LAN 401 BEGINNING GREEK I
Class IIIa: Prepositions and “to be”
Prepositions and “to be”
1.1 Prepositions in English
 Prepositions:
 Indicates
the relationship of two words in a sentence
 Indicate direction of action
 Indicate location of action

Ex. In English
 The
book is on the table.
 The book is beneath the table.
 The book is under him (NOTE: objective)
Prepositions and “to be”

How do you say in English?
 “The
professor is him”
OR
 “The
 “to
professor is he”
be” tells something about the subject (not direct object)
 Predicate nominative
Prepositions and “to be”
1.2 Prepositions in Greek
 A Greek preposition can be used with one, two, or
three different case endings
 The
meaning of a prep. depends on the case of its object!
 διὰ
+ gen.  through
 διὰ +
acc.  because of
Prepositions and “to be”

Translation:
 ὁ λόγος ἔρχεται εἰς τὸν κόσμον
 The
word goes into the world
 ὁ λόγος / ἔρχεται / εἰς τὸν κόσμον
 ὁ λόγος ἔρχεται εἰς κόσμον
 The Greek sentence often does not have the article.
Prepositions and “to be”

Preposition that is attached to a verb = compound verb
βλέπω + διά  διαβλέπω
 Meaning
of the verb changes (usually intensifies)
βλέπω - I see
διαβλέπω – I see through

Cf. English – House burns; house burns up
Prepositions and “to be”
Prepositions and “to be”
Prepositions and “to be”

Elision:
A
preposition drops the final vowel before a word beginning
with vowel
 μετὰ αὐτον  μετ΄ αὐτόν
 μετὰ ἡμῶν  μεθ΄ ἡμῶν
-- with him
-- with us
 No need to memorize – just be aware!
Prepositions and “to be”
2.1 Greek Verb Basics

Greek verb: stem + personal ending

λυ- (Pres. Stem) + -ω (personal ending)
 λύω (pres. act. indic. sg. 1)
Prepositions and “to be”

Basic Greek Verb paradigm (Present indicative)
Singular
Plural
λύω
λύεις
I loose
λύομεν
You loose λύετε
λύει
He/she/it λύουσιν They loose
looses
We loose
You loose
Prepositions and “to be”
εἰμί
Sg. 1
Sg. 2
Sg. 3
Pl. 1
Pl. 2
Pl. 3
“To be”
εἰμί
εἶ
ἐστίν
ἐσμέν
ἐστέ
εἰσίν
I am
You are
He/she/it is
We are
You are
They are
 This chart needs to be memorized!! (p. 59)
Prepositions and “to be”

In-class practice
 Workbook
p. 19
LAN 401 BEGINNING GREEK I
Class IIIb: adjectives
Adjectives
1. Adjective in English
 Adjective is a word that modifies a noun (or another
adjective)
A
good book
1.1 Use of adjectives in English:
 Adjectivally
(attribute and predicate)
 Substantivally
Adjectives
1.1.1 Adjectivally:
 Attributive adjective
 He

is a good student
Predicate adjective (adjective after the verb)
 The
student is good
 Notice the position of the verb in relation to the adjective
Adjectives
1.1.2 Substantively (as if the adjective were a noun)

The good need not bother but the evil are welcome .

Out with the old and in with the new.
1.1.3 Phrases that function adjectivally

The man on the street is walking away (prepositional
phrase)

Sitting on the dock is great relaxation (phrase)
Adjectives
2.1 Adjectives in Greek
 2.1.1 Basic concepts:
 Adjectives are used to modify nouns (like in English)

Greek adjectives have (like nouns):
 Gender
(masc., fem., neut.)
 Number (Sg./Pl.)
 Case (Nom., Gen., Dat., Acc.)
Adjectives

Adjective must agree with the noun it modifies in:
 Gender
 Number
 Case
 ἡ ἀγαθὴ ἐκκλησία
(The good church)
ἀγαθός- ή –όν (good)
ἡ ἐκκλησία -ας (church)
 The noun and the adjective are feminine, singular, nominative
Adjectives
ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἀδελφός
The good brother
 ὁ ἀδελφός and

ἀγαθὸς are both masc. , sg., nom.
βλέπω τὸν πιστὸν ἀδελφόν
I see the faithful brother
 πιστός and ὁ ἀδελφός must
be in accusative case
Singular
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
ἀγαθός
ἀγαθή
ἀγαθόν
Gen.
ἀγαθοῦ
ἀγαθῆς
ἀγαθοῦ
Dat.
ἀγαθῷ
ἀγαθῇ
ἀγαθῷ
Ac.
ἀγαθόν
ἀγαθήν
ἀγαθόν
[Voc.
ἀγαθέ
ἀγαθή
ἀγαθόν]
Plural
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
ἀγαθοί
ἀγαθαί
ἀγαθά
Gen.
ἀγαθῶν
ἀγαθῶν
ἀγαθῶν
Dat.
ἀγαθοῖς
ἀγαθαῖς
ἀγαθοῖς
Ac.
ἀγαθούς
ἀγαθάς
ἀγαθά
Voc.
--
--
--
Singular
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
δίκαιος
δικαία
δίκαιον
Gen.
δικαιοῦ
δικαίας
δικαιοῦ
Dat.
δικαιῶ
δικαίᾳ
δίκαιῳ
Acc.
δίκαιον
δικαίαν
δίκαιον
[Voc.
δίκαιε
δικαία
δίκαιον]
Plural
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
δίκαιοι
δίκαιαι
δίκαια
Gen.
δικαίων
δικαίων
δικαίων
Dat.
δικαίοις
δικαίαις
δικαίοις
Acc.
δίκαιους
δικαίας
δίκαια
Voc.
--
--
--
Adjectives
2.2 The use of the adjectives
2.2.1 Attributive use (i.e. ‘a good boy’)
 The adjective attributes a quality to the noun
 Two

possible positions of the adjective
ὁ ἀγαθὸς λόγος OR ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθός
 “The
good word” in both cases
 The first example places more emphasis on the adjective
 When the article precedes the adjective, translate attributively
Adjectives
2.2.2 Predicative use (i.e. ‘The boy is good’)
 The adjective makes an assertion about the noun


Two possible positions of the adjective
ὁ λόγος ἀγαθός OR ἀγαθὸς ὁ λόγος
“The word (is) good” in both cases
 The verb “is” is implied in the construction
 Noun + predicate adjective  complete sentence

 Article does not immediately precede the adjective
Adjectives
2.2.3 Substantive use (i.e. ‘The good’)
 The adjective functions as a noun
 Some
examples
ὁ ἀγαθός
ἡ ἀγαθή
“The good man”

οἱ ἀγαθοί
οἱ νεκροί
“The good woman” “The good people” “dead people”
The article can also be used substantively
ὁ
ταῖς
τά

“the man”
“to the women”
“the things”
Adjectives
2.2.4 Absence of the article
 No
article before noun or the adjective
 Attribute
or predicate?
ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος - “A good man” or “A man is good”
ἄνθρωπος ἀγαθός - “A good man” or “A man is good”
 Context becomes the guide to translation
Adjectives
2.2.5 Summary of Adjectives
Adjective
Gk. construction
Translations
Attributive
position
ὁ ἀγαθὸς λόγος
The good word
Predicate position
OR
ὁ λόγος ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ὁ λόγος ἀγαθός
The word (is) good
OR
Substantive position
ἀγαθὸς ὁ λόγος
ἡ ἀγαθή OR
ὁ
ἀγαθός
The good (woman)
The good (man)
Adjectives


Does it make any difference?
13 καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι
ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
“…deliver us from evil.” Matt 6:13 KJV
“…deliver us from the evil one.” Matt 6:13 NIV
 What is the difference? Any theological implications?
Adjectives

13 καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν, ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι
ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
“…deliver us from evil.” Matt 6:13 KJV
“…deliver us from the evil one.” Matt 6:13 NIV
 Adjective
– attributive, predicate or substantive?
 Article τοῦ indicates that it is substantive
 God protects form the Devil - not from all evil and harm
Adjectives

In-class practice
 p.

23
Homework
 p.
21, no: 7, 10
 p. 25, no: 7-10

Exam I in two weeks!