Student Copy ch 24,25
Oxford chapter 24 and 25
Chapter 24 Objectives
• I can:
– Describe the importance of the Roman triumph in
Roman culture and make cultural inferences and
comparison
– Recognize, form, and appropriately use comparative
adjectives and adverbs in reading and writing and
listening
– Recognize, form and appropriately use superlative
adjectives and adverbs in reading, writing, and
listening
– Use the word “quam” appropriately in reading and
writing
The Always Objectives
• I can:
–
–
–
–
Spell and define assigned vocabulary
Use Latin vocabulary to deduce English words
Read simple Latin sentences and stories
Answer comprehension question questions and
supply text evidence to support my answer
– Write simple Latin sentences to form paragraphs from
a prompt
– Make cultural and grammatical inferences from my
reading
– Compare Roman culture to other cultures
Derivatives 24
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Match the word to the best definition.
1. innumerable
8. cautionary
2. enumerate
9. vehicle
3. fiat
10. inimicable
4. proviso
11. premium
5. provisions
12. spectacular
6. caveat
13. ordinal
7. caveat emptor
14. sui generis
• 15. cruelty
•
•
•
•
16. ferocious
___________________a warning
___________________to count
___________________a reward
___________________a condition attached to an
agreement
• ___________________ intending to cause harm
•
•
•
•
•
•
_______________ let the buyer beware
_______________too many to count
_______________ warning to be careful
______________ something capable of carrying
_______________hostile
________________materials prepared in
advance
• _______________ amazing to see
• ________________ announcement or decree
to do something
• _______________of its own kind; unique
• _______________fierce
• _______________ arranged by rank or order
• Put the word from the list above into the most
appropriate sentence.
• 1. Sometimes the paperwork involved in many
jobs seems to be _________________.
• 2. _________________________ is used to
mean something like “sold as is”.
• 3. Twinkies are not proper _____________ for a
healthy camping trip but used to be used by cave
explorers as emergency lighting sources
• 4. The novel about the lose of privacy was
__________________ for our times.
• 5. The _______________ of Roman justice
was believed by their culture to be a deterrent
for crime.
• 6. That student is certainly
___________________ in his behavior.
• 7. The ______________ goat Buttermilk beats
up his friends.
• 8. The government just changed the laws by
___________________.
• 9. On Thanksgiving Day, we _____________ are
blessings.
• 10. Their relationship has always been
_____________ so maybe they shouldn’t get
married.
• 11. The _________________ to the marriage
included a pre-nuptial agreement.
• 12. The store offers a ___________________ to
frequent shoppers
• 13. My _________________ can only seat
five people.
• 14. The sunrise was ___________________.
• 15. Let me issue this
__________________about this assignment.
• 16. Primus, secundus, and tertius are
___________________numbers.
Derivatives chapter 25
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Match the word to the best definition.
1. lucid
8. illiterate
2. consumption
9. facilitate
3. sumptuous
10. legal
4. diligent
11. multitudinous
5. jurisprudence 12. tumultuous
6. abbreviate
13. puerile
7. virile
• ____________________ immature
• ____________________ clear, easy to
understand
• ____________________riotous, in an uproar
• ___________________ having to do with the
law
• ___________________unable to read
• ____________________ hard working, careful
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
________________to shorten
________________ manly
________________ use up, take all of
________________ to make easy
________________ very many
________________ theory of the law
________________ splendid, expensive, using
up the resources
Choose the best word to complete
each sentence.
• 1. His thoughts are very _____________.
• 2. The dinner was too _____________ for me.
• 3. Wearing underwear on your head is
______________________.
• 4. His efforts to look ______________ failed
when he started carrying that man-purse.
• 5. The _____________________ workers
were taken advantage of by their employers.
• 6. I will ___________________ this concept if
you will pay attention.
• 7. The __________________ of resources by the
irresponsible corporations endangers us all.
• 8. The reasons for converting from fossil fuels to
cleaner energy are __________________.
• 9. Their relationship is so ___________________
that I wonder if they ever get along.
• 10. He studied _________________ in law
school but he was really interested in making
money.
• 11. Let’s _______________________ this to take
less time.
• 12. She was very ____________________ in her
work habits.
• 13. I wonder not only why that behavior is
__________________ but why anyone would
consider it moral.
CULTURE
The Roman Triumph pp. 56-58
• 1. What were the requirements to qualify for
a triumph?
• 2. How was the city prepared for a triumph?
• 3. Where does the triumpator spend the
night?
• 4. What is the porta triumphalis? What was
its only use?
• 5. Put the procession in order:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
White oxen
Musician
Pictures of conquered territory
King, family and nobles
Magistrates
Plunder
Trumpet players sounding the charge
Captives
priests
• 6. Describe how the triumphator was
dressed.
• 7. What did he carry?
• 8. In what did he ride?
• 9. What did the public slave do? Why?
• 10. What do the soldiers do in the parade?
• 11. What is the route of the procession?
• 12. What happens to the captives? Where?
• 13. What other sacrifices were made?
• 14. After the sacrifices, how did the
celebration continue?
• 15. Why did the Romans celebrate in this
manner?
•
•
•
•
16. How many triumphs did Caesar celebrate?
17. What did he give his soldiers?
18. How did he reward the common people?
19. Describe the various entertainments he
sponsored.
• 20. How big was the crowd?
Extension and Inferences: Please answer these on a
separate piece of paper that can be turned in.
• 1. Why does the triumph follow the route it
does?
• 2. How does a Roman triumph compare to a
typical American parade in form and function?
• 3. Many people did not believe that Caesar
should celebrate a triumph after the civil war.
Why?
• 4. How does Caesar manipulate the people with
his triumph? How would his actions be
interpreted by the senate?
Into Adulthood pp. 63-64
•
•
•
•
1. When was a girl considered an adult?
2. What ritual marks this occasion?
3. When did a boy become an adult?
4. On what date would he celebrate this
ritual?
• 5. What role does clothing play in this ritual?
• 6. Why does he go to the tabularium?
• 7. What is an upper class young man now
ready to do?
• 8. Who assisted with this?
• 9. What is rhetoric?
• 10. By whom was it developed and taught?
• 11. What else it is sometimes called?
• 12. How did students learn it?
• 13. Why was it so important in the Roman
world?
• 14. What types of themes were debated?
• 15. How did one use rhetoric in a career?
Extensions and inferences : Answer these
questions on a separate piece of paper
• 1. How does the American public education
system teach rhetoric?
• 2. Why has rhetoric not received the
attention in the 21st century that it did in the
1st century?
• 3. Should rhetoric become a bigger part of
the public education system? Explain your
position.
• 4. How is rhetoric useful in today’s society?
• 5. Page 64 present a hypothetical case. Outline a
presentation either for or against the accused.
• 6. Rhetoric ran politics in the Roman world.
Does it still run politics? How it is different or the
same?
• 7. If given the chance to give a fifteen minute
speech before an audience of 15,000 or donating
$1500, which would you choose? Explain.
• 8. The dreaded Graduation Project/Senior Exit
includes an oral presentation. Why do you
think this component is included? Would this
be easier or more difficult for a Roman than a
21st century American? Why?
READINGS
Caesaris triumphi pp. 54-55
• 1. How old is Quintus at the time of this
story?
• 2. How did having more friends change his
life?
• 3. How long had the civil war between Caesar
and Pompey ( not mentioned) lasted?
• 4. What victories was Caesar celebrating?
• 5. What specific kinds of shows did he
sponsor?
• 6. Who accompanied Quintus to the triumph?
• 7. How does the crowd compared to others
Quintus has seen?
• 8. Who was being carried to the Capitoline?
• 9. How were the cake sellers and sausage
seller shouting?
• 10. What did Quintus buy and in what
quantity?
• 11. How did they (Quintus and his friend)
reach a spot where they could see better?
• 12. Who led the parade?
• 13. What was in the wagons?
• 14. From what victory does Caesar’s famous
quote come?
• 15. Who was Vercingetorix?
• 16. What had he been?
•
•
•
•
17. What was he about to meet?
18. What was Caesar wearing?
19. What accident occurred?
20. How were the elephants used in the
triumph?
Quintus fortunam suam cognoscit p.
56 Teacher note
• Translate the first paragraphs, then answer
the questions for the rest of the translation.
DEGREE
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS: positive,
comparative, and superlative
DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES
• An adjective has three degrees.
– Positive is the basic form without any changes for
emphasis.
– Comparative is the next step to show more
emphasis. The word will become larger itself by
adding ior.
– Superlative is the top step. The adjective
becomes even longer by adding usually issim.
Degree of adjectives
Miles est altus. The soldier is tall.
positive
Hic miles est altior. This soldier is taller.
comparative.
Ille miles est altissimus. That soldier is the
tallest.
superlative
POSITIVE
• The positive form is the most basic.
Remember it must always change, based on
its declension, to agree with the modified
noun in gender, number, and case.
– Positive adjectives are either classified as
• First and second declension
• Third declension
– Any adjective can be adjusted to modify any noun.
COMPARATIVE
• The comparative form is the second degree.
• Its can be translated by:
– Adding er to the positive
– Using the word more
– Adding the word rather
– Adding too
altior
altior
altior
altior
taller
more tall
rather tall
too tall
Forming Comparatives
• To make a comparative adjective
– Begin with the base of the adjective
• For first and second declensions, this will be the
feminine nominative singular minus a
• For third declension, it will be the second form from the
vocabulary listing minus is.
– Add ior for masculine and feminine; add ius for
neuter. This will make the two nominative
singular forms.
DECLINING COMPARATIVES
• Once you have added ior, ius, the new
comparative adjective becomes a third
declension adjective regardless of how it
started.
– Altus alta altum
– Altior, altius
positive
1st and 2nd
comparative 3rd
Declining Comparatives
• To decline your new comparative, leave the ior on all
forms except the neuter nominative singular and the
neuter accusative singular for which you will use the
ius form.
• The new ior is the new base. This is your sign that
the adjective is comparative.
• Add third declension noun endings to make the
comparative agree with its noun in gender, number,
and case.
Comparative endings
•
•
•
•
•
•
Masculine and feminine
Nom ior iores
Gen ioris iorum
Dat iori ioribus
Acc iorem iores
Abl iore ioribus
• Neuter
•
•
•
•
•
Nom ius
Gen ioris
Dat iori
Acc ius
Abl iore
iora
iorum
ioribus
iora
ioribus
Examples
(Remember there are alternate
translations)
• Servus altior vinum bibit. (masc. Nom. sing.)
– The taller slave drank the wine..
• Amicus altioris servi quoque vinum bibit.(masc. Gen .
Sing.)
– The friend of the taller slave also drank wine.
• Amicus altiori servo cibum dedit.(masc dat sing)
– The friend gave food to the taller slave.
examples
• Ancilla altiorem servum maluit. (masc. Acc.
Sing.)
– The slavegirl preferred the taller slave.
• Ancilla e popina cum altiore servo
discessit.(masc. Abl. Sing.)
– The slavegirl left the bar with the taller slave.
• (Why don’t the adjective and noun have the
same endings if they agree?)
Superlatives
• The superlative is the highest degree. It will
be a very long word.
• It can be translated by:
– Adding est altissimus tallest
– Adding very altissimus very tall
– Adding most altissimus most tall
Use proper English when translating; goodest is
not a word.
Forming Superlatives
• For most adjectives, form the superlative by
adding issim plus first and second declension
endings. All superlative adjectives are now
first and second declension.
– Altissimus,-a, -um
tallest
– Brevissimus,-a, -um shortest
Declension of superlatives Singular
• Masc
fem
neuter
– issimus issima
issimum nom sing
– issimi issimae issimi gen sing
– issimo issimae issimo
dat sing
– issimum issimam issimum acc sing
– issimo issimᾹ* issimo
abl sing
Declension of Superlatives Plural
• Masc
fem
neut
– issimi
issimae issima
nom pl
– issimorum issimarum issimorum gen. Pl
– issimis issimis issimis
dat pl
– issimos issimas issima
acc pl
– issimis issimis issimis abl pl
Er Superlatives
• Some adjectives for which either the
nominative singular or the base ends with er
will not use the issim; instead you will add rim
(effectively doubling the r which you should
roll when you say it) plus first and second
declension endings
– Pulcherrimus, -a, -um most beautiful
– Celerrimus, -a, -um
fastest
Examples
• Olivia est pulcherrima puella.
– Olivia is the most beautiful girl. Fem. Nom. Sing
• Pueri pulcherrimas puellas spectare amant.
– The boys love to watch the most beautiful girls.
Fem .acc. Pl.
Double L superlatives
• A small group (six) of adjectives whose base ends in il
will use limus (effectively doubling the l which you
should trill) to form their superlatives. These
adjectives are:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Facilis
facillimus, -a, -um easiest
Difficilis difficillimus, -a, -um most difficult
Similis
simillimus, -a, -um most similar
Dissimilis
dissimillimus, -a,-um most different
Gracilis
gracillimus, -a, -um most slender
Humilis
humillimus, -a, -um most humble
The Irregulars
• Changing degree usually follows the patterns
described, making the words progressively
longer and more impressive as the degree
increases. However, just like in English, many
words have irregular degree. We don’t say
bad, badder, baddest; instead we say bad,
worse, worst. Good doesn’t become gooder,
then goodest; instead we use good, better,
best.
Irregulars
• Memorize the following irregulars:
– Bonus
– Malus
– Magnus
– Parvus
– Multus
melior, melius
optimus
peior, peius
pessimus
maior, maius
maximus
minor, minus
minimus
*plus/ plures, plura plurimus
• *neuter substantive
Special grammar structures with
degree
• The superlative is frequently used with a
partitive genitive or genitive of the whole.
– Olivia est pulcherrima puella omnium.
– Olivia is the most beautiful girl of all.
Using quam with comparatives
• When comparing two things with quam:
– The two objects must be in the same case.
– Quam means than
– Flavia est pulchrior quam Cornelia.
• Both are nominitive.
• Quam links the two as than
Ablative of Comparison
• When using an ablative of comparison, the
first item must be either nominative or
accusative.
• The second item is ablative without a
preposition.
– Flavia est pulchrior Cornelia*.
– Flavia is prettier than Cornelia.
Ablative of Degree of Difference
• Used to show how much of a comparison in
reference to the comparative adjective. ( functions
somewhat like an adverb)
– Multo much
– Paulo a little
• No preposition is used.
– Nostri milites sunt multo fortiores illis militibus.
– Our soldiers are much more brave than those soldiers.
Practice with degree
• 1. Caesari triumphi erant maximi omnium.
• 2. Caesari triumphi erant maiores quam
Ciceronis triumphum.
• 3. Caesar est notior Cicerone.
• 4. Cicero erat clarissimus orator.
• 5. Cicero erat miserrimus ubi Tullia mortua est.
• 6. Caesar habuit plures victorias quam Pompeius.
• 7. Gallia erat Caesaris maxima victoria.
• 8. Victoria in Galliā erat difficillima.
• 9. Iulius Caesar est notissimus Romanus dux
omnium.
• 10. Augustus erat melior dux quam Iulius
Caesar.
• 11. Augustus erat melior dux Iulio Caesare.
• 12. civile bellum est pessimum genus belli.
Practice Ex 24.2 p.131
Practice ex 24.3 p. 131
Treasure hunt Caesaris triumphi
•
•
•
•
•
•
Line 2
Line 3
Line 10
Line 15
Line 32
Line 34
ADVERBS
FRIENDLY, EASIER TO GET ALONG
WITH, IMPOSSIBLE TO DECLINE
ADVERBS
• Adverbs modify verbs, ( adverb = to the verb),
adjectives, and other adverbs. They limit these
words.
– When?
– How?
– To what extent?
– He walks quickly. Ambulat celeriter.
Adverbs
• Adverbs agree automatically. They cannot be
declined; just put them in the sentence where
you need them. Many adverbs are
independently made (not made from another
word) such as mox, hodie, cras etc. Others
are made from adjectives in their positive
form.
Degree of adverbs : Positive
• The positive adverb is made one of two ways:
– 1st and 2nd dec adjectives = remove a from
feminine nominative singular and add e
latus lata, latum wide late widely
3rd dec usually add er, ter, or iter
brevis, breve short breviter shortly
Degree of adverbs: Comparative
• The second degree or comparative is formed by
using the neuter comparative adjective (ius). Just
check to be certain it is not modifying a neuter noun.
Translate with more.
– Pugnavit gravius. He fought more seriously.
• Adverb in comparative degree
– Hoc est gravius bellum. This is a more serious war.
• Adjective modifying the neuter noun bellum
Superlative adverbs
• Change the “us” to an “e” on the superlative
adjectives
– Latissimus = latissime
– Widest = most widely
• When used with “quam”, translate “as ______
as possible”
– Quam latissime as quickly as possible