Compromise of 1877
• 1877
• An agreement between Republicans and
southern Democrats that settled the election of
1876. The southern Democrats accepted the
presidency of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes
and the Republicans agreed to remove soldiers
from the south, support southern railroads, and
accept a southerner into the cabinet.
• Pg 388-391
•
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=compromise+of+1877&go=&qs=bs&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=083C548D44E5E7FC6F71A6E9866CCC6E8676860F&selected
Index=0
Booker T. Washington
• 1890-1915
• An African American who suggested that in
order for African Americans to earn respect
from whites that they must become civilized
and educated.
• Pg 395
•
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=booker+t+washington&go=&qs=bs&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=4025E18B28CF73363E1A9DFC1E30F47EC06FF80F&selected
Index=0
Jim Crow
• 1876
• State laws that restricted blacks’ rights in
society including their voting rights. If blacks
wanted to vote they had to pass a series of
impossible tests given by the state.
• Pg 395-398
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=jim+crow&go=&qs=bs&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=83F864B448FF2EF1E9DCB75B4AE9DED44E95B2D0&selectedIndex=0
Sand Creek Massacre
•
•
•
Pg. 418
November, 1868
In Colorado the Cheyenne tribe was coming into
conflict with miners, who were moving to this
area and taking over the Indians land. The Indians
began attacking the American settlements and
stagecoach lines, to try and regain their land. In
response to this Colonel J. M. Chivington led a
volunteer militia to the Cheyenne camp and killed
133 people, 105 of them being women and
children. Most of the men who made up this
militia force were unemployed miners who were
said to be drunk during the massacre. Black Kettle
himself got away and was not found until four
years later when he and his people were captured
and killed by Colonel George A. Custer near the
border of Texas. The Sand Creek Massacre was a
prime example of the American brutality towards
the Indians at this time.
Indians from the Cheyenne camp
http://www.nps.gov/sand/historycul
ture/images/getimage.jpg
Battle of Little Bighorn
•
•
•
Pg. 419
1876
When whites began to move into the Dakota
Territory, which was given to the Indians in 1867,
the Sioux gathered and left their reservation. The
whites ordered them to return, but they did not.
Instead they united under the leadership of Crazy
Horse and Sitting Bull. The US sent three army
columns under the command of George A. Custer
to round them up and bring them back to their
reservation. Custer was overwhelmed by the
2,500 tribal warriors and they ended up
surrounding him and his men and killing every
one of them. The Battle of Little Bighorn showed
that the Indians did have the ability to put up a
good fight and even defeat the Americans if they
were able to unite together under a leader.
However, after the battle the Indians did not have
the organization or necessary supplies to keep
their men united. This was the reason why the
Indians never really presented a major problem
for the Unites States.
Colonel J.M. Chivington
http://blogs.westword.com/latestword/Colonel
_John_M_Chivington.jpg
Dawes Act
•
•
•
Pg. 421
1887
The Dawes Act provided for the gradual elimination
of most tribal ownership of land and the allotment of
tracts of land to individual owners. The adult owners
were given United States citizenship, but were not
able to gain full title to their land for twenty-five
years. The Bureau of Indian Affairs tried to promote
the idea of assimilation in this. They often times took
children away from their parents and sent them to
American boarding school. They also tried to get rid
of the Indian religious rituals and replace them with
the practices of Christianity, and promoted the idea
of building Christian churches on the reservations.
The Dawes Act was so corrupt that the government
abandoned their efforts to enforce it. This led to
much of the reservation land never being distributed
to individual owners. A common idea at this time
was to “kill the Indian, save the man.” The purpose of
the Dawes Act was to break up the reservations and
take the best land for the whites, while also
encouraging assimilation.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/gJIDol9mHnY/UOm6C_6KDiI/AAAAAAAAAGU/8aAfwk8iwM/s1600/Dawes+Act.jpg
Gospel of Wealth
•
•
•
Pgs. 438-439
1901
The Gospel of Wealth was an idea similar to Social
Darwinism that took a milder approach. The supporters
of this thought that people of great wealth had a duty
to use their wealth to help advance social progress.
Andrew Carnegie was one of the main supporters
behind this and he explains it in his 1901 book, The
Gospel of Wealth. In this he talks about the idea that
rich people should consider all money in excess of their
own needs “trust funds” that should be used for the
good of the community. Carnegie believed that the
government should not get involved in this sort of
thing and the responsibility rested on the wealthy and
elite members of society to help the country recover.
Carnegie gave much of his fortune to this type of
philanthropic work. The Gospel of Wealth is important
because it shows the two very different opinions at this
time. One belief was that the government should be
involved in helping the country recover, and the other
was that the government should stay out of it and let
the wealthy members of society help the country by
using their own personal wealth.
Andrew Carnegie,
author of The Gospel
of Wealth
https://si0.twimg.com/profile_images/1
164071750/20carnegie.jpg
John D. Rockefeller
•
•
•
Pgs. 435-436
1839-1937
John Rockefeller started a refining company in Cleveland and
immediately began using horizontal integration to eliminate
his competition. Horizontal integration is when one
company combines several businesses in the same industry
as it into one single corporation. He joined in with several
other successful capitalists and created the Standard Oil
Company of Ohio. Through his ruthless use of horizontal
integration he was able to create the largest monopoly the
world had seen. By 1877 he controlled 95% of the United
States’ oil refineries. Rockefeller then began to expand
vertically to maximize his profit. He built his own barrel
factories, terminal warehouses, and pipelines. In addition to
this, his company also owned its own freight cars. By doing
all of these things he was able to cut out the middle man.
Today Rockefeller would be worth $262 billion. Rockefeller
showed everything good and bad about business at this
time. He showed all of the business opportunities available
and how successful a person could become. However, his
success also showed how little power the government had
when he owned 95% of oil production and had a complete
monopoly over the industry.
John D. Rockefeller
http://www.anglonautes.com/hist_us_20_early/us_
20_21_pic_%20rockefeller_john_d_1884.jpg
Andrew Carnegie
•
•
•
Pg. 435
1835-1919
Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish immigrant who created
his own steelworks company, Carnegie Steel, in 1873. He
and his partner Henry Clay Frick soon completely
dominated the steel industry. By the 1890’s the US was
pouring out 1/3 of the worlds steel, and most of this was
being done by Carnegie Steel. Carnegie was one of the
most effective business men to use vertical integration.
He was able to do this in many different ways. Carnegie
bought coal mines, controlled a fleet of ore ships on the
Great Lakes, and controlled his own railroads. Although he
was known more for his use of vertical integration, he also
used horizontal integration to eliminate his competition.
In 1901 he sold out to J.P. Morgan for $450 million. He
wrote a book, The Gospel of Wealth, in which he talks
about his idea of letting the extremely wealthy use their
wealth to advance social progress and help the
community around them, and not have the government
get involved. Carnegie was one of the main tycoons who
capitalized after the civil war and became a millionaire.
Andrew Carnegie
http://thinkandgrowrichebookfree.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/04/479px-Andrew_Carnegie_threequarter_length_portrait_seated_facing_slightly_left_1913-crop.jpg
J.P. Morgan
•
•
•
Pg. 436
1837-1913
J.P. Morgan built a financial empire through railroads,
banks, and holding companies. In 1901 he bought out
Andrew Carnegie’s steel company, Carnegie Steel, for
$450 million. He merged this with other smaller
companies and created the United States Steel
Corporation. This was a fourteen billion dollar
enterprise that controlled around two-thirds of the
countries steel production. This was the first
corporation ever worth more than one billion dollars.
J.P. Morgan used trusts and holding companies to
consolidate wealth and power. A trust is a board of
directors or stockholders that coordinates companies
within an industry to avoid competition. A holding
company is a corporation composed of various
competing enterprises within one industry. Today he
would be worth $139 billion. J.P. Morgan was one of
the industrial titans who had an incredible amount of
power, and was one of the first business men who was
able to successfully consolidate wealth and power
through the use of trusts and holding companies.
J.P. Morgan
http://images.scripting.com/archiveScriptingCo
m/2008/12/11/morgan.jpg
Social Darwinism
•
•
•
Pg. 437
1870’s
Social Darwinism was a popular social theory that was a
misapplication of Charles Darwin’s laws of evolution and
natural selection. It was based on the idea that just as
only the fittest animals survived in the process of
evolution, only the most intelligent would survive in the
business world. The English philosopher Herbert
Spencer was the first and most important proponent of
this. He believed that society benefitted from the
elimination of the unfit and the survival of only the
strongest. Spencer found a great deal of support from
American intellectuals such as William Graham Sumner
who shared a similar belief. The tycoons claimed that
they had gained their wealth through hard work and
those that were not successful earned through their
own laziness, stupidity, or carelessness. This idea
appealed to corporate leaders because it seemed to
legitimize their success. However, it was not completely
realistic because many of the very wealthy either
inherited money from their parents or gained their
wealth in some sort of corrupt way.
Herbert Spencer
http://www.iep.utm.edu/wp-content/media/spencer1.jpg
92. “Boss”Tweed (pg 465)
• William Tweed was an “Urban Boss”
•Used Tammany Hall for covert graft
•1860s-1870s; arrested in 1872
•Received kickbacks from contractors
in exchange for contracts to build
public projects
•Stole tax payer’s money
93. Populists (pg 489-492)
• Known as People’s Party
• Established in 1892
• Only appealed to farmers, especially small
ones
• Never attracted labor support
because of different economic
interests
94. William McKinley (pg 495-498)
• Governor of Ohio 1896
• Nominated to Republican Ticket
• Elected President in 1896
• Passed the Gold Standard Act
Confirmed the Nation’s
Commitment to Gold Standard
95. William Jennings Bryan(pg 495496)
• Won Democratic Ticket in 1896
• Delivered “Cross of Gold” Speech
Stressed the need for silver in economy
• Travelled 18,000 miles; spoke to 5 million
people
• Lost the Election of 1896
96. “Cross of Gold” (pg 495)
• Speech given by William Jennings Bryan at the
Democratic Convention of 1896
• “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of
gold”
• Stressed the need for the use of
silver in the economy to benefit
the working class(labor)
97. USS Maine (pg 504)
• 1898 American Battleship that blew up in
Havana Harbor; killed more than 260 people
• Believed to be sunk by Spanish submarine
mine
• Accidental Explosion from engine room
• Seen as an attack on America
Caused the public to call for war on Spain
98. Rough Riders (pg 508)
• 1898: Cavalry group led by Theodore
Roosevelt in Spanish-American War
• Fame rested on his charge up Kettle Hill to get
San Juan Hill
• Helped portray him as a
War Hero and would help
him win presidency in 1901
after McKinley is assassinated
99. Spanish-American War(pg 505509)
• April 25, 1898: McKinley receives Declaration of
War
• John Hays, “A Splendid Little War”
• Had “mopping-up” duties
• 460 Americans were killed; over 5,000 died of
disease
• Dewey victorious in Philippines
• Spain recognized independence of Cuba; ceded
Puerto Rico and Guam
Occupation of the Philippines
• Page 506
• In 1898, Assistant Secretary of the
Navy Theodore Roosevelt ordered
the Commodore of the new Pacific
squadron, George Dewey, to attack
the Spanish naval forces in the
Philippines, which was a Spanish
colony at the time. Several months
later, the Spanish surrendered the
city of Manila, giving America the
control of the Philippines. This
new addition to America gave the
country a new trading post, right
next to China, which was being
split up at the time, and the other
Asian trade partners.
http://www.mapsofworld.com/philippines/
Imperialism
• Page 498-499
• This began in the 1890s, and was the policy of extending one’s
authority over another nation or country by force. This idea
caused the destruction of many countries, and caused many
more to become greedy, starting more and more wars with
other nations over small bits of land. This replaced Manifest
Destiny, the thought of stretching from sea to sea, with a
violent thought of taking land from others elsewhere, to build
an empire.
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fordjordan.com/wpcontent/uploads/2011/05/Imperialism.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fordjordan.com/randomthoughts/american-imperialism-vs-european-imperialism-part-1&usg=__wTagtHA9PDBF01bD17lM05gjZ0=&h=988&w=1008&sz=343&hl=en&start=3&zoom=1&tbnid=jVM7ISPLLaa5HM:&tbnh=14
7&tbnw=150&ei=rSieUZz2JImi4APJjYGoAQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dimperialism%26um%3D1%26safe%3Dac
tive%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:en-us:IE-Address%26hl%3Den%26ie%3DUTF8%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CDAQrQMwAg
Platt Amendment
• Page 511
• A response to the Cuban Constitution
(which had no reference to America,
the country who was the reason they
became a free country), this 1901
Amendment barred Cuba from
making treaties with other countries,
allowed the United States the right to
intervene in Cuba for the protection
of life, independence, and property,
while requiring Cuba to permit
American Naval Stations on its
territory. This Amendment caused
immense pressure on Cuba to
incorporate it into its Constitution,
while restricting its independence to
a nominal state, preventing the new
country from doing what they fought
a war to do; become free.
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc_large_image.php?flash=true&doc=55
Social Gospel
• Page 521
• This book, written in the
early 20th Century, was a
way to live life, written by
Andrew Carnegie to
promote helping the poor.
He believed that the
government should not
intervene in the prospects of
those less fortunate, and
that it was those blessed
with the successful lifestyle
to help fund those people.
This changed the views of
many Americans, causing
more charity to pop up
everywhere.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/monkeytrial/peopleevents/e_gospel.html
W.E.B. DuBois
• Page 533-534
• This Harvard-trained sociologist and
historian launched an open attack on
the philosophy of Booker T. Washington
in his 1903 book, The Souls of Black
Folk. He accused Washington of
encouraging white efforts to inflict
racism and segregation, while limiting
the goals of the blacks. DuBois and a
group of his followers also started the
Niagara movement, and later, joined
with the NAACP, the Advancement of
Colored People. DuBois helped start a
movement of equality, and advocated
that talented blacks should accept
nothing less than a fully paid
education.
http://www.biography.com/people/web-du-bois-9279924
Teddy Roosevelt
• Page 538
• Theodore, an idol in the eyes of
progressive reformers, was elected
President in 1904, and beat out
William McKinley for the position
of President. As president, he
accomplished a lot, including the
creation of the Panama Canal, and
the disruption of many trusts. He
eventually retired in 1908, but was
not gone for long. After being
dissatisfied with Taft’s Presidency,
Roosevelt came back and ran for
reelection with his new party, the
Bull Moose Party, but lost due to
the split in the republican party.
http://toddecreason.blogspot.com/2013/05/teddy-roosevelt-rough-rider.html
William H. Taft
• Page 543-544
• This new President was hand
picked by his predecessor,
Theodore Roosevelt to assume
his position as President.
Many progressive reformers
even thought him to be one of
their own. When he proved to
go against Roosevelt’s ideas,
he would become the
country’s most defeated
President running for
reelection, due to his party’s
split and divided status. As a
president, he to shut down
more trusts than Roosevelt,
but was ultimately not known
for his accomplishments.
http://www.taft90.org/prestaft.htm
Roosevelt Corollary
• An addition to the Monroe Doctrine, added by President
Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, which stated that the United
States had the license to interfere in the affairs of other
neighboring nations, if the country was deemed not able to
maintain order and control of their undertakings. This allowed
America to completely control the Western Hemisphere, and
ensured that no European powers retook smaller countries
due to the failure to repay debts.
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.historyc
entral.com/WStage/RooseveltCorollary.jpg&imgrefurl=http:/
/www.historycentral.com/WStage/RooseveltCorollary.html&
usg=__CHmPTH2cnPju5PEh_4HDGSX1OAo=&h=216&w=260&
sz=9&hl=en&start=3&zoom=1&tbnid=4Z8J0TfgsXJv3M:&tbnh
=93&tbnw=112&ei=-SeeUZvKtH84AOA2IFQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Droosevelt%2Bcorolla
ry%26um%3D1%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom
.microsoft:en-us:IE-Address%26hl%3Den%26ie%3DUTF8%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&sa=X&ved=0CDAQrQMwA
g
(#108) Panama Canal p.555-556
•
The Panama Canal is considered one of the Modern
Wonders of the World. A canal through the Isthmus
of Panama was the second choice for a trade route to
Asia, as opposed to a canal through Nicaragua, which
required no locks. But since Nicaragua was much
wider than Panama, the decision was to build a canal
in the latter country. However, Panama was still a
part of Colombia at the time, so Secretary of State
John Hay was sent to negotiate a contract for the sale
of a six mile wide Canal Zone for ten million dollars
and an annual rental of two hundred and fifty
thousand dollars. When the contract reached the
Colombian Senate, however, the country demanded
double the price. Outraged, Theodore Roosevelt
worked with French engineer Philippe Bunau-Varilla
to finance a rebellion in Panama in 1903. Roosevelt
landed troops there from the USS Nashville and the
Colombians were forced to submit. The new
Panamanian government fully agreed to the
construction of the Canal and the Canal opened in
http://zouchmagazine.com/sailing-throughthe-panama-canal/
(#109) Wilson’s Neutrality p.560
•
Wilson declared neutrality when the war broke out in
1914. He called on the American public to be impartial
throughout the ordeal, but logically this was impossible
because the Americans sympathized with Britain. This
was mainly because the British sent out horrid
propaganda showing the terrible acts of the Germans –
much of which was greatly exaggerated. Thus, when the
British imposed a blockade on Germany, Wilson was faced
with a choice – to stop trading with both sides altogether
or to keep trading with Britain. He chose the latter
because the American economy could afford to do
otherwise. Therefore, the US was technically neutral, but
still provided supplies and arms to the British. Because of
this, the Germans began to unleash their submarines onto
American merchant ships. The Americans became
outraged when a German U-Boat sunk the Lusitania, a
British cruise ship containing American citizens. Even
though the ship was carrying munitions, the American
public was unaware of this and turned even more against
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/
(#110) Pacifists vs. Interventionists
p.560-562
•
The Pacifists were a sector of the American
public who believed the US should remain
completely uninvolved with the war and
remain neutral, with no unnecessary military
preparations. Interventionists believed the
American military must be prepared to enter
the war should something catastrophic
happen. Wilson at first sided with the
Pacifists, but then approved a plan to
increase the Armed Forces in 1915. Even so,
Wilson still tried his best to keep the US out
of war, and won reelection in 1916 with his
slogan: “He kept us out of war.” Then in
1917, he made a speech to Congress
claiming he wanted a “peace without
victory,” a new world order based on
progressive reform.
http://www.100megspop3.com/bark/Prop
aganda.html
(#111) Zimmermann Telegram p.562
•
On February 25, 1917, the British
intercepted a telegram going from Germany
to Mexico written by the German foreign
minister, Arthur Zimmermann. The minister
proposed that should a war between the US
and Germany take place, the Mexicans
should open their borders to German trade
and military ships and join the side of the
Germans. If they do this, they would
receive all the provinces that were lost in
the Mexican-American War. The telegram
was widely publicized by the press and the
American public was outraged that
Germany would act so covertly. The
telegram effectively pushed the US to war
with Germany and on April 2, Congress
declared war.
http://www.archives.gov/education/lesson
s/zimmermann/
(#112) Battle of Argonne Forest
p.563-564
•
Wilson passed the Selective Service Act in
1917, a draft that brought about three
million men into the military. Only with
this national draft could America enter the
war. Thus in 1918 the American
Expeditionary Force was able to assist the
Allies, but did not associate with the Allies
in order to escape entangling alliances and
ensure the US had a say in the peace
negotiations. On September 26, a force of
one million soldiers pushed the Germans in
Argonne Forest back towards Germany and
then cut their supply lines. The battle was
the last major battle of World War I. After
being forced back into Germany, the
Germans surrendered on November 11,
1918.
http://www.historycentral.com/ww1/Battle
ofArgonneForest.html
(#113) Trench Warfare p.564-565
•
The battle scheme of World War I was very
different from previous wars in that instead of
fighting out in the open, the soldiers would dig
trenches and either use heavy artillery or wait
each other out. The effect was staggering,
because the soldiers would often stay in the
trenches for days or months, and as such the
war was elongated further than necessary.
Soldiers were forced to dig trenches because of
the deadly new technology such as machine
guns. Eventually, however, new technology
was created to force the enemy soldiers out of
trenches, such as flamethrowers and tanks.
The Germans in particular used their Panzer
tanks and mustard gas, which was poison gas
heavier than air and could sink into the
trenches. Therefore, the trenches indirectly
caused the alarming number of casualties in
World War I.
http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/ww1lit/educatio
n/tutorials/rose/images.html
(#114) League of Nations p.571-572
•
Because the AEF did not associate
themselves with the Allies, Woodrow
Wilson believed he could have a significant
say in the Paris Peace Conference. He
created his Fourteen Points, or statutes
that he believed would, if followed, lead to
everlasting world peace. The only one that
was taken into consideration was the
League of Nations, an organization that
would oversee future affairs and prevent
future wars. However, when he presented
the idea to Congress for ratification, the
Senate rejected membership because it
would lead to entangling alliances and
instead proposed several amendments to
the Treaty of Versailles. Wilson refused
and led a nationwide campaign to convince
the public to accept the treaty, but fell sick
soon after.
http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/File:Flag_New_
League_of_Nations(1983_Doomsday).png
(#115) The Red Scare p.576
•
In 1919, racial violence and union struggles were at a peak.
Many believed this radicalism was the result of the formation
of communism and the Communist International, an
organization to convince the “workers of the world to unite.”
In April of 1919, several parcels that contained bombs
addressed to leading businessmen were intercepted in the
post offices in several cities. Communist radicals were
accused of the bombings and a hysteria known as the Red
Scare began. Several states enacted sedition laws and raided
the homes of alleged radicals. The most famous was the
Palmer Raids in New York, on January 1, 1920. Here Attorney
General A. Mitchell Palmer gathered the police forces and
arrested more than six thousand people. Then, later in the
year a bomb exploded in Wall Street, but no one was
convicted of the crime. Another event was the Sacco and
Vanzetti Trials. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were
accused of murder in South Braintree, Massachusetts and
were sentenced to death, and even though the prosecutor’s
case was weak, their case was heavy with anti-radical
prejudice. In short, the Red Scare brought about a retreat
from the idealism of Woodrow Wilson, or a vision of
perfection and world peace, and a “return to normalcy,” or
the Republican policies of President Harding.
http://schoolworkhelper.net/the-red-scarein-1920s/
Great Migration
•The Great Migration rose
tensions between the blacks
and the whites
•Sparked the Chicago Race Riots
in response to the whites
harshness toward blacks who
moved North during the
Migration
Great Migration, 1919 (pg 574)
Stock Market Crash
•Contributed to the Great
Depression
•Many Americans in debt
•Banks became virtually
worthless
Stock market crash of 1929 (pg 603)
Great Depression
•American GNP
plummeted 25 percent the
first three years of the
Depression
•25 percent of the
workforce was
unemployed
•Led to multiple reform
programs by FDR
•Politics were now focused
on the domestic issue of
recovering America’s
economy
The Great Depression, 1929-1937 (pg 604)
Herbert Hoover
•The Hoover Program
•Blamed for the Great
Depression; acted too little too
late
•RFL and Agricultural Marketing
Act
•His unpopularity led to the
election of FDR
Hebert Hoover, 1929-1933 (pg 596)
“Bonus Army”
•Failure to demise the
bonus army peacefully
made Hoover widely
unpopular
•100 marchers of the
bonus army died or
were injured due to
MacAuthor’s army
Bonus Army, 1932 (pg 621-622)