASTER: - A smooth
bearing for RCC slabs and beams on
the wall with 6mm cement plaster 1:3
(1 Cement, 3 fine sand), finished with
a floating coat of neat cement shall
be provided and then finished with a
thick coat of lime-wash or Kraft
paper. The sides and top of slabs and
beams in contact with walls shall be
painted with thick coat of hot
bitumen.
Grooves :- Provide grooves where ever
two different material join to - gather to
avoid cracks such as
(a) brick work & concrete work
(b) steel work and masonry work
(c) Joinery & masonry or concrete
work
Drip Course :- Provide drip Course in all
projections / sun shade (Sketch on back
page)
SUN SHADES
4"
6"
DRIP COURSE
6"
4"
9"
P.L.
Slab
DRIP COURSE
9"
G.L.
P.L.
Beam
Groove
9"
9"
G.L.
MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FOR
QUALITY CONSTRUCTION
CONCRETE
MIXER:
Mechanical
mixing of cement concrete, helps in
maintaining proper cement water ratio
and producing homogenous mix for
attaining appropriate strength.
VIBRATOR: - it helps in compaction of
concrete
to
obtain
dense
and
homogenous mass. Vibration will avoid
honey combing of concrete surface
and will help in obtaining quality
concrete surface
FLOORING : Flooring as per state specific
may be provided in the school building.
However generally conglomerate flooring
or IPS flooring of 50 mm thickness will be
provided for school buildings. The under
layers of -
• Conglomerate flooring generally shall
consist of 10 cm of sand layers or stone
filling and 10 cm of lime concrete or
cement concrete 1:8:16
• Flooring shall be laid in panels of not
more than 2 sq. meter. The strips for
panels shall be of glass / plain
asbestos / aluminum / PVC. The
strips can be avoided by laying
flooring in alternate panels. As little
water as possible shall be used in
mixing the concrete & slump test
shall be between 25 - 40 mm.
IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE FOCUSSED DURING
CONSTRUCTION
Foundation
1.
2.
Foundation of any building is not to be laid on
filled up soil or low lying areas.
Occasional testing of bearing capacity of soil may be undertaken
Brick Masonry
3. Only well burnt bricks with ringing sound having
crushing strength of around 100kg./cm2 shall
be used.
4. Bricks to be drenched in water for 6 hours
before use in brick masonry.
5. No brick bats to be used in brick masonry.
6.
The thickness of the brick joints in brick
masonry shall be between 6.25 to 9.4 mm only.
7. Ensure clearing of cement mortars over brick
masonry when the mortar is still green.
8.
Joints of masonry are raked up to 12mm
when mortar is still green
Stone
9.
10.
11.
12.
As far as possible stone to be of
uniform in colour, texture, sound and
durable, free from flaws, cracks,
cavities veins, etc. Porous stones or
sand stone with slates shall not be
used.
Random Rubble masonry:- Random
Rubble masonry brought to courses,
Square Rubble masonry in courses shall
be used.
Ensure using bond stones.
Random Rubble masonry not be used in
Seismic Zone III, IV and V
Sand
12.
13.
Only clean, well graded sand having
1.5 F.M. and above shall be used for
brick masonry and plastering.
Similarly for cement concrete and
14.
flooring, well graded sand of 2.5 to
3.5 F.M. shall be used.
Fine sand in no case shall be used
for RCC work and flooring
RCC Work
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
No katcha shuttering shall be used
for laying RCC work. Steel shuttering
or shuttering with good wooden
planks shall be used
Use only ISI or ISO marked steel for
reinforcement.
Use 43 grade cement of major
manufacturers.
Always use bed plates below beams
and bearing plaster, below slab to
avoid cracks.
Use of concrete mixer and vibrator is
essential for laying slabs and beams.
20. For ensuring proper cement water ratio
for RCC work, slump test is essential.
21. For ensuring proper concrete strength of
slab, concrete cubes may be tested after
7 days or 28 days.
General
22.
Cement mortar or cement concrete to be
used within 30 minutes after mixing
water.
Cement mortar of not more than
one cement bag may be prepared at a
time.
23. 15 days curing is essential for any
construction done with cement in order
to enable the structure to gain proper
strength. For ensuring curing write dates
on day to day work.
Plastering and flooring
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Use only wooden float for plastering. Use of
metal float for plastering is prohibited.
Conglomerate or IPS flooring of 50mm
thickness may be laid in panels with glass or
PVC or aluminium strips. The panels to be not
more than 2 sqmts.
Lay 100 mm sand and 100 mm lean concrete
or equivalent material as a base course
before laying conglomerate flooring.
Provide either groove or drip course on all
projections and sunshades to check flow of
rain water toward walls.
Provide grooves wherever two different
material join together to avoid cracks.
For obtaining satisfactory bond for the
plaster, joints in Cement, Lime masonry be
raked to a depth of 12mm when the mortar is
still green.
Roofing
30.
31.
Provide earth insulation of average thickness
of 100 mm over flat roofs with proper slopes
or equivalent insulation and covered with
brick tiles or other material for draining rain
water. (For hot climates).
Provide spouts or rain water pipes of not less
than 100 mm dia. One such pipe can drain up
to 35 sq meter roof area.
Doors and windows
32.
33.
34.
Do not use plywood-paneled doors and
windows exposed to rain.
Do not use angle iron door, window frames.
These can be injurious. Use pressed steel
sheet of 2 mm thickness conforming to
IS:226-1962.
Only ISI marked or good quality paints may
be used for doors and windows and other
painting work.
35.
Apron or plinth protection is essential for
safety of the building
36.
Timber :
I).
Where ever timber is used, it is to be
commercial hard wood, well seasoned
and
properly
treated
with
wood
preservative conforming to IS 401-1982
II). Timber for use in structures constantly in
contact with water or damp earth shall
be treated with suitable preservative laid
down in IS – 401-1982 so as to resist
Fungi, termites and marine borer.
III). Moisture contents of seasoned timber for
thicker sections for beams, rafters should
not be more than 14% whereas for
thinner sections for doors and windows
to be within 12%
37. Bamboo : Life of raw untreated/
treated bamboo is very low. However
life of Prefab Bamboo components
Being manufactured by manufacturer
on National Mission on Bamboo
Application technology are very good
and have a life of more than 30 years.
Two prefab structures are installed in
TSG New Delhi premises.
The quality assurances can only be
implemented with adequate management
structure at all level.
The other necessary input required is the
constant training of School Management
Committee and In House Engineering Cell.
ACR Gaps based on DISE
2009-10 or 2010-11
 ACR gaps have been worked out on DISE
2009-10.
 The Gaps have been worked out school
wise DISE.
 The school which have more classrooms
than required, the plus figure was taken
zero.
 The school which have deficiency in
classrooms were taken as positive figure.
 The ACR gaps so worked out was ACR
gap as on 30.09.09.
As the ACR gaps was on 30.09.09,
the school infrastructure available
in pipeline on 30.09.09 is required to
be
computed
along
with
components approved in AWP&B
2010-11.
All primary school, upper primary
school in progress and not started
will be computed by multiplying by
2 and 3 respectively.
The targets as approved by PAB in
AWP&B 2010-11 are also computed
 While working out gaps for AWP&B 201112, the school infrastructure approved in
supplementary budget will also be
computed.
 The net result of ACR gaps district
wise/State wise will be brought in the
AWP&B 2011-12.
 The detail worked out for ACR gaps for
supplementary budget will be placed in
minutes of the 21st review meeting for
guidance.
 Any suggestion will be solicited.
Design for Girl’s and Boys
toilets