Using Sources
… and Academic Honesty
The British University in Egypt
Sources of Information
 Print-on-Paper Resources
 Electronic Resources
 Non-print Resources
What is Plagiarism?
Plagiarism is defined as the act of
passing off the ideas or writings of
another as one’s own.
Original ideas belong to those who had them first.
Types of Plagiarism
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Copy & Paste Plagiarism
Word Switch Plagiarism
Idea Plagiarism
Self-Stealing Plagiarism
Collaborative Work Plagiarism
Labour of Laziness Plagiarism
Common knowledge
Facts that can be found in numerous
places and are likely to be known by
a lot of people do not require
documentation of the source.
Example:
John F. Kennedy was elected
President of the United States in
1960.
Why Avoid Plagiarism?
Stealing from another:
 Unethical
 Copyright
It
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hurts the learner:
Cheating oneself
No self-development
No chance for self-presentation
Subject to penalties
I really did not do it!
Responsibility Vs. Ignorance
How to avoid Plagiarism?
Acknowledging the source while
 Quoting
 Paraphrasing
 Summarising
Quoting … “
”
Put in Quotations everything that
directly comes from the text.
Example:
According to Peter S. Pritchard in USA
Today, “Public schools need reform
but they’re irreplaceable in teaching
all the nation’s young” (14).
BUT …
The following should be avoided:
 Stringing quotes together without
discussion
 Writing a paragraph that consists only of a
quote
 Overusing quotations
Paraphrasing
A good paraphrase finds new words
to express the original meaning. It
changes the wording but not the
message.
Example A
In this essay, I will discuss the growing importance of
transnational factors in conditioning the experience of
minority ethnic groups. In analysing the position of
ethnic minorities, we need to be aware that their
integration is conditioned by "historically encoded
membership systems of European host polities and by
global changes in the concept and organization of
individual rights" (Soysal 1994: 29). One of the most
interesting developments in recent years has been a
tendency on the part of certain states to modify the
rules governing access to formal citizenship, so as to
make it easier - or in some cases more difficult - for
migrants to take an active role in political life.
Example B
In this essay, I will discuss the growing importance of
transnational factors in conditioning the experience of
minority ethnic groups. In her analysis of this
question, Soysal (1994: 29) identifies two main
factors as being particularly important: historical
patterns of national membership in different European
states and global changes affecting the rights
accorded to individuals. While these points are
certainly significant, it would be a mistake to lose
sight of other factors, such as variations in the norms
and expectations of different ethnic groups. I also feel
that varying levels of resource mobilisation can play a
vital role.
Example C
In this essay, I will discuss the growing importance of
transnational factors in conditioning the experience of
minority ethnic groups. The integration of post-war
migrants is shaped both by the historically encoded
membership systems of European states and by
global changes in the concept and organization of
individual rights. Since 1945, global pressures toward
more expanded individual rights have led to the
increasing incorporation of foreigners into existing
membership schemes. But by extending membership,
these pressures are transforming existing models,
reducing the importance of national citizenship.
Example D
In this essay, I will discuss the growing importance of
transnational factors in conditioning the experience of
minority ethnic groups. The integration of migrants is
shaped both by "historically encoded membership
systems of European host polities and by global
changes in the concept and organization of individual
rights" (Soysal 1994: 29). In the post-war era, worldlevel pressures toward more expanded individual
rights have led to the increasing incorporation of
foreigners into existing membership schemes.
However, by extending membership beyond national
citizenry, these pressures also work to transform the
existing models, making national citizenship peculiarly
less important.
References:
 http://www.bridgewater.edu/
 http://www.geneseo.edu/
 http://www.lboro.ac.uk/admin/ar/stu
dent/handbook/section11/index.htm
 http://library.csus.edu/
 http://www.ysu.edu/maag/find/type_
plag.html
Thank you!
Questions?