http://assets.natgeotv.com/Shows/10406.jpg
In this unit, the summary is shown in blue, and the
underlined words are vocabulary; the animation and video
hyperlinks are shown in orange.
TPS
 How would you classify your shoes?
 If you had to create a cladogram [see below] to
show the evolution of shoes, how would you do it?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Identical_cladograms.
svg/250px-Identical_cladograms.svg.png
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When you go shopping in the grocery store,
similar items are often placed on the same
aisle. Why? They are most often related to
each other.
In science, classification is the arrangement of
organisms into orderly groups based on their
similarities.
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Scientists classify the
diverse number of
organisms on the planet in
order to learn and study
from them into hierarchical
groups (from general to
more specific categories).
In this unit you will learn
how scientists classify living
things; the science of
taxonomy.
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Von Linne [AKA Carolus
Linnaeus] was the Swedish
biologist who in the mid1700’s developed the
biological system of
classification.
◦ 7 taxonomic levels [or
taxa]
◦ kingdom to species
http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/images/linne06d.jpg
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Scientists give animals Latin/Greek names in
classification which consists of two parts:
◦ genus + species [specific epithet].
Often use Latin because it is universal
[worldwide] and not widely spoken, therefore,
the meaning is not likely to change.
In Latin, nomenclatura =
◦ nomen "name"+ calare "to call"
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EX Tyrannosaurus rex translates to
“tyrant lizard” and “king.”
http://nerdywithchildren.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/trex-fossil.jpg
http://hqwalls.org/t_rex_dinosaur_wallpaper-wallpapers.html
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http://www.unmaskingevolution.com/images/imaginative.gif
Always in italics
Genus name is written
1st, capitalized
Species name is
written 2nd, NOT
capitalized
EX scientific names
◦ Homo sapiens
(modern man)
◦ Felis domesticus
(common housecat)
http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/People/Grad_Students/hui
fangq/food/HuifangCookings/edited/crawfish.jpg
1. A Latin name eliminates confusion caused by
regional name differences.
◦ EX crayfish, crawdad, mudbug are all
common names for….
◦ Cambarus bartoni
http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/game/cougar/graphics/cougar4.jpg
◦ Mountain lion, panther, cougar and
puma are all common names for...
◦ Felis concolor
2. organizes large amounts of information
3. Classification also reveals (or shows)
evolutionary relationships between organisms
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Life.png
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Phylogeny – evolutionary relationships
among organisms
Biologists now group organisms
according to phylogeny (lines of
evolutionary descent), not just physical
characteristics.
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Create a mnemonic to remember the
sequence of taxons from general to specific
◦D
◦K
◦P
◦C
◦O
◦F
◦G
◦S
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_DiCeGX2-bR8/TKI_zgN01QI/AAAAAAAAAFs/myAAROvR80/s1600/Taxanomy+5.5.2.JPG
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http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/entomology/images/p4large.gif
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/tree_550_74474.jpg
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Domain is the most recently added 8th
taxonomic level, which is even more inclusive
than a kingdom.
There are three domains shown above.
◦ Two are prokaryotic, one is for eukaryotes.
Domains in the News
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
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Three domains of life:
◦ Archaea & Bacteria contain only
prokaryotes.
◦ Eukarya contains all eukaryotes.
Take notes from the following slides in a
Venn diagram.
http://culturingscience.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/3-domains-of-life.jpg
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Members of the domain Archaea are bacteria
[prokaryotes] that live in very extreme
environments (hot volcanic springs, black organic
mud, etc) and many can only survive in the
absence of oxygen!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_prismatic_
spring.jpg
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Archaea were first found in extreme
environments, such as volcanic hot springs.
Pictured here is Grand Prismatic Spring of
Yellowstone National Park.
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According to the Mayo Clinic there are
more than 2,000 strains of salmonella
bacteria, but only a dozen or so make
people sick.
Salmonella is most often contracted by
eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry,
eggs. Image
Regular everyday
bacteria [prokaryotes]
belong to domain
Bacteria.
EX Salmonella
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All of the organisms
that have a nucleus
[eukaryotes] are
included in Domain
Eukarya.
This domain
includes a variety of
life forms in 4
kingdoms:
◦ Protist
◦ Fungi
◦ Plant
◦ Animal
Domain Animation
http://www.biocentrum.dtu.dk/upload/institutter/bic/biocentrum/studievalg/his_archaea_fot3_3
80.jpg
When organisms are
newly discovered,
they are identified,
sorted, and
categorized into one
of the three domains.
 Basis of classification:
1. Type of cell
2. Number of cells
3. Mode of nutrition
 Take notes from the
following slides in
your NovaMind App.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/y_abocOeLKk/TpuITAAu8VI/AAAAAAAAHuw/SJdeqGFpZ8E/s1600/six+kingdoms+tree+of+li
fe+.gif
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Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Unicellular = one-celled
Multicellular = many-celled
Autotroph = “self-feeder”, photosynthetic or
chemosynthetic
Heterotroph = “different-feeder”, consumer or
decomposer
Motile = organism moves
Sessile = stationary, does not move
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Eubacteria – bacteria common to “YOU” and me
◦ Cell Type: Prokaryotic, Unicellular
◦ Energy: Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Archae bacteria – live in harsh environments
(highly salty or acidic, high temperatures) ;
mostly anaerobic w/out oxygen
◦ Prokaryotic
◦ Unicellular
◦ Autotrophic only
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses
/bio101/labquiz2/prokaryote.jpg
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http://www.dirtworks.net/Images/NeptunesHarvest/Kelp.jpg
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Protist – lack complex organ
systems; require moist
environments; first appeared
in the fossil record 200
million years ago!
◦ Eukaryotic w/ cell walls
◦ Unicellular & Multicellular
◦ Autotrophic & heterotrophic
EX amoebas, algae, kelp
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Mic
hael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%2
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http://4.bp.blogspot.com/360Hzs1e75w/TaiqOZ0s7MI/AAAAAAAAAC4/xUXmW6Q6qoY/s1600/Slime
_mold%2528ms-07%2529.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Slime_Mold_On_Deadwood.JPG
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Fungi – EX Molds, mildews,
and mushrooms; first
appeared in the fossil
record 400 million years
ago!
◦ Eukaryotes w/ cell walls
of chitin
◦ Unicellular & multicellular
◦ Heterotrophic
decomposers
http://www.shutterfreaks.com/albums2/album225/mu
shroom.jpg
http://howtobuildahouseblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Black-Mold.jpg
n 1692 some teenage girls in Salem, Massachusetts, accused a West Indian slave
named Tituba and two white women of practicing witchcraft. By April the girls
began to denounce others as witches, including a former minister. In total close
to 150 people were accused.
"Both women and men, such as George Jacobs, stood trial for witchcraft in Salem,
Politics. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2008. U.S. History In Context. Web. 20 Feb. 2013.
1692." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and
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Plants – oxygen producers; create their food
using photosynthesis (thus the green color).
◦ Non-motile (do not move)
◦ Eukaryotes w/ cell walls of cellulose
◦ Multicellular
◦ Autotrophs
EX mosses, ferns, flowering and cone-bearing
plants
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http://www.mccullagh.org/db9/d30-2/jellyfish-7.jpg
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Animals - At the
microscopic level,
animal cells are
different; they do
NOT have cell walls.
◦ Eukaryotes
◦ Multicellular
◦ Heterotrophs
EX sponges, jellyfish,
worms, insects,
humans
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http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/caer/ce/eek/critter/watercritter/images/keymap_
template.gif
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Taxonomists have
dichotomous keys to
help to identify
organisms; a guide.
A dichotomous key
consists of several
pairs of descriptive
statements to help
identify an unknown
organism.
Dichotomous key
animation
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Derived characters – characteristics found in
recent parts of a lineage through cladistics;
used to construct cladograms.
Cladograms show evolutionary relationships
among a group of organisms.
Caldogram animation
Crab
Barnacle Limpet
CLASSIFICATION
BASED ON
VISIBLE
SIMILARITIES