University of Science and Technology,
Bannu.
Collaboration
Academic Writing
Prepared by Sohail Rahman
Lecturer, Institute of Management Sciences,
University of Science and Technology, Bannu
sohailaormarh@hotmail.com
Quote of the Day
“It is by writing, even more than by speech, that
you actually master your material and extend
your own understanding.”
Clanchy, J. & Ballard, B. (1991). Essay writing for students. New ed. Melbourne: Longman and Cheshire.
Outline/Objectives of Presentation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Definitions of Academic writing.
Poor Example of Academic writing.
Answer to Poor Example.
List of documents involved in Academic
writing.
5.
Characteristics of Academic writing.
6.
Structure of Academic Writing
7.
The writing process of Essay.
8.
Activity
9.
Paper outline/ Research Article
outline/Process
10. Activity
11.
Some common mistakes or problems
faced by Pakistani writers.
12.
Higher Education Commission
(Achievements)
13. Activities and Feed Back
14. Bibliography/References
15. Acknowledgements
16. Thanks
Videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Celpkwse
U5U
• http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x158p3d
_essay-academic-writing_lifestyle
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UiTaxAfIB
Pg
Definitions of Academic Writing
• 1. A broad definition of
academic writing is any
writing done to fulfill a
requirement of a
college or University.
• 2. Academic writing
could include any
writing assignment
given in academic
setting.
Why is the following text not a good
example of academic style?
• Today being fat is totally bad for your health.
About 30,000 fat people die every year in the
UK and loads more fat people die in the USA.
By 2005 more people will die of being fat than
smoking and it doesn’t have to be this way,
this could easily be prevented, couldn't it?
Answer
• The number of deaths per year attributable to
obesity is roughly 30,000 in the UK and ten
times that in the USA, where obesity is set to
overtake smoking in 2005 as the main
preventable cause of illness and premature
death.
List of documents where academic
writing is used
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•
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1. Books and Book reports
2. Translations
3. Essays
4. Research Paper/ Research Article
5. Conference Paper
6. Academic Journals
7. Dissertation or thesis
8. Abstract
9. Explication
10. Term Paper
11. Assignment Writing
12. Internship Report writing
13. Technical Report
14. Correspondence
Etc.
Characteristics of Academic Writing
• 1. Planning
(Should be analytical and organized)
• 2. Outline
(Helps to formulate your thoughts
and helps in certain relationship
between topics)
• 3. Tone
(Formal)
• 4. Language
(Clear and precise, thesaurus can
help)
• 5. Point of View
( On facts not on opinion)
• 6. Approach
(Deductive )
Academic writing structure
• 1. Introduction
(Should encompass
• Several questions
• A famous quote
• Facts and information
• Definition of important terms)
• 2. Body
(Paragraphs should be written
logical order, like chronologically,
sentences should refer back to
topic, cohesion should be there)
3. Conclusion
(Summarize all the points)
Main Emphasis would be given
to
1. Essay Writing
2. Research Article writing
The Writing process: Essay Writing
• Steps in Essay Writing
• 1. Prewriting
• 2. Planning and
organizing
• 3. Writing first draft
• 4. Revising and editing
• 5. Final Draft
1. Prewriting
• It means before writing,
you need to do the
following
1. Choose a topic to write
2. Brainstorming to
generate ideas
3. Focus in on central
idea
2. Organizing
• 1. Make
outline
• 2. Decide what
you want to
write
• 3. Make rough
plan for your
essay
3. Writing the first draft
• Guidelines
• 1. Do not worry to write
perfect paper for the first
time.
• 2. Goal is to develop and
support the ideas listed in
your outline
• 3. Do not worry about
spelling and Grammar,
they can be checked
latter on.
4. Revising and editing
• Revision
Content and organization
• Editing
Spelling, Grammar,
Punctuation
5. The Final Copy
• Guidelines
• 1. Word processed
• 2. All New paragraphs
indented 5 spaces
• 3. A-4 size white paper
• 4. Double spaced, Font
12 size
• 5. One inch Margin on
all sides
Activity: Write Essay on given sheets
• Q1. How does your school life influence your
future?
• Q2. What is the importance of schooling to
your life?
• Please attempt any one of the following
• Time limit 15 Minutes.
Paper outline/ Research Article outline
for Social Science
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Contents
1. Abstract
2.Introduction
3. Literature Review
4. Theoretical framework
5. Hypothesis Development
6. Research Methodology
7. Data Collection
8. Data Analysis
9. Findings
10. Conclusions
12.Recommendations
13.References/ Bibliography
14. Managerial Decision Making
Explanations-1. Abstract
• It’s a brief summary
usually one paragraph
summarizing the whole
research process.
2. Introduction
• Your justification of
topic
• Objectives of study
• Importance of topic
• Definitions
• Linkage with previous
research
• Motivation of study
3. Literature review
• The past studies done
about research
• All secondary data
sources like internet,
library, research
journals Etc. can be
used.
• What was topic,
methodology and what
was done regarding the
topic in past is studied.
4. Theoretical Framework
• Shows variables of
study.
• Shows diagrammatically
about relationship
among variables.
• Each arrow indicate one
hypothesis.
5. Hypothesis development
• Hypothesis are testable
statements which
would be tested latter
on in research process.
E.g. If advertisements
are increased then sales
would increase of a
certain product.
6. Research Methodology
• Proposed Plan
• What model was used.
• What was importance of
your research.
• You claim research by
methodology.
• Sample, population,
statistical tests decisions.
• Some times variables are
added in methodology.
7. Data Collection
• For each variable data is
collected.
• Data collection methods
like Questionnaire,
interview, Focus group,
observation etc. will be
used.
8. Data Analysis
• Thanks to soft wares
like SPSS, E-View, M-Fit,
Etc. are used for data
analysis.
• In them data are feed
and statistic is run.
• It is necessary
sometimes to study
econometrics subject to
understand data
analysis.
9. Findings
• After the analysis we
will get results, they
should be stated as it is
with out any
manipulations.
10. Conclusions
• The researcher
concludes the article in
this step.
11.Recommendations
• After studying the
results the researcher
gives recommendations
to solve the problem or
phenomena under
investigation.
References/ bibliography for article
• There are different
styles of referencing like
MLA, APA, Chicago,
Turabian style Etc. in
which references are
written.
Activity
• 6-8-5 Game
Some common Mistakes of Paper writers in Pakistan or
Difficulties faced by Pakistani student writers.
• Check list
1. A lot of memorization
(Don not think critically)
2. Cramming
(Just to pass the exams)
3. Heavy syllabus
(Can not write up to mark)
4. Difficult to abstract and replicate
(In one situation they perform well but
fail to replicate in another situation)
5. Having problems drawing inferences
(Difficult to form concepts what they
have read)
6. Weak writing skills
7. Can not think out of the box.
8. Not proper schooling.
(Some schools are good others are not
good in education)
Difficulties leading to
Mistakes in Paper
Writing.
Continued
9.Monologue lectures
(Teacher just speaking from one
side and that’s it.)
10. Just instruction by instructors
with out practically doing writing
by students.
11. Try to ignore that writing is to
write, write and write.
12. Lack of rubrics.
13. Rural background of students.
14.Issues in curriculum.
(Some syllabuses are very old
and not up to the mark)
• Writing
Some common Mistakes of Paper writers in Pakistan or
Difficulties faced by Pakistani student writers.
15.English as a second language.
(Mostly causes problems in writing)
16. Stories, plays, poems instead of functional English.
(English for communication is required)
17. Time pressure
(Short time as a target)
18. Expectation that writing to be perfect.
19. English taught by teachers who are not specialist in it.
20. Different marking styles.
(Not looking to rubrics for assignment)
21. No feed back.
(Take writing assignment and mark them and teacher does not provide
feed back to writer)
Continued
22. Psychological difficulties.
(Lies in deciding what information the reader needs and best way to express it)
23. Linguistic difficulties.
(Lies in the language used in speaking is not the same as that of speech)
24. Cognitive difficulties.
(Difficulty to organize thoughts on paper)
25. Problems related to process
a. In-class room Problems
(The reluctant writer)
b. Homework syndrome
(Poor motivation of students to homework)
26. Plagiarism
27. No research Environment
28. No journal-article publishing relevancy
29. Not looking to impact factor journals
30. No access to data bases
continued
31. Papers presented in conference but not submitted in journals
32. Literature review not comprehensive
33. Weak research proposal
34. completely rely on supervisor and do not search itself by student.
35. Future directions not clear
36. Can not identify the gap
37. Problems in topic selection.
38. lack of theoretical richness.
39. Researchers community not strong
40. Lack of research skills
41. Lack of publishing in impact factor journals
42. Lack of knowledge to run soft wares
HEC Achievements
• The creation of HEC has had a positive impact on higher education in
Pakistan.
• Established the finest Digital Library in Pakistan: Every student in every
public sector university today has access to 45,000 textbooks research
monographs from 220 international publishers as well as to 25,000
international research journals - regarded as one of the best digital
libraries anywhere in the world.
• Tripled University enrollment from 135,000 in the year 2003 to 400,000 in
2008.
• Promoted research, resulting in huge expansion of international research
publications from Pakistan from only 600 research papers /yr in 2003 to
4300 research papers in 2008.
• During the 56 year period (1947–2003) not a single Pakistani university
could be ranked among the top 600 universities in the world. Today 2
Pakistani universities ranked among top 200 World’s Technology
Universities.
HEC Achievements
•
•
•
•
•
•
Four year undergraduate program introduced so that our degrees are
internationally recognized.
About 5000 Ph.D. level scholarships awarded for study in technologically advanced
countries (largest program in developing world) and some 3,000 indigenous Ph.D.
scholarships have been awarded. The world’s largest Fulbright Scholarship
program (US $150 million) launched with joint funding (HEC/USAID).
Fifty one new universities and degree awarding institutes and 18 campuses of
existing universities established during (2003–2008).
Sending 1000 Pakistani students to study medicine in Cuba and doing their best to
register their degrees by PMDC and soon will send a delegation of members of
PMDC,HEC and MNAs
Seven Pakistan universities became ranked for the first time among the top 250
universities of Asia according to QS World University Rankings 2013.
Research output out of Pakistan increased by over 50% within two years, which
was the second highest increase worldwide. According to Scimago world scientific
database, if Pakistan continues at the same pace, its ranking will increase from 43
to 27 globally by 2017.
Activities
• 1. Trading Cards(10-15 Minutes)
• 2. Welcome to my world( 30Minutes to one
hour)
• 3. Design the Box( 1 Hour)
• 4. SWOT ANALYSIS (1-2 Hours)
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•
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%2F%2Fmoodle.unitec.ac.nz%2Fpluginfile.php%2F263325%2Fmod_book%2Fchapter%2F7135%2Fintro_to_acad_writing12.pp
t&ei=AhGEVIzxGoXxUNCtgegP&usg=AFQjCNEufHtdDpveDZb0m732tVA-IdsXTg retrieved on 7-12-2014
Acknowledgements
• Interview with Dr. Imran Khan
(Assistant Professor, COMSATS, Vehari Campus)
• Interview with Dr. Muhammad Zubair
(Assistant Professor, IMS, UST, Bannu)
• Interview with Dr. Muhammad Niaz
(Assistant Professor, IMS, UST, Bannu)
Thanks and Good luck for your
Academic Writing.