Alfred North Whitehead
(15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947)
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Alfred North Whitehead
(b.1861 - d.1947), British mathematician, logician and philosopher best known for his work in mathematical logic and the philosophy of science. In collaboration with
Bertrand Russell, he authored the landmark three-volume Principia
Mathematica (1910, 1912,
1913) and contributed significantly to twentiethcentury logic and metaphysics.

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One of the twentieth century's most original metaphysicians and a major figure in mathematical logic, Alfred North Whitehead was also an important social and educational philosopher. Born in England, he was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he also taught mathematics from 1884 until
1910. He then moved to London, where he was professor of applied mathematics at the University of
London until 1924. Receiving an invitation to join the philosophy department at Harvard University,
Whitehead came to the United States and taught at
Harvard until 1937. He remained in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, for the rest of his life.

 The students are alive, and the purpose of education is to stimulate and guide their selfdevelopment.
 It follows as a corollary [inference] from this premise, that the teachers also should be alive with living thoughts.
 The whole book is a protest against dead knowledge, that is to say, against the inert ideas.

 His general philosophical position, which he called "the philosophy of organism," insists upon the ultimate reality of things in relation, changing in time, and arranged in terms of systems of varying complexity, especially living things, including living minds. Whitehead rejected the theory of mind that maintains it is a kind of tool, or dead instrument, needing honing and sharpening. Nor is it a kind of repository for "inert" ideas, stored up in neatly categorized bundles. It is an organic element of an indissoluble mind/body unit, in continuous relationship with the living environment, both social and natural.
Whitehead's philosophy of organism, sometimes called
"process philosophy," stands in continuity with his educational thought, both as a general theoretical backdrop for this educational position and as the primary application of his fundamental educational themes.

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What is culture
“Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and human feeling.” page 1
Parallel three aspects
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What is not culture
“Scraps of information have nothing to do with it.”
Further developing his claim from the negative side.

 Communication : My learning goals are trying to communicate with other people such as my classmates, friends, and other people around me. Everyone has different shade of opinion, which supports me to share the ideas and practices. Talking persuasively is a great way to know each other well. Communicating and listening are the two facts that are necessary in life. Communicating is the way of learning about different cultures, interests, and habits of the others. Practice to communicate makes me feel more confident when I speak in the public and limit making mistakes during the speech. Communication is to share the ideas as well as to share and gain the knowledge from each other. –Student Writer

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Primary
Secondary
Down to details
Top Down or Bottom
Up?
All sentences need to be linked with no breaks--
Cohesiveness
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Relationship
Hierarchical or
Compound/
Democratic?
Everything in a paragraph should go in one direction—
Coherence

Exercise on Parallel Structure to Expand an Definition/Process/Classification, etc. So as to Leave Room for Further Comments.
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The last but not the least important of the
CUSP goals is communication or clear communication which means/covers/involves
1. Willingness to listen;
2. Timely response;
3. Persuasive skills
…
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What is an Inclusive practice? One way to define this is to define what is not an inclusive practice. Make a list of what exclusive practices here and organize the list by certain logic.
You can keep going on to comment on the consequences of exclusive practices…

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The valuable intellectual development is self-development, page 1
The role of the students (Intro to
Psychology, for instance)
The role of the instructors/educators
Hypothesis of motivation
Natural development/Art of Teaching

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William Temple (15
October 1881 – 26
October 1944) was a priest in the Church of
England. He served as
Bishop of Manchester
(1921–29), Archbishop of York (1929–42), and
Archbishop of
Canterbury (1942–44).
See Whitehead, page 2

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Temple was the second son of Archbishop
Frederick Temple (1821–1902). He was educated at Rugby School and Balliol College,
Oxford, where he obtained a double first in classics.
Rugby School, located in the town of Rugby,
Warwickshire, is regarded as one of the UK's leading co-educational boarding schools and is one of the oldest independent schools in
Britain.

“Every intellectual revolution which has ever stirred humanity into greatness has been a passionate protest against inert ideas.”
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Inert ideas that are merely received into the mind without being utilized, or tested, or thrown into fresh combinations. Page 1
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Live Ideas will lead to transformative learning
The whole book [ The Aims of Education ] is a protest against dead knowledge, that is to say against inert ideas.” See Whitehead,
Preface .
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That is to say, Live Ideas are those that are utilized, or tested or thrown into fresh combinations.
Live Ideas always lead to other, new ideas.
Example of inert teaching: force students to memorize some dead data;
Live teaching: connect knowledge with cultural, historical, and experiential aspects, etc.

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, Latin
The corruption of the best is the worst of all
For definition and pronunciation: http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/corruptio%20op timi%20pessima
See Whitehead, page 2

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The result of teaching small parts of a large number of subjects is the passive reception of disconnected ideas, not illumined with any spark of vitality. the French proverb:
“To understand all, is to forgive all.”
The function of education is to nurture understanding, sympathy, and forgiveness.

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Augustine, a Latin church father, is one of the most important figures in the development of Western
Christianity. He "established anew the ancient faith"
( conditor antiquae rursum fidei ), according to his contemporary, Jerome. Best remembered by his book,
Confessions ( Confessiones ,
397-398), among other things.
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Widely seen as the first
Western autobiography ever written, and was an influential model for
Christian writers throughout the following 1000 years of the Middle Ages
Modern English translations of it are sometimes published under the title The
Confessions of St. Augustine in order to distinguish the book from other books with similar titles, such as Jean-
Jacques Rousseau's
Confessions .

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Augustine was born to a pagan father named
Patricius and a Catholic mother named Monica. He was educated in North Africa and resisted his mother's pleas to become Christian.
Living as a pagan intellectual, he took a concubine, with whom he had a son, Adeodatus, and became a Manichean. Later he converted to Catholic…

What is the Rhetorical Reason to Use
Allusions or Other References?
 In 1799, Napoleon staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First
Consul; five years later the French
Senate proclaimed him Emperor. In the first decade of the nineteenth century, the French Empire under
Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars— involving every major European power. After a streak of victories,
France secured a dominant position in continental Europe and
Napoleon maintained the French sphere of influence through the formation of extensive alliances and the appointment of friends and family members to rule other
European countries as French client states.

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The ages of
Shakespeare and of
Molière are no less past than are the ages of
Sophocles and of
Virgil. Page 3
A is no less than B…
A/B is no less than
C/D…
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William Shakespeare
1564-1616), English poet and playwright
(37 plays);
England’s national poet (154 sonnets) or the Bard of Avon; and wordsmith
(inventing 1700 words);

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, mostly known by his stage name Moli’ère,
(January 15, 1622 – February 17, 1673)
 a French playwright and actor who is considered one of the greatest masters of comedy in
Western literature. Among
Molière's best-known dramas are Le Misanthrope ( The
Misanthrope ), L'École des femmes ( The School for Wives ),
Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur,
( Tartuffe or the Hypocrite ),
L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge ( The Miser ), Le
Malade imaginaire ( The
Imaginary Invalid ), and Le
Bourgeois gentilhomme ( The
Bourgeois Gentleman ).

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Sophocles wrote 123 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form: Ajax
Antigone , Trachinian
,
Women , Oedipus the
King , Electra ,
Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus .

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Publius Vergilius
Maro (also known by the Anglicised forms of his name as Virgil or Vergil) was a classical
Roman poet, best known the Aeneid .

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Furthermore, we should not endeavor to use propositions in isolations. Page 4
En bloc: en bloc (ä blôk , n bl k ) adv.
As a unit; all together: "I have been drawing our attention to the public and private qualities of the several arts lest they be treated en bloc" (William H. Gass).

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The consequences of a plethora of halfdigested theoretical knowledge are deplorable. Page 4
Make a list of consequences and arrange them by the degrees of importance or some other logic.
This works most effective when drafting a proposal in which you want to convince your audience to accept your point of view
For instance, the relationship between a chair and energy/oil issue

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Education is the acquisition of the art of the utilization of knowledge. Page 4
Pragmatism or practical dimension in education…
If it were easy, the book ought to be burned;
In education, as elsewhere, the broad primrose path leads to a nasty place.

page 5
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It contains within itself the problem of keeping knowledge alive, of preventing it from becoming inert, which is the central problem of all education.

page 6
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The Seven Sages (of
Greece) or Seven
Wise Men (c. 620
BCE–550 BCE) was the title given by ancient
Greek tradition to seven early 6th century B.C.E. philosophers, statesmen and law-givers who were renowned in the following centuries for their wisdom.

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Solon of Athens - "Nothing in excess"
Chilon of Sparta - "Know thyself"
Thales of Miletus - "To bring surety brings ruin"
Bias of Priene - "Too many workers spoil the work"
Cleobulus of Lindos - "Moderation is the chief good"
Pittacus of Mitylene - "Know thine opportunity"
Periander of Corinth - "Forethought in all things"

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The problem of education is to make the pupil see the wood by means of the trees. Page 6
What’s the limit?
Life in all its manifestations…
First-hand learning vs. second-hand learning
Part vs. Whole—Synecdoche

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Elegant intellects which despise the theory of quantity, are but half developed. They are more to be pitied than blamed, The scraps of gibberish, which in their school-days were taught to them in the name of algebra, deserve some contempt. This question of the degeneration of algebra into gibberish, both in word and in fact, affords a pathetic instance of the uselessness of reforming educational schedules without a clear conception of the attributes which you wish to evoke in the living minds of the children.

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The curves of the history are more vivid and more informing than the dry catalogues of names and dates which comprise the greater part of that arid school study. Page 8

Geoffrey Chaucer
(c. 1343 – 25 October 1400)
Mismatch between this Portrait and his hilarious Stories
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 an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury
Tales . Sometimes called the father of English literature,
Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular
English language, rather than
French or Latin.
In this sense, he is a British
Dante as Lu Xun in China.

Chaucer, Geoffrey variety in subject matter, genre, tone, and style with complexities and humor
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Perhaps the chief characteristics of Chaucer's works are their variety in subject matter, genre, tone, and style and in the complexities presented concerning the human pursuit of a sensible existence. Yet his writings also consistently reflect an all-pervasive humour combined with serious and tolerant consideration of important philosophical questions. From his writings Chaucer emerges as poet of love, both earthly and divine, whose presentations range from lustful cuckoldry to spiritual union with God. Thereby, they regularly lead the reader to speculation about man's relation both to his fellows and to his Maker, while simultaneously providing delightfully entertaining views of the frailties and follies, as well as the nobility, of mankind.

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The Black Death (8-9) was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, peaking in
Europe between 1348 and
1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis , but this view has recently been challenged. Usually thought to have started in Central Asia, it had reached the Crimea by
1346. From there, probably carried by fleas residing on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships, it spread throughout the
Mediterranean and Europe.

between Scylla and Charybdis between two equally perilous alternatives neither of which can be passed without encountering and probably falling victim to the other
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Classical Mythology. a sea nymph who was transformed into a sea monster: later identified with the rock
Scylla
Scylla was a horrible sea monster, with six long necks equipped with grisly heads, each of which contained three rows of sharp teeth.
Her body consisted of twelve tentacle-like legs and a cat's tail and with four to six dogheads ringing her waist.

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In Homer's Odyssey XII, Odysseus is given advice by Circe to sail closer to Scylla, for Charybdis could drown his whole ship:
"Hug Scylla's crag—sail on past her—top speed! Better by far to lose six men and keep your ship than lose your entire crew" she warns and tells Odysseus to bid Crataeis prevent her from pouncing more than once. Odysseus then successfully sails his ship past Scylla and Charybdis, but Scylla manages to catch six of his men, devouring them alive:
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"...they writhed gasping as Scylla swung them up her cliff and there at her cavern's mouth she bolted them down raw— screaming out, flinging their arms toward me, lost in that mortal struggle."

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In Greek mythology,
Charybdis or Kharybdis
(pronounced /kəˈrɪbdɨs/; in
Greek, Χάρυβδις ) was a sea monster, once a beautiful naiad and the daughter of
Poseidon and Gaia. She takes form as a huge bladder of a creature whose face was all mouth and whose arms and legs were flippers and who swallows huge amounts of water three times a day before belching them back out again, creating whirlpools.

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"Education is the acquisition of the art of the utilization of knowledge." This simple sentence from Whitehead's introductory essay in his Aims of Education (1929, p. 4), epitomizes one of his central themes:
Education cannot be dissected from practice.

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His general philosophical position, which he called "the philosophy of organism," insists upon the ultimate reality of things in relation, changing in time, and arranged in terms of systems of varying complexity, especially living things, including living minds. Whitehead rejected the theory of mind that maintains it is a kind of tool, or dead instrument, needing honing and sharpening. Nor is it a kind of repository for "inert" ideas, stored up in neatly categorized bundles. It is an organic element of an indissoluble mind/body unit, in continuous relationship with the living environment, both social and natural. Whitehead's philosophy of organism, sometimes called "process philosophy," stands in continuity with his educational thought, both as a general theoretical backdrop for this educational position and as the primary application of his fundamental educational themes.

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A précis (English pronunciation: /preːˈsiː/) is a formal summary of a given subject. A précis does not seek to persuade in regard to a subject, but simply to present it, be that subject an artifact, a person, an event, or even a concept. It should provide the reader an accurate, brief, and well-rounded impression of the subject. Any opinion the writer may hold on a subject should not be reflected in the writing of a précis. A verbal summary composed in this fashion may also be called a précis.
The word is French in origin, and retains in English most of its original French pronunciation. One who produces a précis on a subject is said to precise (English pronunciation: /prɪˈsaɪ ̯ z/) that subject.

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What is the central idea of your portfolio?
One sentence summary
Five minutes recap
More detailed description

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The history of Christianity concerns the Christian religion and Church, from the ministry of Jesus up to contemporary times and denominations.
Christianity differs most significantly from the other
Abrahamic religions in the claim that Jesus Christ is
God the Son. The vast majority of Christians believe in a triune God consisting of three unified and distinct persons: Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. Throughout its history, the religion has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches. The largest branches of Christianity are the 1. Roman Catholic Church, 2. the Eastern
Orthodox Church and 3. the Protestant Churches.

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According to the
Oxford Dictionary of the Christian
Church , Paul's influence on
Christian thinking arguably has been more significant than any other New
Testament author.

 original name Saul of Tarsus one of the leaders of the first generation of Christians, often considered to be the second most important person in the history of Christianity. In his own day, although he was a major figure within the very small
Christian movement, he also had many enemies and detractors, and his contemporaries probably did not accord him as much respect as they gave Peter and James. Paul was compelled to struggle, therefore, to establish his own worth and authority. His surviving letters, however, have had enormous influence on subsequent Christianity and secure his place as one of the greatest religious leaders of all time.
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Paul included ‘gentile;

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According to the Acts of the Apostles, his conversion to
Christianity took place in a profound lifechanging experience on the road to Damascus, capital of Syria.
Together with Simon
Peter and James the
Just, he is among the most notable of early
Christian missionaries.

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The painting depicts the moment recounted in
Chapter 9 of Acts of the
A’postles when Saul, soon to be the a’postle Paul, fell on the road to Da’mascus. He heard the Lord say "I am
Jesus, whom you persecute, arise and go into the city."
The Golden Legend , a compilation of medieval interpretations of biblical events, may have framed the event for Caravaggio.

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On this canvas, Saul is an epileptic and fractured figure, flattened by the divine flash, flinging his arms upward in a funnel. There are three figures in the painting. The commanding muscular horse dominates the canvas, yet it is oblivious to the divine light that defeated his rider's gravity. The aged groom is human, but gazes earthward, also ignorant of the moment of where God intervenes in human traffic. Only Saul, whose gravity and world have been overturned, lies su’pine on the ground, but facing heaven, arms supplicating rescue. The groom can see his shuffling feet, and the horse can plod its hooves, measuring its steps; but both are blind to the miracle and way. They inhabit the unilluminated gloom of the upper canvas. Saul, physically blinded by the event for three days, suddenly sees the Christian message. For once, his soul can hear the voice of Jesus, asking,
"Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?" His sword and his youthful sinews are powerless against this illuminating bolt of faith. Note name change is significant, signaling identify change.

The Lone Cypress on 17-Mile Drive
California United States.
One of the most famous cypress trees
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In Greek mythology, the cypress is associated with
Artemis. Ancient Roman funerary rites used it extensively. Cupressus sempervirens is the principal cemetery tree both in the
Western and Muslim worlds.
Cypresses are used extensively the Shahnameh, the great Iranian epic poem by Ferdowsi.

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Jesus as Thesis who preached to Jews only;
Catholicism, represented by St.
Augustine, as
Synthesis that integrated Jesus and Paul in the
Middle Age
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Paul as Antithesis who popularized
Christianity by an inclusive approach: to preach to gentile as well.
Catholicism generates its own
Antithesis:
Protestants.

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Bishop of Hippo Regius, also known as Augustine , St.
Augustine , or St. Austin was a
Romanized Berber philosopher and theologian.
Note Augustine, being of Berber descent born to a pagan father named Patricius and a Catholic mother named Monica , was educated in North Africa, which explains his connection with
Berber. In North Africa, he once resisted his mother’s pleas to become a Christian.
Living as a pagan intellectual, he took a concubine, with whom he had a son, Adeodatus —
Godsend in Berber, and became a ‘Manichean.

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 an adherent of the dualistic religious system of Manes, a combination of Gnostic
Christianity, Buddhism,
Zoroastrianism, and various other elements, with a basic doctrine of a conflict between light and dark, matter being regarded as dark and evil.
 an Iranian religion, founded ca. 600 b.c. by
Zoroaster, the principal beliefs of which are in the existence of a supreme deity, Ahura
Mazda, and in a cosmic struggle between a spirit of good, Spenta
Mainyu, and a spirit of evil, Angra Mainyu.

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Confessions (Latin: Confessiones ) is the name of an autobiographical work, consisting of 13 books, by
St. Augustine of Hippo, written between AD 397 and
AD 398. Modern English translations of it are sometimes published under the title The
Confessions of St. Augustine in order to distinguish the book from other books with similar titles, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Confessions
The work outlines Augustine's sinful youth and his conversion to Christianity. It is widely seen as the
. first Western autobiography ever written, and was an influential model for Christian writers throughout the following 1000 years of the Middle Ages.

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At age 17, through the generosity of a fellow citizen
Romanianus, he went to Carthage to continue his education in rhetoric. His mother, Monica, was a Berber and a devout
Christian, and his father, Patricius, a pagan. Although raised as a
Christian, Augustine left the Church to follow the Manichaean religion, much to the despair of his mother. As a youth
Augustine lived a hedonistic lifestyle for a time, associating with hooligans (Latin: euersores , literally meaning wreckers ) who boasted of their experience with the opposite sex and urged the inexperienced boys, like Augustine, to seek out experiences with women or to make up stories about experiences in order to gain acceptance and avoid ridicule. At a young age, he developed a stable relationship with a young woman in Carthage, who would be his concubine for over thirteen years and who gave birth to his son, Adeodatus (Milania).

Carthage, Latin : Carthago or Karthago from the Phoenician meaning
,
New City , implying it was a 'new Tyre which refers to a port in S Lebanon famous for silks and its Tyrian-purple dye

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Augustine, a Latin church father, is one of the most important figures in the development of Western Christianity. He
"established anew the ancient faith" ( conditor antiquae rursum fidei ), according to his contemporary, Jerome.
After his conversion and baptism (387), he developed his own approach to philosophy and theology accommodating a variety of methods and different perspectives. He believed that the grace of Christ was indispensable to human freedom and framed the concepts of original sin and just war. When the
Roman Empire in the West was starting to disintegrate,
Augustine developed the concept of the Church as a spiritual
City of God (in a book of the same title) distinct from the material Earthly City. His thought profoundly influenced the medieval worldview. Augustine's City of God was closely identified with the church, and was the community which worshipped God.

Protestantism
In 1517, Martin Luther, a German Augustinian monk, posted 95 theses on the church door in the university town of Wittenberg.
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Protestantism is one of the three major divisions within
Christianity (or four, if
Anglicanism is considered separately) together with the
Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic
Church. The term is most closely tied to those groups that separated from the
Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth-century
Protestant Reformation.

What Makes One Righteous?
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In Catholic theology, one is made righteous by a progressive infusion of grace accepted through faith and cooperated with through good works. Luther's doctrine of justification differed from
Catholic theology in that justification rather meant "the declaring of one to be righteous", where God imputes the merits of Christ upon one who remains without inherent merit. In this process, good works are more of an unessential byproduct that contribute nothing to one's own state of righteousness.

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 the Catholic and Orthodox doctrines of 1. apos’tolic succession and 2. the sacramental ministry of the clergy.
Apos’tolic succession is the doctrine in some
Christian theology asserting that the chosen successors of the Twelve Apostles, from the first century to the present day, have the same authority, power, and responsibility as was conferred upon the apostles by Jesus.
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Sola scriptura – by the holy scripture alone -- maintains that the Bible (rather than church tradition or ecclesiastical interpretations of the Bible) is the final source of authority for all
Christians.
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Sola fide – by faith alone-holds that salvation comes by faith alone in Jesus as the
Christ, rather than through good works.
Rebellious to the Catholic and Orthodox doctrines

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Distribution of divine graces by means of the church and the sacraments
(Johannes Hopffe,
Hildesheim, before
1615)

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Whitehead
Philosophy of
Process
Organic grow
Three stages--
Romance, Precision, and Generalization— are connected by continuity.
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Hegel
The System of the
Absolute
Two components—
Thesis and
Antithesis—are marked by discontinuity.

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Romance is the first moment in the educational experience. All rich educational experiences begin with an immediate emotional involvement on the part of the learner. The primary acquisition of knowledge involves freshness, enthusiasm, and enjoyment of learning. The natural ferment of the living mind leads it to fix on those objects that strike it pre-reflectively as important for the fulfilling of some felt need on the part of the learner. It is exciting precisely because knowledge at this stage is half-concealed with promise or potential to be mastered.

The stage of precision concerns "exactness of formulation" (Whitehead
1929, p. 18), rather than the immediacy and breadth of relations involved in the romantic phase.
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In isolation from the romantic impetus of education, precision can be barren, cold, and unfulfilling, and useless in the personal development of children.
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Precision or professional or disciplined?
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The contrast between the romance and precision however seems to suggest that during the romantic phase, the knowledge acquired is not precise, thus the claim is not airtight or his use of “precision” is not quite precise.

The Stage of Generalization in Education
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Generalization, the last rhythmic element of the learning process, is the incorporation of romance and precision into some general context of serviceable ideas and classifications. It is the moment of educational completeness and fruition, in which general ideas or, one may say, a philosophical outlook, both integrate the feelings and thoughts of the earlier moments of growth, and prepare the way for fresh experiences of excitement and romance, signaling a new beginning to the educational process.
It is comparable to Helel’s synthesis which leads to a new cycle in acquiring more knowledge.

Whitehead: Chapter III
Ideals have sunk to the level of practice, which resulted in stagnation
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29. The drop from the divine wisdom, which was the goal of the ancients, to text-book knowledge of subjects, which is achieved by the moderns, marks an educational failu7re, sustained through the ages.

Lucian
(Greek: Λουκιανός ὁ Σαμοσατεύς,
Latin: Lucianus Samosatensis
(ca. A.D. 125 – after A.D. 180)
 an Assyrian rhetorician and satirist who wrote in the Greek language.
He is noted for his witty and scoffing nature.

the first novelists in occidental civilization

Lucian was also one of the first novelists in occidental civilization. In A True Story told by Homer in the
, a fictional narrative work written in prose, he parodied some fantastic tales
Odyssey and some feeble fantasies that were popular in his time. He anticipated "modern" fictional themes like voyages to the moon and Venus, extraterrestrial life and wars between planets centuries before Jules Verne and H.
G. Wells. His novel is widely regarded as an early, if not the earliest science fiction work.

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In True History , Lucian and a company of adventuring heroes sailing westward through the Pillars of Hercules (the Strait of Gibraltar) are blown off course by a strong wind, and after 79 days come to an island. This island is home to a river of wine filled with fish, and bears a marker indicating that Heracles and Dionysos have traveled to this point.
Shortly after leaving the island, they are lifted up by a giant waterspout and deposited on the Moon . There they find themselves embroiled in a full-scale war between the king of the Moon and the king of the Sun , involving armies which boast such exotica as stalk-and-mushroom men, acorn-dogs ("dog-faced men fighting on winged acorns"), and cloudcentaurs. Unusually, the Sun, Moon, stars and planets are portrayed as locales, each with its unique geographic details and inhabitants.
After returning to the Earth, the adventurers become trapped in a giant whale ; inside the 200-mile-long animal, there live many groups of people whom they rout in war. They also reach a sea of milk, an island of cheese and the isle of the blessed . There, he meets the heroes of the Trojan War , other mythical men and animals, and even Homer .
They find Herodotus being eternally punished for the "lies" he published in his Histories .
After leaving the Island of the Blessed, they deliver a letter to Calypso given to them by Odysseus explaining that he wishes he had stayed with her so he could have lived eternally. They then discover a chasm in the Ocean, but eventually sail around it, discover a far-off continent and decide to explore it. The book ends rather abruptly.

no mental development without interest
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31. There can be no mental development without interest. Interest is the sine qua non--an indispensable condition, element, or factor; something essential--for attention and apprehension.
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Sine qua non or conditio sine qua non (plural sine quibus non ) was originally a Latin legal term for
"(a condition) without which it could not be" or "but for..." or "without which (there is) nothing." It refers to an indispensable and essential action, condition, or ingredient. For instance, “Her presence was the sine qua non of every social event.”

(
Medieval schoolboy got birched on the bare buttocks
A whipping with a birch rod, a flogging.
Birchin, Birchen ) Lane to send one to Birching
: i.e. for a whipping
(with a punning reference to Birchin Lane in London)
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A birch rod (often shortened to "birch") is a bundle of leafless twigs bound together to form an implement for administering corporal punishment—till
1950s.
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Only if the recipient was a small child could he or she practicably be punished over the knee of the applicant.
Otherwise the child would be bent over an object such as a chair. For judicial punishments the recipient could even be tied down if likely to move about too much or attempt to escape.

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Traditionally, birches were soaked in brine
(heavily salted water) before use, which greatly increased the weight, flexibility and strength of the twigs, making the punishment more severe both in terms of pain, and in terms of damage to the victim's flesh in the form of cuts and weals (ridge on the flesh raised by a blow). Because of its antiseptic properties, the brine also helped prevent infection developing in the wounds following the punishment.

Élan vital for “ vital impetus” or “vital force”
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Joy is the normal healthy spur for the Élan vital .
Élan vital , coined by French philosopher Henri
Bergson in his 1907 book Creative Evolution , was translated in the English edition as "vital impetus", but is usually translated by his detractors as "vital force". It is a hypothetical explanation for evolution and development of organisms, which Bergson linked closely with consciousness. It was the existence of this vital force, which made people at that time believe that they were not able to synthesize organic molecules.

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Philosophy of Organism or Organic Realism is how Alfred North
Whitehead described his metaphysics. It is now known as process philosophy.
Central to this school is the idea of con’crescence. Concrescence means growing together (com/con from Latin for "together", crescence from grow ), the present is given by a consense -- JointLatin crescere/cretsense (equivalent to consciousness) of subjective forms. We are multiple individuals, but there are also multiple individual agents of consciousness operant in the construction of the given. Marvin Minsky calls this the "society of mind" in his book
Whitehead's "subjective forms" complement "eternal objects" in his metaphysical system; eternal objects being entities not unlike Plato's archetypal Forms . In Process and Reality
Society of Mind .
, Whitehead proposes that his
'organic realism' be used in place of classical materialism.

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Generated by the aimless accumulation of precise knowledge
This term will appear again in James
Joyce who strongly opposes a dogmatic approach.

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John Bull's Other Island is a comedy about
Ireland, written by G. Bernard Shaw in 1904. Shaw himself was born in Dublin, yet this is the only play of his where he thematically returned to his homeland.
(See full text) John Bull's Other Island
Dealing with the Irish question of the time, the play was seen by many major British political figures. A command performance was given for King Edward
VII. He laughed so hard he broke his chair. This incident was widely reported and—after more than a decade of playwriting—Shaw's name was made in
London.

Command Performance, 1905 at Windsor Castle: The Merchant of Venice by Arthur Bourchier's company

Fusion between a technical and liberal education

48. The antithesis between a technical and liberal education is fallacious.

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揠苗助 长

【 yàmiáozhùzhǎng 】 try to help the shoots grow by pulling them upward - spoil things by excessive enthusiasm.
【出 处 】：
《孟子 · 公 孙丑上 》： “ 宋人
有 闵其苗之不长而揠之
者，茫茫然 归 ， 谓其人
曰： ‘ 今日病矣，予助苗
长矣 。 ’ 其子 趋而往视之
，苗 则槁矣 。 ”
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Cinderella

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The Merchant of
Venice
The dramatic turn is based on the premise that bleeding and cutting are logically connected.


The climax of the play comes in the court of the Duke of Venice .
Shylock refuses Bassanio's offer of 6,000 ducats, twice the amount of the loan. He demands his pound of flesh from Antonio. The Duke, wishing to save Antonio but unwilling to set a dangerous legal precedent of nullifying a contract, refers the case to a visitor who introduces himself as Balthazar, a young male "doctor of the law", bearing a letter of recommendation to the Duke from the learned lawyer Bellario. The "doctor" is actually Portia in disguise, and the "law clerk" who accompanies her is actually Nerissa, also in disguise. Portia, as "Balthazar", asks Shylock to show mercy in a famous speech ( The quality of mercy is not strained —IV,i,185, arguing for debt relief ), but
Shylock refuses. Thus the court must allow Shylock to extract the pound of flesh. Shylock tells Antonio to "prepare". At that very moment, Portia points out a flaw in the contract (see quibble ): the bond only allows Shylock to remove the flesh , not the "blood", of
Antonio. Thus, if Shylock were to shed any drop of Antonio's blood, his
"lands and goods" would be forfeited under Venetian laws.

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Cinderella

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Whtiehead page 114.
1. One-to-Many, many-to-one, one-to- one;
2. Serial relations;
3. Inductive relations;
4. Selective relations;
5. Vector relations;
6. Ratio relations;
7. Three-cornered and four-cornered relations in geometry