WHAP Unit 5 Chapter 17 Reading Guide
24x5=120, 24x2=48
Read Chapter 17 and Identify the following:
Industrial Revolution:
The increased output of machine
made goods that began in England in
the late 1700s
Steam engine:
1765, James Watt, Mechanical device
in which the steam from heated water
builds up pressure to drive a piston,
rather than relying on human or
animal muscle power.
Enclosure movement:
Movement to fence in lands,
commons areas put into agricultural
production
Reform Bill of 1832:
British law passed to provide suffrage
to middle-class men
Middle-class values:
Belief system typical of the middle
class that developed in Britain in the
nineteenth century; it emphasized
thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior,
cleanliness, and “respectability.”
“Friendly societies”/unions:
Efforts of the laboring classes to bare
the industrial revolution, members
would take care of their own by
collecting dues and contributing to
each other’s needs, worked together
to get better working conditions and
wages
Robert Owen:
Created a community of his workers in
New Lanark Scotland where textile
mill workers lived nicely
Key Concept 5.1
I.
Name:
Hour:
=168
Socialism:
a political and economic system that
advocates that the means of
production, distribution, and
exchange should be owned or
regulated by the community as a
whole (or the government)
Karl Marx:
Most influential proponent of
socialism, was a German expatriate in
England who advocated working-class
revolution as the key to creating an
ideal communist future (1818-18750
The Labour Party:
British working-class political party
established in the 1890s and
dedicated to reforms and a peaceful
transition to socialism, in time
providing a viable alternative to the
revolutionary emphasis of Marxism
Duma:
National legislative assembly of Russia
Russian Revolution of 1905:
Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in
Russia after the country’s defeat at
the hands of Japan in 1905. The
revolution was suppressed, but it
forced the government to make
substantial reforms.
Caudillos:
Military strongmen who seized control
of Latin American governments in the
nineteenth century
Santa Anna:
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, caudillo
that was president of Mexico, tried to
create stability, 1833-1855.
Haciendas:
Plantation farms owned by the
wealthy, many laborers
War of Yucatan:
(1847-1901) poor rebelled against the
upper class, a prolonged struggle of
the Maya people of Mexico aimed at
cleansing their land of European and
mestizo intruders
Porfirio Diaz:
Mexican dictator (1876-1911) ousted
in Mexican revolution
Pancho Villa:
Charismatic leader of the Mexican
Revolution
Emiliano Zapata:
Charismatic leader of the Mexican
Revolution
Mexican Revolution:
Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in
which Mexican reformers from the
middle class joined with workers and
peasants to overthrow the dictator
Porfirio Diaz and create a new, much
more democratic political order
Banana Republics:
A small and/or unstable nation that is
dependent economically on the
export of one resource (like bananas
in the Honduras)
Industrialization and Global Capitalism
Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.
A. A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial
production.
Factors:
Agricultural revolution led to rise in population (enclosure,
crop rotation, selective breeding of livestock), access to
new sources of energy, competitiveness of European
nations that weren’t under one empire, European royals
supported merchants, Europe’s location on Atlantic Ocean.
In Britain: high population of workers, stable government
B. The development of machines made it possible to
exploit vast new resources of energy stored in
fossil fuels.
that passed laws to support business, people with money
to invest, banks to loan money, natural resources (coal,
iron ore, rivers, harbors), national pride/competitiveness
Steam engine:
James Watt, 1765, Mechanical device in which the steam
from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston,
rather than relying on human or animal muscle power.
Later used in transportation=boats, locomotives
Internal combustion engine:
Different from steam engine in that fuel is burned inside
the engine/in chamber and not separately, turns piston
C. How did the development of the factory system
concentrate labor in a single location and lead to
an increasing degree of specialization of labor?
D. Describe the spread of the new methods of
industrial production from Northern Europe to
other areas.
E. Describe the new innovations of the “second
Industrial revolution”
II.
Fossil fuels and their effect on society:
Coal, petroleum—increased available energy, extraction
altered landscape, pollution of air increased incidence of
respiratory illness
With the creation of large machines, work had to take
place in factories instead of homes (cottage system,
putting out system). Workers would come to factories
which would be near rivers, until other energy sources
were used, creating or enlarging urban areas. One part of
manufacturing would be done in each factory
From England out: England, Northern Europe, then rest of
Europe and later U.S., Russia and Japan
Samuel Slater took idea of spinning jenny to U.S. 1789
competition pushed other nations/regions to industrialize
Some nations are still developing today
Steel production:
Instead of iron, U.S. Steel Corporation, 1856 Bessemer
converter(blast furnace) to make cheaper stronger steel
Chemicals:
Alkaline for textiles, dyes, soaps, fertilizers, pesticides
Electricity:
Electric lights, power machinery, refrigeration, light bulb
Machinery:
Assembly line, interchangeable parts, “scientific
management”, including and surpassing those listed in
lecture notes (shuttle, mule, jenny, gin, etc)
New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy
as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of
goods produced in their factories.
A. The need for raw materials for the factories and
increased food supplies for the growing population
in urban centers led to the growth of export
economies around the world that specialized in
mass producing single natural resources. The
profits from these raw materials were used to
purchase finished goods.
Examples of single natural resources:
Cotton in India
Rubber and palm oil in Indonesia
Guano= bird and bat poo from Peru
Metals and minerals
Coal, iron
Bananas
Copper from Chile
Natural gas
Tin from Bolivia
Silver from Mexico
Cacao from Ecuador
Coffee from Brazil and Guatemala
B. The rapid development of industrial production
contributed to the decline of economically
productive, agriculturally based economies.
Examples of declining agriculturally based economies:
textile production in India
(manufacturing jobs growing instead of agriculture in
general)
C. The rapid increases in productivity caused by
industrial production encouraged industrialized
states to seek out new consumer markets for their
finished goods.
Examples of new consumer markets:
D. The need for specialized and limited metals for
industrial production, as well as the global demand
for gold, silver and diamonds as forms of wealth,
led to the development of extensive mining
centers.
Examples of extensive mining centers:
Map 832, 848, 855
Copper mines in Mexico
Gold and diamond mines in South Africa
III.
Consumerism, department stores
To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded
various financial institutions.
A. The ideological inspiration for economic changes
lies in the development of capitalism and classical
liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John
Stuart Mill.
B. Financial instruments expanded.
C. The global nature of trade and production
contributed to the proliferation of large-scale
transnational businesses.
Capitalism/Adam Smith:
Free market/laissez-faire/free trade/private property, selfinterest, make profit
Classical Liberalism/John Stuart Mill:
Favored Republican forms of government, legislative
bodies, written constitutions, universal suffrage, taxation
of business profits and personal incomes, equality for
women
Examples of financial instruments:
Stock markets, insurance, gold standard, limited liability
corporations
Examples of transnational businesses:
United Fruit Company-Dole
U.S. and British ownership of businesses in Latin America
Transportation:
Steam boat, locomotive and railroad, MacAdam roads,
canals and other man-made waterways, turnpikes
Paved streets, streetcars, street lights (gas then electric)
Communication:
Telegraph/Morse Code, telephone/Bell, typewriters, film
photography
IV.
There were major developments in
transportation and communication.
V.
The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses.
A. In industrialized states, many workers organized
themselves to improve working conditions, limit
hours, and gain higher wages, while others
opposed capitalist exploitation of workers by
promoting alternative visions of society.
Utopian socialism:
Robert Owen: New Lanark, Scotland
Marxism:
Karl Marx, Capitalism was doomed to collapse in
revolution leading to socialism, means of production held
in common by the people; social problems caused by
Capitalists, capitalists vs. proletariat
Anarchism:
Opposed all forms of government
B. In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some
members of the government resisted economic
change and attempted to maintain preindustrial
forms of economic production.
C. In a small number of states, governments
promoted their own state-sponsored visions of
industrialization.
D. In response to criticisms of industrial global
capitalism, some governments mitigated the
negative effects of industrial capitalism by
promoting various types of reforms.
VI.
Examples of state-sponsored visions of industrialization:
Diaz’s Mexico: made as many technological improvements
as possible
Britain supported business
Russia: railroad, factories
Examples of reforms:
Legalization of unions
English male workers gradually obtained right to vote
Abolishing child labor
Regulating factory conditions
1911 relief system for unemployed
Sanitation
Urban parks
Public education, minimum wages, maximum hours of
work in a day
The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant
transformations in industrialized staes due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy.
A. New social classes formed.
B. Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics
changed in response to industrialization.
C. Rapid urbanization had several effects.
Wealthy elite, Middle class, lower middle class of urban
workers, working class
immigrants
middle class “respectability”
Urbanization
Child labor
Migration of European and Asian workers to the US and
Latin America
Families no longer worked together on farm, out in various
factories
In upper and middle classes, wife did not work for profit
but in lower classes women had to work to have food/rent
Leisure time for wealthy
Females as secretaries and telephone operators
Lower middle class women worked until married, men
who couldn’t provide for their wives were considered
failures
Women had “lighter” jobs/tasks, repetitive
Overcrowding, tenements, sanitation issues, disease
Idea of “community” is very different than before
Polluted drinking water
Lower life expectancy
Key Concept 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform
III.
The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of
rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities.
A. Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule
encouraged the development of political
Liberalism:
Welcomed change, wanted to shake up status quo, end
ideologies.
Key Concept 5.4
I.
inequality and injustice, favored republican forms of gov’t
Socialism:
Worked to alleviate social problems by ending capitalism,
major means of production owned by gov’t
Communism:
Abolition of private property, egalitarian society
Global Migration
Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and
unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.
A. Changes in food production and improved
medical conditions contributed to a significant
global rise in population.
Agricultural revolution: enclosure, selective breeding, crop
rotation
B. Because of the nature of the new modes of
transportation, both internal and external
migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This
pattern contributed to the significant global
urbanization of the nineteenth century.
At least half of Europe’s population migrated to urban
areas from the countryside
20% of Europeans migrated to other areas like Americas,
Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
Transportation was cheap on railroads and steamships
II.
Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons.
A. Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in
search of work.
B. The new global capitalist economy continued to
rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration.
C. While many migrants permanently relocated, a
significant number of temporary and seasonal
migrants returned to their home societies.
III.
Examples of such migrants:
Europeans coming to U.S. for factory jobs-usually textile or
for land
Gold prospectors
Asians coming to US to work on railroads
Going to Latin America for plantation work
Examples:
Sharecropping for freed slaves
Indentured labor contracts (China)
Examples of such migrants:
About 7% of the 20% of Europeans who migrated returned
to Europe
Golodrinas: Europeans who traveled back and forth to
South America for harvest work (Italians in Argentina)
Gold prospectors
The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the nineteenth century, produced a variety of
consequences and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and the
existing populations.
A. Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand,
migrants tended to be male, leaving women to
take on new roles in the home society that had
been formerly occupied by men.
B. Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in
different parts of the world which helped
transplant their culture into new environments
and facilitated the development of migrant
support networks.
Examples of migrant ethnic enclaves in different parts of
the world:
Chinese in SE Asia, the Caribbean, S. America and N.
America
Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and SE
Asia
In U.S. myth of the “melting pot”
Urban areas would have sections/neighborhoods based on
C. Receiving societies did not always embrace
immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of
ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states
attempted to regulate the increased flow of
people across their borders.
ethnicity: Little Italy, Chinatown
Black communities throughout US
Examples of regulation of immigrants:
Earlier immigrants, mainly protestants, did not like later
Catholic and Jewish immigrants, saw them as inferior and
“un-American”, blamed them for crime, labor unrest and
socialist ideas
Chinese Exclusion Act: US ordered a complete halt to
migration from China in 1882 (and Japan in 1908)
White Australian Policy