 In Germany and Italy nationalism led to unfication.
 But in the Austrian and Ottoman Empires, it had the
opposite effect. It led to disintegration because both
empires were multiethnic empires.
 Prince Metternich represented Austria at the Congress of
Vienna. He feared nationalism because he knew it could
lead to revolution and destroy the empire. So he passed
the Carlsbad Decrees, which censored newspapers and
created a network of spies to suppress all revolutionary
activities. But in 1848 revolutions in France, Italy and the
German states set off revolts in the Austrian empire.
Metternich was forced to resign, the emperor abdicated
and was replaced by Franz Josef. The new emperor had to
deal with the Magyars who declared their independence.
But the emperor got help from Russia to crush the revolt.
But this couldn’t stop the nationalist movement in Austria.
 . First, Austria lost Lombardy to Italy then Austria was
defeated by Prussia in 1866. Because Austria had been
weakened, it had to come to an agreement with the
Hungarians within its empire. The result was the
Compromise of 1867 which created the Dual Monarchy
known as Austria-Hungary. Under this agreement
Austria and Hungary became two separate, yet equal
states. They shared some ministries, but each had its
own parliament. This was only a temporary solution
because it actually made the unrest in AustriaHungary’s worse because other ethnic groups now
wanted self-government like the Hungarians.
Franz Josef
 By the early 1800s the Ottoman Empire was in severe
decline and was often referred to as the sick man of
Europe. This caused two problems. The first was
called the Eastern Question and referred to European
concerns about what would happen to Ottoman
territory if/when it collapsed? The European powers
didn’t want their rivals to get Ottoman land. In
particular, the French and British opposed Russia; so
they supported the Ottoman empire to stop Russian
expansion.
 This situation led to a short war called the Crimean
War which ended in a stalemate. The war is best
remembered for its filthy conditions and the efforts of
Florence Nightingale , “the Lady with the Lamp,” to try
and impose better sanitary conditions in the hospitals.
 The second problem was the region of the Balkans
where nationalism created great unrest among the
diverse ethnic groups there. As the various ethnic
groups rebelled against Ottoman control, it led to a
series of wars called the Balkan Wars.
 A group of Turkish nationalists called the Young Turks
were upset by the decline of the Ottoman Empire and
its loss of land and prestige. Therefore, in 1908 they
began a revolution to overthrow the sultan, the ruler of
the Ottoman Empire. Eventually through their efforts
a more liberal democratic Turkey would emerge.