Ancient Greeks
–
Greece arose through migrations of many people
many surrounding civilizations
– Two major tribes arise…
1. Mycenaens
2. Dorians
From these two tribes two great states will appear
1. Sparta
2. .Athens
What does Hellenic Mean?
 Through cultural diffusion of people traveling
from Egypt, and Mesopotamia
a rich mixture of culture arose and formed
early Greek or HELLENIC Culture.
Greeks called their religion Hellas
1200s B.C.
Rise of the Polis
– Polis means “City State”
– City States---
independent
cities
Have their own governments and
cultures
Built in the same area but
independent of one another.
Life in Ancient Greece
Religion
Greeks were Polytheistic
Worshipped major
Deities in the Pantheon
Greeks believed
different Gods
controlled different
aspects of life
The Pantheon
 Zeus
King of Gods
God of Sky, lightning
rain;
Hera
Goddess of Marriage
virtue, women,
childbirth
Athena
Patron Goddess of
Athens, War
Hermes
and
Protector of Flocks
Shepherds, travelers;
Aphrodite
Goddess of Love and
Beauty
Apollo
Artemis
Poseidon
God of Prophecy,
Medicine, archery,
courage and wisdom
Goddess of the hunt
protectress of youth
beauty
Producer of thunder
shaker of the earth
God of the Sea
Various Festivals took place in honor of
certain gods and goddesses.
Delphi
Temple
Location of the
built in honor of
Apallo
Became a religious
and
commercial center.
Persian Wars
546 B.C.
Cyrus the Great
of Persia conquers
Ionia. (Western Turkey)
499 b.c. Ionia revolts
Darius I
Persian King. Puts down
revolt.
Ionians were aided by
Athenians
490 B.C.
Darius tries to punish
Athens for helping
Ionia
Athens
Xerxes
Defeats Darius’ army
at the battle of
Marathon.
Darius’ son
Xerxes
After Persian
Wars
Attacked Athens
480 b.c.
Sparta aided Athens
Defeated Persians at
the Battle of Salamis
Athens formed
the
Delian League
Delian League
Alliance of many
Greek City States
Athens came to
control the
league
Sparta
Refused to join
Set up their own
alliance known
as
Peloponnesian League
Athens and Sparta
 Athens and Sparta were the two greatest
City States of Ancient Greece.
1200s-800s B.C.
Life during these times was Chaotic.
Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey were written
during this time
Sparta
Location: Peloponnesus
Founders: Dorians
Economy: Agriculture
Labor:
Helots
(slaves)
Social Order: Military
Society
Military Training begins at
Age 7.
Ages 20-30 Men did military
field service
Ages 30-60 Men married
and
lived in
barracks
Athens
Location:
Attica Penin
Founders:
Mycenaeans
Economy:
Seafaring
traders
Labor:
Commoners
Social Order: Private Educ
males 7-18
Math, literature, music, and
Rhetoric.
Military Service 18-20
Age of Pericles
Pericles
461-429 B.C.
Golden Ages of Greece
New Interest in The Arts
Parthenon and Acropolis
both built during this time
Greek Philosophy
Philosophers
Scholars who analyze the
process of reason.
These men refused to believe
that the world was controlled
by the Gods
Democritis
Studied Composition of matter
and the Atom
Hippocrates
Studied and applied philosophy
to physics, biology, and chem
Pythagoras
applied Philosophy to geometry
music theory and astronomy
Sophists
Sophists
Philosophers who turned their
away from science and philosophy
and studied politics, law and
rhetoric.
Many philosophers rejected sophist
ideas. Said they were narrow minded
and materialistic.
Anti-Sophists
Focused their studies on truth, justice
ethics and beauty
Socrates
Plato
Aristototle
Philosophers
Socrates
Socratic Method
Three Famous AntiSophist
Socratic Method
Teaching through
questioning. Never giving
answers.
Socrates Put to Death
For corrupting the
youth of Athens
Plato
Student of Socrates
Wrote “Platos Republic”
Described the perfect ruler as
a philosopher monarch
The Academy
Platos school.
Science, Math, Ethics, Logic
Rhetoric
Teacher of Aristotle
Aristotle
384-322 B.C.
Focused his teachings on
logic.
Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act
rightly because we have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those
because we have acted rightly. We are what we repeatedly do.
Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit.
Studied in the Academy
for over 20 years
King Philip Macedonia
Invited Aristotle to tutor his
son Alexander
Alexander the Great
Became a great student of
Aristotle
335 B.C.
Alexander the Great
Established the Lyceum
Son of Philip II of
Macedonia
356-323 B.C.
Became Ruler of Macedonia
after his father was
assassinated in 336.
After Alexanders death in 323
his empire was broken up into
Macedonian, Asian, and Egyptian
dynasties.
Alexander was only 20
Alexander became a very
accomplished military
general and conquered one
of the largest empire of
the time.
Other Types of Philosophy
1. Cynicism
2. Stoicism
3. Epicurianism
Cynicism
Happiness is achieved by
cultivating virtue and self-control
Stoicism
Happiness is achieved by
controlling emotion and having
a reasonable outlook on life
Epicurianism
Knowledge is based on your senses
Spread of Hellenistic Civilization
Hellenistic
Refers to the blend
of culture after the
power of the city-state
faded and Alexander
took over much of the
territory.
Hellenistic Scholars
1.
Euclid
2.
Aristarchus
3.
Archimedes
Euclid
Geometry
Aristarchus
Earth Orbits the Sun
Archimedes
Simple Machines
water displacement
ROME
Latin Tribe
Founded Rome in
753 B.C.
7th to 1st Cent B.C.
Military Generals conquered the
entire Italian Peninsula, Sicily,
and Carthage.
Government
during this time,
government went from
monarchy to republic to
dictatorship
Etruscan Kings Overthrown
509 B.C.
Overthrown by the
Senate.
Birth of the
Roman Republic
By 200s B.C. Rome had conquered most of
Northern Africa, Greece and the Eastern
Mediterranean Region.
Romans adopted many parts of Greek Culture
Architecture
Built the Circus
Maximus and
Colosseum
Circus Maximus could hold up to 250,000
people.
Roman Government
Patricians
Wealthy Romans who
controlled the Senate
Created the Laws
Consuls
Two were elected annually
Military Generals served
as the Executive Branch
Plebians
Second class common citizens
paid taxes, did military service
but no voice in government
By 400s B.C.
Plebians demanding a say in
government. Demanding
laws be written down and
made public
450 B.C.
Laws of the twelve Tables
Created.
Laws of Twelve Tables
Laws of Rome, written and
placed in the forum
Became the basis of the Roman
legal system
Plebians
Granted the right to have
and assembly.
their assembly was known
as the Assembly of Tribes
Tribunes
366 B.C.
elected reps of the A of T who
could address their concerns in
the senate
Tribunes could be elected
as consuls
287 B.C.
Assembly of Tribes granted the
right to make the laws in the
Senate
Punic Wars
264-146B.C.
Between Rome and Carthage
for territory.
Second Punic War
Most Famous
Hannibal---General of Carthage
Scipio---General of Rome
Hannibal
Tries a sneak attack on Rome
Marched thousands of men and
forty elephants over the Alps, to
attack Rome from the North.
most of the elephants died
attack failed
Third Punic War
149-146 B.C. Rome destroys
Carthage, sells people into slavery
End of Roman Republic
1st Century--- Much warfare and high
taxes. Wealthy Landowners were the
only ones making money on their
Latifundias
Latifundias
Large Roman Estates
Political Unrest
Gaius Marius and Lucius Sulla
Marius
104-100 B.C. Created Professional Army
Sulla
Overthrew Marius and took over in
88 B.C.
Sulla
70 B.C.
Got rid of all plebians from
leadership.
Gnaeus Pompey, Marcus Crassus and
Julius Caesar Form the FIRST
TRIUMVIRATE
Restored Stability to Rome.
Crassus
Caesar
Pompey Feared Caesars Power
Dies in Battle. 53 B.C.
Conqueres Northern Europe
Afraid he would overthrow the
government. Pompey and the
Senate ordered Caesar to leave his
army and return to Rome
Caesar Battles Pompey
49-45 Civil War
Chases Pompey through Egypt and
through Northern Africa, and back to
Europe into Spain. Conquers
Pompey
While in Egypt he makes Cleopatra
His Mistress and Queen.
44 B.C.
Senate makes Caesar Dictator for
Life
Reforms of Caesar
Changed Tax Structure
Redistributed Land
Expanded Citizenship
Reformed the Calendar
Fear of Caesar
44 B.C.
Senate feared his power and popularity.
Caesar is assassinated by members of the
Senate
Civil War Again
Marc Antony, Marcus Lepidus, and
Octavian were supporters of Caesar
2nd Triumvirate
These men defeated Caesars enemies
Octavian
Caesars Nephew
Removed Lepidus from Power and Began
Civil war with Marc Antony
Octavian
Chased Antony down to Egypt. Marc
Antony had take Cleopatra as his Mistress
Battle of Actium 31 B.C.
Marc Antony and Cleopatra defeated by
Octavian
Roman Republic Comes to an End
27 B.C. Octavian Takes on Title
Caesar Augustus (Exalted
Emperor)
Continued Caesars Reforms
Oversaw the Golden Age
Otherwise known as the Pax
Romana. 200 Years of Roman
Peace
Secured the Borders
Created Road Network
Postal System
Encouraged Roman Art and
Architecture