Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND
HYDROLYSIS
Synthesis and Hydrolysis
• Dehydration synthesis: smaller
molecules combine and produce a
large molecule and water
• Hydrolysis: larger molecules are broken
down into smaller molecules with the
addition of water
• Unit Molecules(monomers) and
Polymers
• Enzymes required
Synthesis and Hydrolysis
Unit Molecules
Polymer
H2O
Dehydration
Synthesis
Hydrolysis
H2O
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates
•
•
•
•
AKA Sugars
Empirical Formula CH2O
Typically polymers of sugar units
Monosaccharide - Simple Sugar
– Eg. glucose (C6H12O6)
• Disaccharide - Double Sugar
– Eg. maltose (C12H22O11)
• Polysaccharide
– Eg. starch, cellulose, glycogen
Carbohydrates... Glucose
• Very important biological molecule – it is
a product of photosynthesis.
• Plants store it as starch, use it as food
and make it into cellulose to build cell
parts.
• Heterotrophs get carbohydrates from
food. Most importantly glucose is used
at the cellular level in respiration.
• Animals store extra glucose as
glycogen.
• Cellulose cannot be digested by
humans but is an important source of
fibre!
Carbohydrates
In the
dehydration
synthesis of
carbohydrates
an ESTHER
bond is formed
between
simple sugars.
Esther Bond
LIPIDS
Lipids
• AKA fats
• Extremely important energy molecules
• Fatty Acids – nonpolar chains of
carbon and hydrogen with a
carboxylic acid ending
– Saturated Fats – no double bonds,
typically produced by animal tissues, solid
at room temperature (butter)
– Unsaturated Fats – double bonds,
typically produced by plant tissues,
usually less solid at room temperature
(olive oil)
Lipids
• Neutral Fats
– Deyhydration synthesis of 1 or more fatty
acids and glycerol
– Monoglyceride (1 fatty acid + glycerol)
– Diglyceride, Triglyceride
Lipids
• Humans tend to store lipids in ADIPOSE
(fat) cells.
• Lipids include fatty acids, neutral fats,
steroid hormones, cholesterol and wax
among other things.
• Soaps are made from fatty acids and
inorganic ions like sodium.
• Phospholipids – important part of cell
membranes.
Lipids
PROTEINS
Proteins
• Polymers of amino acids
• Twenty different amino acids
• Amino acid structure:
– Covalently bonded atoms
– Carboxyl group at one end
– Amino group at the other end
– Each amino acid differs in the “R” group
bonded to the middle carbon
Proteins
Carboxyl
group
Amino
group
Unique to Amino
Acid
Amino Acid Structure
Proteins
• Two amino acids are bonded together
via dehydration synthesis and the
result is a dipeptide (3 amino acids
results in a tripeptide)
• The strong bond between the amino
acids is called a peptide bond
• Levels of protein structure:
–
–
–
–
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Proteins
Proteins
• There is a huge variety of proteins
from very small and simple to very
large and complex.
• Functional Proteins: Eg. enzymes,
antibodies and transport proteins .
• Structural Proteins: Eg. keratin and
collagen.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic Acids
• Major part of chromosomes which
form an individual genetic
blueprint that makes every
organism unique.
• DNA, RNA
Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
• Polymers of nucleotides
• Nucleotides
– Deoxyribose or Ribose
– Phosphate Group
– Nitrogen Base (Adenine, Thymine or
Uracil, Guanine, Cyotsine)
Nucleic Acids - DNA
Simple nucleotide of DNA.
Nucleic Acids – DNA and RNA
• DNA is double helix while RNA is single
stranded
• Nitrogen bases bind together in a
specific pattern (A-T and G-C) to hold
nucleotides together in DNA strands
(hydrogen bonds)
Nucleic Acids - DNA
DNA strand of nucleotides showing hydrogen
bonding between nitrogen bases.
Nucleic Acids - ATP
• Cells store chemical energy as ATP.
• They both make and use ATP to
power cellular activities.
Nucleic Acids ATP
• ATP is a modified nucleic acid made
of an RNA nucleotide
• Adenosine Triphosphate
– Adenine base
– Ribose
– 3 Phosphate groups
• Phosphate-phosphate bonds are very
high energy
Nucleic Acids - ATP
P + Energy
ATP
ADP
P + Energy
Adenosine Triphosphate
ATP Cycle that allows cells to store and release
chemical energy.
Organic
Molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Monosacchari
de
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
DNA and RNA
Disaccharides
Neutral Fats
Peptides
ATP
Polysaccharide
s
Levels of
Structure
All of these organic molecules are made up of smaller units. Dehydration synthesis
joins these molecules together to form polymers and Hydrolysis breaks them
apart.